LEE- Mimari Tasarım Lisansüstü Programı

Bu topluluk için Kalıcı Uri

http://hdl.handle.net/11527/19391

Gözat

A computable vitality: Kenzo Tange's architectural system

(Graduate School, 2024-09-12) Berber Tolunay, Cansu ; Özkar, Mine ; 502112014 ; Architectural Design

Kenzo Tange's methodology of vitality as a design tool is explored in depth in this study. Tange, a leading figure in the Metabolist movement, revolutionized urban design with his visionary plans, develops a design methodology by referencing information derived from city flows. Tange perceived cities as living organisms that required continuous nurturing through vital elements to thrive. His approach deeply considered the dynamics of different movement types in city, proposing architectural solutions that would not only accommodate but actively promote the growth and expansion of urban planning. Tange's approach to understanding urban dynamics involves conducting flow analyses of the existing traffic system, which define the movements within and outside the city. Tange's use of movement as a regulatory and form-giving tool is explored which draws upon original research from the Harvard University Kenzo Tange archive, especially the Skopje Project. It posits that the repetitive, cyclic nature of pedestrian and vehicle movement is not just a characteristic of urban life but a driving force behind urban design. This approach underscores the Metabolist focus on cities as dynamic, living entities that continually evolve and adapt to ensure their vitality and sustainability. In his proposals, Tange introduced innovative structures that catalyzed urban movement, thereby ensuring the development of functional spaces within the city fabric. Tange determines that the intersection of different movements will create transitional areas and generate creative forms, not through design speculation but through analysis. Archive research shows how the process serve as primary data in the design process and how the analyzed dynamics of the city and Tange's reading of the city and its dynamics play a central role in formulating these movements. Tange layers movement vertically and then relates each layer horizontally to maintain fluidity. The productivity of this concept in urban design lies in the layering of movement and transmitting it through different forms and spatializations within its flow. Kenzo Tange's use of symbols in his urban design for Skopje represents a sophisticated method of encoding the dynamic processes of urban growth and change. By employing basic geometric shapes like triangles, circles, and lines, Tange developed a visual language that mapped out not only the physical infrastructure of the city but also the flow and movement within its urban space. These shapes were thoughtfully selected, with each carrying specific meanings that contribute to a deeper understanding of the urban landscape. xxiv Tange's integration of these symbols into his urban planning diagrams provided a clear and systematic depiction of how various elements of the city interact and function together. Focusing instead on creating a urban system capable of adapting to growth and change, the diagrams function as a rule system that guides the development and transformation of the city, ensuring that each component, communication space— a road, building, or public space—plays an effective role in the overall urban fabric. This method showcases Tange's visionary approach to urban planning, where symbolism and functionality converge to foster a cohesive and adaptable urban environment. Tange's work bridges Eastern and Western thought, particularly the notion of "vitality" in architecture. Tange's approach goes beyond aesthetic considerations, involving human movement and experience. While his methods may seem abstract through today's computational lens, they were operating like a coding system despite not being recognized as such. Tange's urban analysis, relational studies, and systemic observations contributed significantly to the development of architecture and systems thinking, offering a precursor to modern computational design approaches.
A multilayer network analysis of agendas in different realms of architecture

(Graduate School, 2024-09-05) Baloğlu, Melis ; Demir, Yüksel ; 502152017 ; Architectural Design

The purpose of this research is to map the relationships and connections between actors, concepts, and their relationships flowing through architectural schools, architecture, and society and culture to answer What are the dynamic relations between different realms of architecture in the case of architectural education concerning theory courses, architecture (architectural theory and/or practice, media) and the social-cultural realm? This study aims to demonstrate how conceptualizing architectural learning agendas in theory courses, architecture, and social and cultural realms as multilayer network systems and applying network analysis techniques can provide novel insights into the dynamic factors shaping learning agenda development, social and cultural influence on curriculum development, and knowledge construction over time. This research offers a new methodology to examine the three realms of architectural agenda: architectural theory courses, architecture, and social-cultural agenda relations and influences through actors' and concepts' distributed roles via multilayer network model, measures, and analysis, offering insights enabling strategic adjustments cultivating inclusive agendas responsive to complexity. The methodology draws firstly on a case study, the Theories of Architectural Design (TAD) Course which proposes a parametric toolbox that enables the curation of the course agenda based on six parameters: (problems, concepts, works, texts, actors, and events) an individual manifesto, a collaborative research project, and an individual project analysis (based on the given six parameters). The parametric toolbox helps students to define a theoretical framework to approach issues in architecture. The first network analysis of the TAD data set [2003-2021] shows that the agenda of TAD was affected by local social events in Türkiye, the agenda had timeless local and global actors and concepts groups, but also popular actors in the agenda because of their media presence. In this respect, to grasp all the layers of architecture and the relations between them, this work builds a multilayer network (Kivelä et al., 2014; Heylighen, 2008) under three realms: [1] architectural education in theory courses, [2] architecture, and [3] social-cultural realms with two parameters [1] concepts, and [2] actors. Cultural-Historical Activity Theory's (CHAT) (Vygotsky, 1978) systemic approach to the learning agenda as a system helps to frame learning as a constructivist (Schön, 1983), socially and culturally embedded process. Network analysis methods including centrality and brokerage metrics are utilized to examine three realms and knowledge flows leveraging data from Turkish universities, three surveys to Turkish-speaking architects, the content of sourcebooks, the OpenSyllabus, Horizon Reports, and Google Trend. The analysis uncovers enduring influences maintaining imbalances in canon formation through architecture learning networks in theory courses while also illuminating struggles integrating divergent viewpoints located at the periphery. A failure to culturally diverse actors' risks perpetuating architectural education in theory courses' existing reliance on Eurocentric foundations of knowledge and thought. Unless the achievements and insights of non-Western actors are adequately represented and integrated into course content, education runs the risk of maintaining perspectives that are not inclusive in scope. Identifying three realms and their relations proves critical to re-conceptualizing agendas and cultivating pedagogies mindful of socio-cultural embeddedness on local and global scales. The conclusion is based on the multilayer network analysis and measure of three realms, discussed under the roles in a network such as central, peripheral and broker theorists/practitioners' and under three themes such as [1] homogeneity and heterogeneity: [2] time and timeless and [3] local and global. Influential, peripheral and broker theorists/practitioners' roles are discussed in knowledge circulation, canon formation, and creating productive contradictions for the multilayer network system's adaptation, evolution, emergence, and non-linearity. The mentioned roles of theorists and practitioners provide insights into curriculum transformations with implications for diversity, inclusion and responding to local/global change. We can conclude that course content, project type, brief content, a learning agenda, and an agenda of practice were affected by the zeitgeist. Rather than emphasizing rigid adherence to specific content areas, a more important focus should be on developing flexible methodologies for lifelong learning. As the multilayer networks and relationships evolve, the tools used to foster learning - such as particular topics, actors, works or theories - are transitory, but the overarching goals of integrating theory with practice and fostering communication across knowledge domains remain timeless. Therefore, architectural learning would benefit more from parameters oriented around sustainable learning processes than static course outlines. The research suggests that those who construct course content and shape agendas of learning need not be limited to traditional roles like tutors or institutional administrators. More importantly, the selection of these "agenda builders" should prioritize how their involvement might best support intended learning outcomes. For example, involving students in selecting or designing aspects of their educational experience could help increase engagement and motivation. The identities and roles of influential "actors" in the knowledge networks are likely to shift depending on the specific discipline or goal in question. Overall, a flexible approach that considers diverse perspectives in establishing parameters may be most conducive to effective learning. The critical focus should be on empowering those stakeholders best positioned to facilitate the targeted outcomes, rather than adhering to conventional constructions of who defines learning agendas. The limitations of the study drawn on the findings are constrained by geographical and temporal boundaries of datasets and analytic methods applied. Despite constraints, the diagnostic framing surfaces architecture learning as an adaptive, contested multilayered system warranting nuanced, pluralistic modes of education cognizant of canonical and emergent contributions diversifying knowledge landscapes. The networked examination prompts reflexive awareness of power dynamics and exclusions structuring knowledge dissemination.
A spatial conception based on walking: Critical walk

(Graduate School, 2023-07-03) Altunok, Nilsu ; Çebi Dursun, Pelin ; 502201013 ; Architectural Design

In the thesis, I proceed from the idea that critical spatial practices which establish environments for new kinds of relationships to emerge between the body and the surroundings of the body are alternative ways of understanding and establishing a dialogue with the city. Along with the epistemological paradigm shift that originated at the beginning of the twentieth century, the concept of space has started to be described upon a dynamic and perceiving body in motion, and this shift caused the concept of space to reject Cartesian and rational descriptions. The main problem that the thesis deals with is that these Cartesian and rational concepts of body and space reduce body and space interactions to proportions, measurements and visuality. The human-centered perception of the universe that started with the Renaissance's view of the city, the orthographic perspective that examines the city from above were failing to capture experientiality and were eliminating observers –as subjects– and their experience. At this point, it would be meaningful to state that the body interacting with the space is not fixed; on the contrary, it is a dynamic concept that transforms the space and within it. I argue that the act of walking is an act that multiplies and stratifies the spatial experience, triggers the body-space relationship, and thus enables the body to establish a dialogue with the space. I open the research under four main headings. These headings are, respectively, TOEHOLD, POINT OF DEPARTURE, or INTRODUCTION; WALKING; REWRITING and ARRIVAL. I am trying to establish the theoretical background of the thesis in the TOEHOLD, POINT OF DEPARTURE, or INTRODUCTION. In five sub-headings that do not hierarchically follow each other, I convey my questions, the practices that I believe should be discussed more, my criticism, my purpose and my methodology. In the Questioning section, I examine the long-standing reductionist Cartesian and rational thoughts of body and space. This questioning reaches a whole with sub-questions collected in four pillars. The first of these is about our understanding of the city and its space, how the body-space relationship is established, and how the urban space is conceived and perceived with the body and its movement. Latter, it directs the query to conventional architectural examination and representation tools. In the third sub-question, I focus on the dominance of the desire to see the city from a bird's eye view in understanding and describing the city and its inability to capture the experientialism at the ground level and the accurate perception scale. In the last inquiry, I problematize that plan drawing is the most used tool among architectural representation typologies. In the Missing Pieces section, I draw attention to the diversity of experiences expressed through walking is not given enough importance in the literature. In the Critique section, which emerged after the sections of Questioning and Missing Pieces overlapped, I deepen my inquiries with a theoretical discussion. To achieve this, I involve the cultural history of the aerial view, the relationship between orthogonal or perspective drawings and the subject, and the conflicting situations in the theme of Modern Movement and architecture in the discussion. The epistemological paradigm shift in the twentieth century and the understanding of body and space that gradually moved ahead a slippery surface paved the way for more heuristic, empirical, critical and ambiguous discourses. Within these discourses, the focus of the thesis is on critical everyday life practices and the "walking" concept is discussed as a critical everyday life activity in the thesis. One of the most important inquiries behind this intention is based on de Certeau's rhetoric of "walking in the city". De Certeau (1988) embraced the "act of walking" as a spatializing and space-constituting act with its permanence on the surface at every step and stated that the routes added to this action are reflections on the geography of the city. De Certeau's thought-provoking discourse, which rejected the human-centered perception of the universe that looked from above, supports this thesis' way of searching. I aim to frame a spatial conception based on walking and an unconventional, subjective critical walking method in order to increase spatial awareness and discover tacit, buried, and other information in this way. In this context, I can say that the theoretical background of the thesis is based on critical theory and poststructuralist feminist theory. The primary aim of the research is to describe the "act of walking" as critical everyday life practice and to propose a way to rewrite "walking" in unconventional subjective ways. In the WALKING chapter, I reveal the multidimensionality of walking. Walking as a bodily movement, as an opening to the world, as emotional and intellectual entanglement, as an open-ended and impromptu movement, as a kind of architecture… In the context of my purpose, to describe the act of walking as a critical everyday life practice, I first discuss theoretically what critical practices are and how the act of walking can become a way of dialogue with space. Then various walks, walking theories, walkers and walking styles are dismantled by taking into account the state of being critical, and the concepts revealed by this disassembly form a base, in other words, a lexicon for the critical walking method that the research wants to frame. One of the important conceptualizations forming the theoretical background of the thesis, which questions what critical practices are and seeks to establish a dialogue between the act of walking and space, is Jane Rendell's expression of "critical spatial practice". Rendell (2006) argues that the theoretical reflection that entails expanding definitions such as art and architecture provides perspectives for exploring what we might call "critical spatial practice". With this conceptualization she brought together, Rendell (2006) expresses the importance of the critical and spatial, focusing on the spatial dimensions of the multidisciplinary processes or practices that exist between art and architecture. According to her, walking as an everyday activity is also a critical spatial practice because while walking, there are possibilities for new kinds of relationships to emerge between subjects and objects (Rendell, 2006). Another inspiring discourse to discuss walking as a critical daily practice is the "walking in the city" rhetoric of anthropologist Michel de Certeau. De Certeau (1988) presents the act of walking as an anthropological, poetic and mythical experience of space, walkers as ordinary practitioners of the city; and spatial stories formed by networks of roads. Referring to Foucault's critique of power structures, de Certeau sees walking as a kind of resistance against the disconnected and privileged ways of visualizing the city as a unified whole (cited in Petrescu, 2015). Two main actions express the state of being critical in this thesis. One of them is walking; the other is rewriting of walking. Rewriting manifests in the thesis first as a rewriting of the existing walking literature and then as a rewriting of the walk I have experienced as a researcher. I base the relationship between these two main actions on the performativity theory of gender theorist and thinker Judith Butler. Butler (1988) argues that the body performing a public performance act is not a passive receiver written in cultural codes but plays its own role and animates interpretations within the limits of existing directives. Butler's (1988) theory of performativity refers to the performative action of a gendered body within cultural codes that collide with individual choices to assemble an identity. Gender-based identity formation is always performed; similarly, since it is a performative act, a walker's identity formation is framed while walking, and identity becomes clear with the rewriting of the walk. In the REWRITING chapter, I point out the ever-changing and contributing relationship between theory and practice focusing on Gilles Deleuze's conceptualization of "relays" and I suggest walking to get from one theoretical point to another. In doing so, I systematically disassemble a series of walks such as philosophers' walks for meditative reflection, the flânerie, Dada excursions, Surrealist deambulations, Lettrist dérive, and Situationist psychogeographical discoveries and I offer a conceptual lexicon that establishes the critical walking method by reassembling the concepts extracted from the existing walking literature. I envision that the walking lexicon will act like the walker's handbook, which encourages each walker to frame their own critical walking trajectory, allowing for personal exploration and subjective interventions, including their own perspectives along the way. As a researcher, I involve in the thesis with my whole body, immersing myself in the walk, and then translating this experience into the text. I frame the trajectory of "my own critical walk" employing the "walker's handbook or a walking lexicon". To put my critical walking trajectory into practice, I practice a critical walk in the Historical Peninsula of Istanbul, around Eminönü, Hanlar District, where the movement and flow at ground level differ, and the direction of the walking body changes continuously depending on the spatial situations. As I walk, the concepts I relate throughout the thesis are being unraveled one by one. I have neither a predetermined target nor a specific speed. While I am walking, I record the walk. In these recordings, I note unexpected encounters, spatial differentiations, conversations of the people around me, my conversations with those around me, interesting events, the orientation of my body, the passages I enter and exit, the alleys or dead ends. Unique and context-specific conditions interact with my ideas and perception, causing me to make comparisons and encounter juxtapositions. I walk, discovering ground-level spatial stories as I walk, some obvious, some implicit. As if my walking body automatically wrote itself to the area I walk, my walk comes to a natural end by smashing the city into pieces along the way. With this practice, in the ARRIVAL, I make sense of "walking" as a critical spatial understanding that paves the way for different kinds of relationships between subjects and objects in terms of architectural design and is enriched by the perspective of each new observer – even by the experiences of the same observer at different times. I pursue temporary, perceptual and experiential architectural representation potentials that will replace the reduced top-down observation approach of architectural representation; I dream and describe a spatial conception based on walking that draws attention to the city, the body, and the dialogue between the two.
A twofold act of locating from a critical distance: A revisit to Constant's New Babylon

(Graduate School, 2023-11-01) Dur, Ali ; Erdem, Arzu ; 502122001 ; Architectural Design

This work revisits and tries to recuperate a particular project, holding a significant place in recent architectural history and our imaginary repositories, New Babylon of Constant, completed between the years of 1958 and 1974. Besides other particularities vested in its making and reception, that significance can be traced in the unconventionally-long lifespan of the project, taking many forms and guises throughout its nearly two-decade long journey. While being eager to know the reasons behind its rather extensive lifetime, the thesis finds the grounds for its significance in its often-claimed timelessness and possible afterlives; that it could still be a relevant and valid entity of reference – not only for the current architectural discourse but the world at large in this present timespan. Besides these claims and prospects, often asserted by its maker, the reasons for choosing this work in the scope a fairly-large academic endeavor were to be found in an earlier engagement with project, which involves the author and his first ever critical sights of Constant's work in line with these prospects. This separate study, nearly a year prior to the thesis' official commencement, attempts to revisit New Babylon's remains and particular spaces, which is often seen as a planet-sized planning scheme filled with mysterious interiors. Venturing for a digital remake in a timespan and medium foreign to its provenances, this endeavor later revealed to be more than a simple remake of certain architectures – as much as the original project entailed much more, and, at times, seemingly lesser than a planning proposal or some eccentric physicalities. As mostly seen in its rather worded remains and in the firsthand enactments of its makers, what this attempt essentially entailed was a remake of certain mentality and practice, as much as unearthing and performing them in person – a hidden set of traits, lacking any physical form whatsoever by nature, which later revealed to be the most central crux of Constant's legacy. Seemingly, such mentality was also responsible for those architectures and their ever-changing appearances in a fairly-long period; and grounded New Babylon's timeless pretenses that could make it relevant and instrumental as a referential locale to revisit and rediscover today. Upon these findings and critical sights acquired, courtesy of a digital remake project and the accompanying research; the author inclines to look at these peculiarities deeper and in a larger scope – forming a thesis study, along with a central hypothesis, based on these claims and partially-illustrated potentials. So, the first objective of this study reveals as to unravel these facets of the project and to examine such open-ended, nomadic and so-called instrumental premises on an expanded field – by looking at several sources and entanglements recorded in several histories. As with this main agenda, there forms another one linked to another complementary hypothesis – which claims that there might be ways and a provisional set of protocols to utilize these potentials for a critical reading of the present timeline. In all of its parts and at its beginnings, this thesis sets out to find the appropriate methods and vantages to read and recuperate this legacy – where it can be revealed as the open-ended seeing-device as it was supposed to be. For its ends, it seeks out to test these claims, through the agency of its interconnected objectives all centered around New Babylon – where a firsthand utilization of this legacy would at the same time require and then contribute to its extended recuperation at large. Looking for ways and appropriate places to both understand and utilize this project, the thesis chooses a two-phased remembrance as a certain, twofold methodology for its recuperative operations. At the first one, the project is revisited mostly in its own native provinces and accounts in a sort of reversed historiography – cuing from the most recent entanglement that involves the author and first critical sights of New Babylon, then moving back to its official lifetime and further back to its cultural backdrop. It involves a rather outsider and mostly objective reading, where the main purpose is to assemble a theoretical framework around Constant's own craft and its instrumentality. There, while acquiring multiple appropriations and appearances to its part, the project regains its most instrumental and mentality-oriented spirit; becoming an eccentric story without a certain end but one with certain instructions to prolong its lines; mostly resembling its plot in the very ways it was told to its audience. In the second phase, based on this rather voluntary recollection and critical sights of the project, New Babylon is revisited in rather involuntary and fragmented instances, courtesy of Proustian memory – in which it reappears in the author's own space of memory in relation to other theoretical sources, and also to the current present setting. During the former couplings, it is grasped and assessed as a certain kind of theoretical instrument amongst other similar ones that are mainly used for procuring new meanings – based on the concept of seeing existing things in the light of another alternative. Later, also using such rudimentary protocols to enact such instruments, another revisit takes place in the form of a series of timely alignments with Constant's remains – whether to see it might actually help us finding novel sights of what's already existent. Here, our objectives are again twofold; where we both revisit the current world and that of Constant – aligning and moving between interconnected parts – based on the same concept of nearing with seemingly-impossible places and looking at things in a double scheme. In the scope of our intertwined agendas, where we employ New Babylon also as a way to expand it, and vice versa; we simultaneously procure new readings of both New Babylon and the present during this second remembrance – looking at one side from the gloss of the other. Here, some of the key concepts and theoretical models introduced at the beginning of the thesis, such as critical alignments and utopian projections, are further expanded and utilized as a referential framework – both as to understand these imaginary spaces reserved for meaning production, as well as to expand New Babylon's instrumentality upon those lines. In line with the concept of constellations and acquiring new vantages in revisiting a complex legacy as this, the reading positions throughout the thesis are presented as ever-changing and intertwined. That is, in both parts of our remembrance and recuperation, we constantly switch our sources – between the outsider readings and rather personal engagements with the project – based on what reveals in each position. On this course, in a cloud-like structure that is ever-enlarging around Constant's work, we move from one fresh vantage to the next, according to what reveals and is added to the possible meanings of New Babylon – extending our readings on both accounts and in an intertwined scheme. And that's another connotation of a twofold methodology – proposed as a certain way reading and understanding what New Babylon was and further could be. For our conclusions, examining our findings in both parts and collating those seen from both of our positions throughout; we were able prove that New Babylon lived up its timeless, open-ended prospects – offering fresh sights and critical readings in the midst of a far and foreign timespan. In its particular place in utopian projections and their constructive purposes, it availed many alignments, albeit and particularly in fragments – those appearing in relation to one's everyday present.
Afet sonrası geçici barınma amacıyla kullanılacak kamusal yapıların seçimi için bir model: Geçici İşlevsel dönüşüm (adaptive reuse)

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-09-19) İdemen, Ayşe Esra ; Şener, Sinan Mert ; 502032002 ; Mimari Tasarım

Afet, "bir toplumun veya topluluğun işleyişini ciddi biçimde bozan ve kendi kaynaklarını kullanarak baş edebilme kapasitesinin üzerinde bir can kaybı, maddi, ekonomik veya çevresel kayba neden olan ani ve yıkıcı bir olay"dır. Bir afet sonrası meydana gelebilecek en önemli ve en büyük toplumsal hasarlardan biri de barınma ve konut sorunudur. Bu anlamda, afet sonrası devlet eliyle gerçekleşen müdahale stratejilerine bakıldığında, bu sorunun çözümü, genellikle hızlı ve esnek barınma çözümlerine (çadır kentler, kamplar, prefabrikler vb.) dayanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, afet mağdurlarının acil barınma ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için kullanılan çeşitli çözüm modelleri arasında mevcut binaların geçici "İşlevsel Dönüşümü" de (İng. adaptive reuse, AR), hem düşük maliyetli hem de pratik bir çözüm olarak değerlendirilebilir. İlgili literatürde, mevcut yapıların toplu barınma amaçlı işlevsel dönüşümü, bir "geçici yerleşke" seçeneği veya tipolojisi olarak da adlandırılabilecek "kolektif merkezler" kategorisi altında sınıflandırılmaktadır. Türkiye Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı'nın (AFAD) Aralık 2013 yılında yayınlanan Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planı'nda (TAMP Bölüm 1.8 Varsayımlar) "yiyecek, içecek, giyecek, barınma ve benzeri acil yardım ihtiyaçlarının belirlenmesinde ve temininde acil yardım süresinin 15 günden daha fazla olabileceği" varsayımı yapılmaktadır. Bu anlamda, afet sonrası normal yaşama geçiş sürecinin kısaltılmasına ve barınma konusunda devlet ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının yükünün hafifletilmesine katkıda bulunabilecek çözümlerin araştırılması önem kazanmaktadır. Bu öngörü ile bu çalışmada AFAD tarafından İstanbul il sınırları dışında kurulması planlanan konteyner kent ve çadır kent çözümlerine ek olarak, yapılaşmış şehir dokusu içindeki alternatif barınma kaynaklarının da kullanılabilirlik potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Afet hallerinde pek çok acil durum işlevine ihtiyaç duyulmakla birlikte, karar vericiler için hızlı, ekonomik ve sürdürülebilir bir çözüm olarak özellikle geçici barınma işlevi ve yapılarda geçici işlevsel dönüşüm (İng. temporary adaptive reuse) konusu ele alınmıştır. İşlevsel dönüşüm mimaride "tarihsel olarak önemli binaları yıkımdan korumak için bir yöntem" olarak adlandırılırken, gayrimenkul alanında "bir arazi veya yapı için yeni bir kullanım bulmak adına kapasitesini, işlevini ve performansını değiştirmek için bakımın ötesinde ve üzerinde herhangi bir işlem" olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu anlamda geçici bir süre için toplu barınma merkezi olarak hizmet verecek binalara yapılacak ve afetzedelerin yararına, olası riskleri azaltmaya veya ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik herhangi bir müdahale, işlevsel dönüşüm ile yeniden kullanım altında sınıflandırılabilir. Afet halinde okullar, kışlalar, toplum merkezleri, belediye hizmet binaları, spor salonları, oteller, depolar, kullanılmış fabrikalar gibi mevcut yapılar acil durumda afetzedeleri bir arada barındırmak üzere kullanılacak birer seçenek olarak düşünülebilir. Bununla birlikte, bu gibi yapıların afet sonrası kullanıma uygunlukları tam olarak açıklığa kavuşmuş değildir. Bu alanda farklı kırılgan gruplara odaklanan AFAD, 2015 yılından bu yana kamu ve özel sektör yapılarına yönelik çeşitli çalışmalar yapıyor olsa da, bu yapıları sistematik olarak değerlendirecek kapsamlı bir bina değerlendirme modeli yalnız Türkiye'de değil, dünyada da mevcut değildir. Bu noktadan hareketle, bu çalışmada, Türkiye ve benzer afet riski altındaki ülkelerde de uygulanabilecek, pratik faydaları olması muhtemel "Geçici işlevsel dönüşüm potansiyeli (ARP) değerlendirme modeli" için bir çerçeve önerilmektedir. Afet sonrası yerinden olmuş kitleleri barındırmak için hızlı kararlar almak zorunda olan karar mercilerinin, sadece afet sonrasında değil aynı zamanda afet öncesi afete hazırlık aşamasında da böyle bir işlevsel dönüşüm modeli uygulamasından yararlanması muhtemeldir. Bu uzun vadeli süreçte mimarlara da önemli görevler düşmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasının birinci bölümünde çalışmanın amacı, yöntemi ve yapılan literatür çalışması üzerinde durulmuş; ikinci ve üçüncü bölümde, çalışma kapsamında gayrimenkul sektöründe kullanılan kar amaçlı geliştirilen uluslararası bina değerleme modelleri ile kamu yararı gözeten afet literatürü ve toplu barınma ile ilişkilendirilebilecek ilgili standartlar incelenmiş; dördüncü bölümde ölçütler ortaya konmuş, veto ölçütleri belirlenmiş; Çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yöntemlerinden AHP tanıtılarak, bu kriterlerin nasıl ağırlıklandırılabileceği üzerinde durulmuş; saha değerlendirme formları oluşturulmuş, modelin test edilmesi amacı ile barınma amaçlı kullanılabilecek 2 eğitim yapısı bu formlar aracılığı ile değerlendirilmiş; beşinci ve son bölümde karar vericiler için önerilen modelin kullanımı ve alt süreçlerine dair bir akış şeması tanıtılmış, modelin okul binalarına uygulanması neticesinde elde edilen bulgular ortaya konmuş ve sonuçlar tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile afet öncesi süreçte yapıların acil ve geçici barınma halinde avantaj ve dezavantajlarının ortaya konması, varsa yapısal problemlerinin önceden belirlenmesi, muhtemel risklerin azaltılması ve bertaraf edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Barınma problemi üzerinden kamu yapılarının afete cevap verebilirliğinin (resilience) artırılmasına dair bir model ve yöntem önerilmiş, normları ve yönetmelikleri esas alan değerlendirme kriterlerine dayalı tasarım yaklaşımı ve uygun yer seçimi ile kırılgan grupların maruz kalabileceği risklerin azaltılabileceğinin mümkün olduğunu ortaya koyan aydınlatıcı sonuçlar alınmıştır. Çalışma bulguları, okul, spor salonu, kültür merkezi, cami gibi çeşitli kamu yapılarının, bir afet veya acil durumda da kullanmaya elverişli esneklikte tasarlanmasını mümkün kılacak mevzuat değişikliklerine gidilmesi ve mevzuat içeriklerinin bu amaçla gözden geçirilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında ele alınan kriterler ve model önerisi, gerek afet sonrası barınma amaçlı hizmet vermesi planlanan mevcut binaların dönüştürülmesi, gerekse afet endişesi güden yeni tasarlanacak binalar için kolaylayıcı ve belirleyici bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Önerilen model, gelecekte kapsamlı bir proje dâhilinde geliştirilerek, çeşitli dijital araçlar aracılığı ile sivil toplum kuruluşları ve afet hallerinde yetkili karar verici mercilerin kullanabileceği bir veri tabanı, bir ara yüz ve uygulama ile bütünleştirilmek suretiyle daha erişilebilir ve yaygın kullanılır bir araç haline gelebilir. Bina değerlendirmelerinin disiplinler arası bir uğraş kapsamında uzmanlarca gerçekleştirilmesi gerekliliği, ilgili meslek alanlarından uzman yetiştirmek ve istihdam yaratmak adına da dolaylı bir fayda sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmanın hem ulusal hem de uluslararası düzeyde, afet öncesi ve afet sonrası süreçlerde, afete hazırlık ve afete cevap verebilirlik kapasitesinin güçlendirilmesine önemli katkıları olacağı umulmaktadır.
Affordability and quality issues in social housing; a comparative study in selected European countries

(Graduate School, 2022-02-17) Gharanfoli, Shilan ; Dülgeroğlu, Fazilet Yurdanur ; 502112010 ; Architectural Design

In recent years, there has been an ever-greater demand for affordable housing in metropolitan regions. However, with rapid urbanization and population growth, housing people in decent conditions has become challenging. Access to affordable housing has become more critical, particularly in the global emergency posed by COVID-19. Despite all efforts to tackle housing shortages, the issue continuously increases. The quantity of housing is not the only issue; the quality of the living environment also plays an important role. Today, people's living conditions have changed, and social housing needs to accommodate a greater diversity. Social housing must be more inclusive and multigenerational to be sustained for a long time. This research examines the relationship between housing quality and affordability and the possibility of reconciling these seemingly contradictory concepts in social housing design. The study rethinks the role of architectural design principles and housing policies in transforming social housing. The study compares European attitudes toward social housing policies and implementations of their integration into global housing policies. It is based on multidimensional research that combines quality and affordability aspects. The literature review indicates that the attitude toward the concept of housing affordability has changed; it is not only assessed in terms of economic viability, but it extends to border issues related to housing quality, neighborhood quality, and quality of life. Lack of balance between quality and affordability will be economically and socially costly throughout the life-cycle of housing and directly impacts dwellers' life quality. While considering this balance, social housing design provides more potential for sustainable developments. The research also developed a social housing timeline model (1984–2018). A historical timeline of social housing provides a better perspective for creating a successful project. It examined the transformation of social housing in four selected European countries and five historical periods. The selected countries for research are the UK, the Netherlands, Austria, and France. They were chosen for analysis because they have a long history and the highest percentage of social housing in Europe. The timeline model presents the transformation of social housing from the 19th century to the present. The status of social housing has risen and fallen over time. Population, household size, ownership status, rents, the quality of indoor and outdoor public amenities, and crime rates have all changed, and these have affected social housing. Besides assessing its transformation as a whole process, the research also investigated sixteen projects from different countries and periods. In other words, the study indicates that changes and the extent of issues vary across projects and over time. It evaluated projects in the four countries during four periods, assessing transformations of concepts, practices, and policies throughout the history of social housing. In this sense, the thesis represents social housing transformation through those sixteen case studies in Europe. It examines the renovation of significant social housing projects, both completed and in development, at various urban scales, from the neighborhood and public spaces to blocks and residential units. Also, different periods of transformation and the main changes in housing design and policy that have affected social housing architecture are examined. For this purpose, the research developed a multicriteria framework to analyze the dynamic relationship between housing quality and affordability. The multicriteria set includes ten aspects: accessibility, identity, diversity, adaptability, density, privacy, safety, social interactions, energy efficiency, and cost-efficiency. The research applies this framework to case studies to explore aspects that enhance the design quality and housing affordability of renovated social housing. As a result, comparing case studies illustrates the success rate of social housing in terms of design principles and their contribution to designing more affordable housing. The case study analysis makes it possible to understand better each social housing regarding the defined set of criteria in terms of quality and affordability. Also, intervention methods used for the renovation of case studies are compared, and their effects on housing quality and affordability are investigated. The physical intervention strategies related to modifying existing units and adding new units help to improve housing diversity, adaptability, and density. The physical interventions related to renovating the facade offer several solutions and arrangements for promoting the physical identity. Enhancing the building's connection with its neighborhood through physical interventions promotes social interactions, enhances privacy, ensures safety for its tenants, and generates housing diversity and mixed-used developments. This research tries to bring together a remarkable selection of architectural case studies, from award-winning projects to thought-provoking speculation on housing redevelopment. It analyzes the transformation of social housing from the 1900s to the present and the complex social housing issues revolving around how authorities, in collaboration with architects and residents, can address profound social housing solutıons to create more high-quality and affordable housing. The findings from literature research and case study analysis are used to propose new social housing improvement strategies. This proposed framework includes physical, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions to improve housing quality, strengthen balanced communities, and create a more affordable housing. The proposed methods indicate that hybrid partnerships that create mixed-use projects are a new paradigm for successful social housing redevelopments. The future of social housing depends on partnerships, people-based design, and place-based planning that make mixed developments. According to the comparative analysis of selected countries and case studies, the redevelopment of most large-scale social housing projects has led to changes in tenure, typology, density, and delivery methods. The most significant shift in social housing is toward public-private partnerships, mixed-use development projects, sustainable architecture, and new forms of living. After many years of standard dwellings, some European countries began to experience a new era in social housing design. The research examined social housing from a new perspective to understand its aspects and interrelationships. In this sense, the research provided a holistic and transdisciplinary model based on planning, design, construction, social interaction, policy, and financing strategies. Indeed, the developed set of criteria for housing quality and affordability and the proposed integrated social housing model make it possible to redevelop social housing sustainability. This integrated social housing model can help designers, decision-makers, and university authorities better understand the relationship between housing quality and affordability to create sustainable social housing developments. It also provides opportunites. Further studies toward developing a more comprehensive and in-depth knowledge base are possible by adding new indicators to have a more detailed examination of sustainable social housing. Also, the study's findings are significant in transferring aspects to other contexts.
An architectural research framework for the neuroscience of human experience

(Graduate School, 2023-10-24) Karakaş, Tülay ; Özkan Yıldız, Dilek ; İnce, Gökhan ; 502142009 ; Architectural Design

The relationship between architecture and neuroscience is an ever-evolving research field forcing the architecture community to explore new theoretical, methodological, and practical approaches. The developments in neuroscience and cognitive sciences and the expanding knowledge of the human brain primarily contribute to understanding human experience and the experiential use of an environmental setting. As an architect, Albright (2020) asked what architects can do with this new knowledge of brain function, and I furthered the question by asking how architects can study with this new knowledge of brain function. Accordingly, the twofold aim of the dissertation is determined as 1) to investigate the neuroscience approach in architecture with an emphasis on the neuroscience of human experience and 2) to develop an architectural research framework for the neuroscience of human experience. With this aim in mind, multiple objectives are produced: 1) developing an overarching conceptual framework for the neuroscience approach in architecture, including elaborating theoretical discourses, methodological approaches, and practical implementations, and 2) building new knowledge on the neuroscience of human experience in architecture. To achieve the aim and objectives of the thesis, an integrated thesis is conducted, consisting of three independent research based on published papers along with introductory and concluding chapters. Each published research paper has its method, while the thesis has a methodological technique to link them into a cohesive conclusion, which is developing an architectural research framework for the neuroscience of human experience. The research papers are examined iteratively to construe insights for developing an architectural research framework for the neuroscience of human experience. Eventually, the thesis method relies upon the literature search to develop an architectural research framework and the knowledge gained from the three research papers.
An atlas of spatial practices subject to power relations as means of self-securitization

(Graduate School, 2023) Kaynar, Ekrem ; Sönmez, Nizam Onur ; 850763 ; Architectural Design Programme

In the literatures of international relations, anthropology, and architecture, interconnections between possibilities of spatiality and concept of security have been broadly studied. In these studies, spatial settings are often investigated through the lens of the political field. A group of scholars regard the concept of space as a mode of political thinking. Lefebvre states that there is a politics of space, because space is political. Individual(s), populace/subjects, and institutions devised by wo/man-kind are the constituent agents of the world political society. Politics correspond to a field within which struggles for power are exercised through relations established between agents. The need and search for security of the agents stand focal to power relations. Foucault posits the notion of power as inherent in all relationships. In the context of this study, the possibilities of spatiality are considered as among self-securitization tools that are utilized by the constituent agents of the world society in power relations established on varying scales in the political domain. The agents struggle for power in the political domain in order to provide their selves with the conditions of security. The possibilities of spatiality, which are discussed as some created/interpreted/exercised concrete and/or conceptual spatial practices in the context of the study, are denoted among the primal tools utilized in power relations by the constituent agents of the society. The very notion of spatiality in consideration could be either intentionally wo/man-made or coincidentally natural. Whether they are discursive apparatuses utilized by the sovereign in order to establish the conditions of governance or maneuverable exercises utilized by the individual(s) in order to erect the act of resistance, spatial practices are subject to power relations as means of self-securitization. Possibilities of spatiality have been subject to research as among the means of securitization in literature. However, despite researchers' references to spatial practices among the tools of power relationships established between the actors in the pursuit of self-securitization, research has not often focused on the spatial practices specifically. This study attempts to analyze in what manners the possibilities of spatiality are utilized as means of self-securitization. In this context, the aim is to explore and bring into view the spatial practices which are subject to endeavors of self-securitization through the inquiry of power relations from macro to micro scale that are established between actors and deemed to be intricate. To do this, the inquiry concerns, how the needs and the motivations to produce spatial practices, how the capacities and the modalities while producing them, and how the benefits derived from them change, and also how yet all stand interwoven. The main research question is posed as follows: "In which scales of power relations and by what methods are the possibilities of spatiality created and used as means of self-securitization by the parties that make up the society?" In the scope of the study, the phenomenon of security is analyzed with its physical and mental attributes.
Architecture of the impossible: Searching an(other) architecture within drawing through metaphor

(Graduate School, 2024-10-22) Demirci, Meral ; Uluoğlu, Belkıs ; 502211016 ; Architectural Design

This thesis investigates the metaphorical thinking behind non-notational architectural drawings to propose that the intentional use of metaphors—metaphorical concepts—can initiate alternative, unconventional, 'other' ways of thinking—which will be referred to as metaphor-based design thinking. The study discusses the possibilities of what is considered impossible within conventional architecture to expand our perspective, hence our realities. Metaphorical thinking simply means understanding something in terms of another, and our conceptual system—which deduces and organizes abstract concepts that structure our perception, and guide us through our everyday life—is fundamentally metaphorical. This means that metaphors are not limited to language, but they are implicit in the ways we think and act. Along with non-notational architectural drawing which offers creative freedom to the practitioner and the possibilities that arise from it, the study aims to explore the impossible(s) in architecture, to compose a new way of thinking, and—I think most importantly—to lead to more questions than 'answers'. In K. Michael Hays' words, "Architecture is fundamentally an inquiry into what is, what might be, and how the latter can happen. Architecture is one way of attaining the verb 'to be.'" (2009, p. 2). George Lakoff uses metaphorical thinking and the methods that come from cognitive science and linguistics in the book Philosophy in The Flesh (1999) to rethink what philosophy can become and says that "Metaphorical thought is the principal tool that makes philosophical insight possible and that constrains the forms that philosophy can take." In other words, architectural theory and metaphorical thinking have similar interests to further their fields; and this research intends to do the same thing for architecture (to rethink what architecture can become) through drawing, thus doing this research through metaphor within architectural drawing seems appropriate. The potentialities of architectural drawing and metaphorical thinking are known and studied separately. This work, being at the intersection of the two, aims to create something new by combining pre-existing ideas. The intent is the emergence of a design thinking that can lead to architectures that are sensitive to the 'Other' and other ways of thinking. The research uses AD's digital archive for selecting drawings as its case studies among the articles which discuss 'imagination' and 'creativity', since the intent is to propose an alternative thinking. Then it suggests plausible metaphors for these works in accordance with the written materials and the theoretical works of the drawings' authors—in a reverse engineering method. Through mapping, the study interprets metaphorical concepts and the relational thought processes behind these drawings in order to support the study's claim that metaphorical thinking can be used as a tool—pedagogical, or else—with the awareness of its substantial use. The first chapter, the introduction, clarifies how/why this research came about, frames the aim and scope of the thesis; then, acquaints the reader with the key concepts—the Other, the (yet-)impossible, non-notational architectural drawing, metaphorical thinking—and their relations to each other in the realm of this research; and ends with how metaphorical thinking is used for the method of the research, and how the cases are selected. The second chapter consists of two parts. The first sub-chapter explains the theory of metaphorical thinking that is structured by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, its systematicity; differentiates between metaphor, simile, analogy, and allegory; and discusses the limitative use of architectural metaphors which is generally attributed to architectural form. The second sub-chapter explains why the research uses the term 'architectural drawing' instead of 'architectural representation'; outlines how the thesis approaches non-notational architectural drawing, and how it positions itself among other architectural practices, while briefly summarizing the pivotal changes about the views on drawing. It also mentions the issue of authorship over architectural works to explain why the research excluded reading the drawings directly. The third chapter establishes metaphorically-structured design thinking—the creative thinking practice that this research offers—by discussing other alternative thinking practices. The fourth chapter examines (possible) use of metaphorical thinking within the case studies (a.k.a. the study's protagonists) and offers a probable metaphor for each case. These suggestions are based upon the semantic references found in the articles. The chapter also discusses the degrees of relevance between the creative thinking behind these precedent-setting cases and metaphor-based design thinking—the practice proposed in the thesis. And the final chapter, the conclusion, is meant to be more than a final summary of the study. It not only mentions the findings of the thesis, but also questions what could come after. This is not a prescriptive study, which indicates an outcome, a definitive one; it is a descriptive work to offer metaphor-based design thinking. Unlearning situated thought patterns and thinking in an alternative manner is not unfamiliar to architectural practice; but metaphorical thinking takes it a step further, and offers itself as a tool for doing so. The case studies are the precedents that support this study's claim that the deliberate use of metaphors in the design process can lead to alternative, other ways of thinking; can lead to metaphor-based design thinking.
Başka bir gelecek üzerine spekülatif yaklaşımlar: Mimarlığı ya eğer sorusu ile düşünmek

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-06-27) Şarlı, Serengül ; Gürer, Tan Kamil ; 502201016 ; Mimari Tasarım

Başka türlü mümkünlüklerin altını deşme niyeti ile geleceğe yüzünü dönmüş "spekülasyon" kavramı, alternatifleri düşleyebilmek için potansiyel bir anlatı zemini oluşturmaktadır. Geleceğin olası yaklaşımları üzerine pratiklenebilmek adına adeta bir düşünce egzersizi olan spekülatif düşünce, kesin olmayan durumları varsayımlar üzerinden konuşabilme olanağı sağlayan aracı bir pozisyon edinmektedir. Burası ve var olmayan yer arasında bir köprü konumu edinen bu kavramsallaşma, alternatifler evreni üzerine düşünebilmek için "ya eğer" sorusunun, alternatiflere kapı aralayan potansiyeline sığınmaktadır. Nitekim koşulların lineer bir düzlemde kalamadığı zaman aralıkları, dinamik düşünceyi harekete geçiren ve alternatifler üzerine düşünmeyi gerekli kılan bir zemin tanımlamaktadır. Bu noktada mevcudun yetersizlikleri ve içinden çıkılamayan zamansallıkları karşısında "kriz" kavramına sığınmak ve içinde bulunulan kriz durumu karşısında alternatif olana ilişkin bir arayış geliştirmek, geleceğe yüzünü dönmüş anlatıları keşfetmek için bir eşiktir. Gezegenin mücadele ettiği durumlardan biri olan ve buna bağlı olarak mimarlık disiplinin de ilgi odağı haline gelen "Antroposen Çağı" kavramsallaşması günümüzde yeni kriz anlatısı zemini oluşturmaktadır. "İnsan Çağı" olarak açılımının gerçekleştirilebileceği bu yaklaşım, insana odaklanır tutunumu ile problematik durumların merkezine insan olan özneyi almaktadır. Nitekim bu yaklaşım çerçevesinde, 21. yüzyıl kriz anlatılarını iklim senaryolarının, küresel ısınmamın, biyoçeşitlilik kaybının, türlerarası eşitsizliğin meydana getireceği düşünülmektedir. Problemin insan olan öznenin tahakkkümünde, hiyerarşik bir ontoloji olduğuna yönelik geliştirilen kabul, spekülatif senaryolar ile incelenebilecek heterarşik bir yapılanmanın gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu noktada özneye ilişkin sunulan bu eleştirel tavır, geri plana alınan nesneye yönelik düşünce zemini kayganlaştırmaktadır. Nitekim insanın kurucu özne olmadığı, geleceğe bakan 21. yüzyıl spekülatif senaryolarının temel motivasyonu, insan ve insan olmayan tüm türleri aynı ontolojik düzlemde ele alabilme amacıdır. Bahsi geçen ontolojik kabul ise ancak spekülasyonun tanımladığı boşluklu, aralıklı, alternatifli, olasılık içerikli anlatılar ile mümkünlük kazanabilir. Öznenin nesne ile eş güdümlü bir hiyerarşide okunduğu bu yaklaşım, nesne üzerine şekillenmiş anlatıların önemini arttırır. Nitekim spekülasyon yapmanın nesne ile kurduğu ilişkiselliğe kuramsal bir zemin kazandıran Graham Harman'ın açtığı yerden Nesne Yönelimli Ontoloji kavramsallaşması, ilişkiselliklerinden arınmış bir nesne çerçevesi çizme gayesi taşımaktadır. Harman'a göre ilişkisellikler nesneleri indirgemekten başka bir tanım ortaya koymamaktadır. Bu bağlamda ilişkisel fazlalıklarından arındırılmış bir nesnenin buradan doğan boşlukları üzerine ancak spekülasyon yapabiliriz. Spekülasyon yapmanın nesne üzerinden sahip olduğu anlamlar geleceğin tasarım pratiklerine ilişkin alternatif bir yaklaşım geliştirme niyeti taşıyan mimarlık disiplini için de önemli yaklaşımlar içermektedir. Nitekim bu kavrayışı odağına alarak geliştirilen mimari terminoloji, geleceğin anlatılarına spekülatif bir kavrayış getirme çabasını ortaya koymaktadır. Nesneyi odağına alır bir tavır ile Nesne Yönelimli Mimarlık çatkısı altında toplanan spekülatif tasarım yaklaşımı, geleceğin mimari düzlemine ilişkin kavramsal bir takım sözler söyleme çabasını ortaya koymaktadır. Mimarlığın 1990'lar sonrasında alan söyleminden metinsel söylemlere geçişinde pratiklenen süreksizliği benimseyen bu kavramsallaşmayı, yeniden gün yüzüne çıkaran yaklaşım, ilişkisellikleri bertaraf edilmiş provakatif bir mimarlık çerçevesi çizme niyeti barındırmaktadır. Çünkü Nesne Yönelimli Mimarlık yaklaşımı, ilişkiselliklere hapsedilmiş bir mimarlık tasvirinin, ileri atılımlı zamansallıklar üzerine düşünmesinin mümkün olmadığını savunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda mimarlığın mevcut koşulların getirileri üzerinden okunmasına meydan okur bir tavırla, indirgemeciliği ve ilişkiselciliği reddetmektedir. Geleceğin zamansallıkları üzerine eğilen mimarlık nesnesinin keşfedilmemiş potansiyel anlatılarını ortaya koymak adına ilişkilerinden arınmış bir mimarlığın yeni anlam kümelerini açan, boşluklu yapısını inceleme niyeti taşımaktadır. İlişkiselliklerin bertaraf edildiği, insan olan öznenin tahakkümünden sıyrılmış, nesne ile aynı ontolojik kabul düzlemine sahip bir mimarlık yaklaşımı Tom Wiscombe'nin terminolojik kazanımı ile "kopuk mimarlık" olarak tasvirlenmektedir. Spekülasyon yapmanın dinamik anlatı zeminini kullanan bu yaklaşım süreksiz, aralıklı, açık uçlu, eklemlenebilen, merkeziyetsiz bir bakış geliştirerek yeni bir mimarlık tanımlaması yapmaktadır. Çalışma, bahsi geçen kopuk mimarlık kavramsallaşmasını merkezine alarak, yüzünü geleceğe dönmüş spekülatif bir mimarlık kavrayışı geliştirme gayesi taşıyan SCI-Arc Mimarlık Okulu akademisyenlerinin bu bağlamdaki yaklaşımlarının, projelerinin ve söylemlerinin incelenmesi ile sonlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda mimarlara mimarinin sınırlarını yeniden keşfedebilmek adına spekülasyon yapmayı öğretmeyi hedef edinen okullardan biri olan SCI-Arc Mimarlık Enstitüsünün, teorisyen ve pratisyenlerinden Tom Wiscombe, Peter Trummer ve Gilles Retsin'in spekülatif, kopuk mimarlık kavramsallaşması ile geleceğin mimarlık anlatıları üzerine söylemlerini incelemek ve bu anlatıların mimarlık pratikleri içerisindeki konumlanışına bakmak, araştırmanın önemli bir merakını oluşturmaktadır.
Beden ve mekân ilişkilerinde ideal olmayan: Hiçbir beden için mimarlık

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023) Otçu, Şule ; Çebi Dursun, Pelin ; 788351 ; Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı

Bu çalışma beden ve mekân ilişkileri çerçevesinde şekillenir. Bedeni idealize ederek mekânı kuran pratikleri sorunsallaştırır. Bu pratiklerin dışarıda bıraktığı, ideal olmayan bedenleri göz önünde bulundurur. Bu bedenlerin mekânsal pratiklerine dair çeşitli açılımlar önerir. İdealize edilen bedenler, mekân ile ilişki kurmada ayrıcalıklı pozisyonlar yaratırlar. Bu nedenle, farklı bedenleri içerebilmek bağlamında çeşitli problemler barındırırlar. Bu çalışma, tarihsel süreç içinde benimsenen ideal bedenlere ve bu bedenler bağlamında üretilen mekânsal pratiklere bakarak, ideal olmayan bedenleri saptar. Bu ideal olmayan bedenler için mekânı kurmada alternatif yollar araştırır. Niyeti, ideal olmayan bedenleri de içine alacak, kapsayıcı olması bakımından alternatif mimari pratiklerin potansiyellerine işaret etmektir. Mekânın hiçbir bedeni dışlamadığı, her beden ile kurduğu ilişkinin benzer mesafede olduğu; hiçbir beden için / tüm bedenler için kapsayıcı mimari pratiklerin yollarını keşfedebilmektir. Çalışma ilk bölümünde çalışmanın amaç, kapsam ve yöntemini açıklar. İkinci bölümünde, ilk olarak, tarih anlatılarındaki belirli ideal beden tanımlarına ve bu idealler üzerinden kurulan mimarlık kavrayışlarına odaklanır. Değişen ideal beden tanımlarına dair ipuçlarını bir kronoloji çerçevesinde ortaya koyar. Bu kronoloji aracılığı ile mekânsal pratikler bağlamında ideal olmayan bedenlere dair bütünlüklü bir temsil ortaya koyar. Bu kapsamda, Joseph Rykwert'in beden tartışmaları; Alain Corbin, Jean-Jacques-Courtine, Georges Vigarello'nun birlikte yazdıkları, son derece kapsamlı üç serilik beden tarihi anlatıları ve Sergei Eisenstein'ın kuramsal tartışmaları ziyaret edilir. Bu anlatı sırasında saptanılan beden idealleri, çalışma boyunca takip edilen ipuçları ile çerçevelenir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde, bedenin hareketinin keşfi tarihsel süreç içinde işaret edilen bir kırılma noktası olarak değerlendirilir. Hareketin çeşitli temsil biçimlerinin keşfi ile birlikte beliren mekanik beden anlatılarına odaklanılır. Mekanik beden ideali, mekanizasyonun ortaya çıkışı ile ilişkilendirilir. Bu bağlamda, mimarlık tarihçisi ve eleştirmeni Sigfried Giedion'ın mekanizasyonun doğuşu tartışmaları, kuramsal olarak merkeze alınır. Giedion teknolojinin gündelik yaşam içerisindeki konumunu insan odaklı bir tarih yazımı üzerinden değerlendirir. Makineleşmenin beraberinde getirdiği fotoğraflama aracılığı ile gerçekleşen hareketin etüd edilmesini mekanik sistemler ile ilişkilendirir. Bu bağlamda tartışmasını, teknik aracılar sayesinde hareketin temsil edilebilmesinin olanakları üzerinden sürdürür. Étienne-Jules Marey, Nicolas Oresme ve Frank Bunker Gilbreth'in hareketi merkeze alarak gerçekleştirmiş olduğu çalışmaları tartışmaya açar. Bu araştırma, bu bölümünde bu çalışmalar üzerinden mekanik beden ideallerine dair ipuçları yakalar. Mekanik beden idealine dair yakalanan ipuçları ile saptanan mekanik beden idallerinin mimari yansımalarının, modernizmin geneline yayıldığı söylenebilir. Sözgelimi Le Corbusier'nin Moduloru, Bauhaus dahilinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar, Neufert'in ya da Dreyfuss'un standartlaştırma girişimleri, bedeni belirli hareket mekanizmaları içerisinde değerlendirir. Bu çalışmaların dışında bıraktıkları bedenler ile ilgilenir. Çalışma dördüncü bölümünde, öncelikli olarak ikinci ve üçüncü bölümde yakalamış olduğu ipuçlarını yan yana getirerek saptamış olduğu ideal olmayan bedenleri tartışmaya açar. Değerlendirilen bu ideal olmayan bedenler için kapsayıcı mekânsal üretimlerin alternatif olarak değerlendirdiği çeşitli mimari vakalar üzerinden işaret eder.
Beden-mekan birliğinin ve ikili olasılıkların mimarlık ve sinematografi perspektifinden okunması

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023) Kaya, Ece Nur ; Erkök, Fatma ; 816206 ; Mimari Tasarım Bilim Dalı

Mimarlık pratiğinde sabit bir anlamla sınırlı olmayan mekan, bedenden ve eylemlerinden bağımsız düşünüldüğünde, değişmeyen ve statik bir olgu olarak ele alınır. Sadece mekana değil, aynı şekilde bedene de tarihsel olarak bakıldığında statik ve değişmez ölçülerle ele alındığı görülür. Mekan, esasen beden ile iletişime geçtiğinde yeni anlamlar üretme potansiyeline sahiptir. Beden ile buluştuğunda fiziksel veya algısal olarak tekrar üretilen mekan, aynı zamanda mekan tanımlarını da genişletmektedir. Bu çalışma, mekanın beden eylemleriyle ilişkisinden hareketle, beden-mekan ikilisinin sahip oldukları olanaklılıkları ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlar. Mekanın değişen tanımlarını beden aracılığıyla ortaya çıkarmaya çalışır. Bedenin bir mekan olup olmadığını sorgulamakla başlar ve mekan ile beden arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanır. Çalışma, mekanı kaplayan bedenler ile bedeni kaplayan mekanları karşılıklı olarak ilişkilendiren şey olarak anlaşılan, karşılıklı bağlantılılık potansiyelini geliştirmek amacıyla beden-mekan araştırma alanı içinde ele alınabilir. Beden ve mekanın bir araya gelişlerine odaklanarak, bu ilişkinin doğasını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Tezin birinci bölümü, çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı, çerçevesi ve yöntemini içerir. Bu bölümde çalışmanın ana konuları ve araştırma yöntemleri özetlenmektedir. İkinci bölüm tarihsel olarak beden ve mekana yaklaşımları irdeler. Bu, beden ve mekan kavramlarının zaman içinde nasıl değiştiğini ve geliştiğini anlamak için önemlidir. Beden ve mekan arasındaki ilişkinin önemini ve karmaşıklığını anlamaya yardımcı olur. Özellikle iki başlık olarak ayrı ayrı olarak ele alınan beden ve mekanın; statik, akışkan ve sanal anlayışları tariflenmiş ve örneklerle desteklenmiştir. Bu yaklaşımlardan hareketle beden ve mekanın ayrı kavramlar olarak ele alınmayacağı ise bölüm sonunda ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, ikinci bölümde tariflenen statik, akışkan ve sanal anlayışların bir araya gelme olasılıkları ele alınmıştır. Bölüm, beden ve mekan birlikteliğinin olasılıklarını mimarlık ve sinematografi disiplinleri kapsamında örneklendirir. Çalışmada, beden ve mekan arasında ayrılık yaratan engellerin yıkılması ve mekanın bedenle birlik potansiyelinin açığa çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Buna göre 'beden ve mekanın karşılıklı birbirini tamamlaması sonucunda oluşan beden-mekan birliğinin ikili olasılıkları, mimarlık ve sinematografi disiplinlerinde nasıl kullanılır?' araştırma sorusuna cevap bulmak üzere beden ve mekan anlayışları sınıflandırılır. Bu sınıflandırmadan bazı nitelikler (sıfatlar) çıkarım yapılır.
Bedensel bir kırılganlık olarak uyku ve mekansal anlatıları

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-07-10) Durak, Şadiye Yağmur ; Uz, Funda ; 502201004 ; Mimari Tasarım

Tezde, mimarlık teorisinde ve pratiğinde genellikle sağlıklı, dinç ve uyanık beden üzerinden düşünülen, kavranan ve tasarlanan mekan anlayışına eleştirel yaklaşılarak "Bedensel Bir Kırılganlık Olarak Uyku ve Mekansal Anlatıları" ile mimari tasarımda beden-mekan ilişkilerine alternatif bir izlek oluşturulması ve üretken bir tartışma aralığı amaçlanır. Doğal olana aykırı olan çeşitli sonsuzluk illüzyonlarının olduğu ütopik-distopik bir dünyada kırılgan olmak mücadele edilmesi, üstesinden gelinmesi gereken bir şeymiş gibi dayatılır ve algılanır. Oysa beden (mimari beden de dahil) doğası gereği kırılgandır; evrenin sürekli devinen, değişen, eklemlenen, biriken parçalı yapısından etkilenmeye ve etkilemeye açıktır. Kırılganlığın yaşamın ayrıl(a)maz parçası oluşunu tartışabilmek için anlatı bir araç olarak görülür. Anlatılar, mimarlık disiplininde toplumsallığı, bedensel ve eylemsel olanı ve zamansallığı ele alarak mekanı mikro ölçekte inceleyen çoğul anlamlar oluşturmayı sağlayan pratikler oluşturur. Mimarlığın fiziksel ve anlamsal bileşenlerinin parçalanarak, eklemeler/çıkarmalar yapılarak yeniden ve bir kez daha üretilişi anlatıların önemli bir bölümünü oluşturur. Bu durum, tasarımda yaşamsal olanın değişkenliğinin, sürekliliğinin ve ilişkiselliğinin tekrardan ele alınarak yeniden ve bir kez daha düşülmesini sağlar. Uyku, yalnızca biyolojik bir olgu veya yaşamdan kopuk izole bir davranış olmayıp yaşamı şekillendiren ve yaşamla şekillenen (embodied) bütünleşik (embedded) bir eylemdir. Uykunun bedensel bir kırılganlık oluşu "ben" ve "kendiliğin" belirsizleşerek uyanıklıktan farklı bir bilinçlilik oluşturması uykunun bireye özgü bir deneyim olarak yaşanmasını sağlamaktadır. Canlılığın bir formu olarak uyku, kendi mekansallığını bedenle ve yaşanmışlıklarla oluşturmaktadır. Aynı zamanda uyku, canlılar tarihiyle var olan bir olgudur. Yaşamın içindedir ve her yerdedir. Dolayısıyla uyku bireysel bir eylem olmasının yanında toplumsal bir yaşantı da oluşturmaktadır. Toplumlarda, sosyoloji, psikoloji, tıp, sanat gibi disiplinlerde, yaşamda anlam kazanmış sözlü veya yazılı paylaşımlar bir nesilden diğerine aktarılmıştır. Mitoloji, efsane, edebiyat, resim, sinema ve performans sanatlarında özellikle bilinçaltını konu alan yaşamlar, eserler ve performanslar odağında anlatılmıştır. Tarihte farklı sanat disiplinleri anlatımlarının öznesi olan uyku; ölüm, itaat, tembellik, kabulleniş, kaçış, bilinçdışı, geçici duraksama, mahrem, göçebelik, dayanıklılık, aşırılık gibi metoforlaştırılmış kavramların merkezinde biçimlenmiştir. Tez, mimarlığın yaşamla ilişkisine "başka" bir açıdan yaklaşarak, mimarlıkta bedenin kırılganlık gerçeğini ve ilişkiselliğini; mimari anlatı literatüründe kısıtlı bir şekilde yer alan uykuyu sosyal, politik açıdan ele alarak uykunun mekansallığını tartışılabilmek ve izlekler oluşturabilmek için mevcut olanlarla performatif ilişkilerin kurulduğu ve farklı disiplinlerle mimarlığı yakınlaştıran ve birbirinden beslenmesi gerekliliğini savunan Jane Rendell'in "eleştirel mekansal pratik" kavramı/kuramı bir yöntem olarak kullanır. Çalışma metni, uykunun mekansallığını anlamakta ve anlatmakta bir araç olarak görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda tezin girişi olan "Giriş:Uykudan Önce Hipnogojik Faz" adlı bölümünde uyanık halden uykuya gidilen bir deneyim olarak anlatının mimarlıktaki yeri, beden-mekan ilişkileri, bu ilişkilerin değiştiği, tekrardan tanımlandığı kırılganlık kavramına ve bedensel bir kırılganlık olarak uyku ile kurduğu ilişkilere bakılır. Tezin ana gövdesi olan "Başka Mekan Anlatıları: Uyku Ev(ren)i" adlı ikinci bölümde uykunun ve mekansallığının kavramlar aracılığıyla tanımlanabilecek bedensel-mekansal-zamansal oluşumlar uykunun uyanık yaşamla bütünselliğini aktarmanın bir yolu ve "başka" türlü bir görme ve tanımlama yolu olarak "Uykunun Gündelik Eşiği", "Uykunun Performatif Eşiği" ve "Uykunun Zaman Eşiği" başlıkları altında yeniden kurulur ve tartışılır. Tezin sonsözü olan "Sonsöz: Uyanmadan Önce Hipnopompik Faz" adlı bölümde çalışma kapsamında gerçekleştirilen, araştırılan ve tartışılan uykunun mekansal anlatılarına dair uyanmadan önceki yaşanılan bilgi akışları ve yaşantılar olarak bir değerlendirilmesi yapılır.
Biophilic design efficiency on humans' well-being in daily life with an atmospheric approach

(Graduate School, 2021-12-06) Bayatmaku, Shaghayegh ; 502181029 ; Architectural Design ; Mimari Tasarım

According to studies on the human-nature relationship, it was revealed that urbanization and urban transformation projects failed to protect and enrich natural elements in their designs. Instead, building construction grew significantly for more financial benefit. Therefore, people who lived in the buildings, which were themselves a part of nature and humans directly related to nature, became isolated in buildings with fewer signs of natural elements. This study aims to reveal how people compensate for the lack of nature in capitals and investigates humans' well-being in their preferred places. In fact, what puts a space in a way that can make us feel calm is the potential in space to experience with all of the five senses and not just the vision, which gives us the entire presence at the present moment in the space that is known as the source of calmness. Having such space is not possible with a place that is merely a physical entity, unlike it needs an attempt to improve the atmosphere of the place. Studies about nature turned out that the atmosphere of nature is an ideal one that has been experienced and tested by humans and resulted in calmness. Thus, to approach the thesis aim, a literature review was gathered that consists of several studies on "Biophilic Architecture" and "Atmosphere of the Place," which make an effort to define an architectural design framework that affects human experience pleasantly in daily life. These studies represent a framework that gives humans a multisensory experience that enables them to feel the entire presence at the present moment in space. This experience results in human well-being in terms of physical, psychological, and mental. Besides, it addresses the main questions of "What is the efficiency of biophilic design with an atmospheric approach on humans' well-being in their preferred spaces in daily life?" and "What is the correlation and intersection between biophilic design patterns and atmosphere optimization factors?" that have some sub-questions. These sub-questions include "What are Peter Zumthor's atmospheric patterns?", "Which atmospheric and biophilic patterns are used in people's preferred places in daily life?", "What is the relationship between people's biophilia measure and the preferred places?" and "Which patterns could result in humans' presence at the present moment in the preferred places?". This study is qualitative and quantitative and tries to provide answers to the questions by phenomenological content analysis, researcher triangulation using focus group discussion, and questionnaire. It embraces a phenomenological content analysis of Peter Zumthor's "Thinking Architecture" book to clarify the factors optimizing the atmosphere of a place. It tries to expose the correlation and intersection between them and biophilic design patterns to highlight the most critical factors. A researcher triangulation using focus group discussion was conducted with three senior architects working in this field to prove the validity of the content analysis and the found patterns. According to the findings, a questionnaire was designed and asked from 132 Iranian architects (25-40 years old) to prove the factors and express their efficiency in people's daily lives and their preferred places' design. The most efficient patterns extracted from the questionnaire are compared with the found patterns in the previous steps' results to prove them. Furthermore, the questionnaire asked about participants' Biophilia measure (affinity toward nature), their well-being in their preferred places, the function of the place, participants' satisfaction of the places, and their preferred places' architectural characteristics in terms of biophilic design patterns and found atmospheric factors. There were some questions about participants' feelings in their preferred places and their relationship with the place, such as the "Sense of belonging" level to investigate the relationship between these items with the considered biophilic and atmospheric patterns and the "Presence at the present moment" level. So, this research aimed to obtain findings related to the crucial impact of "Biophilic design" and the "atmosphere of the place" on human well-being. According to existing literature and participants' responses, it exposes the correlation and intersection between biophilic design patterns and atmosphere optimization factors to highlight the most critical factors to have the experience of "Presence at the present moment." Finally, it suggests several patterns to have a biophilic atmosphere in humans' preferred places that make people healthy and well in their daily lives.
Birim konut planlamasında koridor tipolojisine karşı yatay sirkülasyon ihtimalleri

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-04-08) Ataselim Kılıç, Pınar ; Uluoğlu, Belkıs ; Sroka Türkkan, Sevgi ; 502181052 ; Mimari Tasarım

Birim konut, ekonomik, coğrafi veya kültürel anlamda bakıldığında, birbirinden çok farklı koşullara sahip bireyleri ağırlamakta, bu bireylerin yaşantısına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Birim konut planlaması hakkında düşünmek ve tartışmak bu açıdan önemli görülmektedir. Yaklaşık olarak son elli yıla bakıldığında, Türkiye coğrafyasında tekil veya toplu halde üretilen çok katlı konut bloklarındaki birim konutlarda, çeşitli aktörlerce kabullenilmiş, yoğun biçimde uygulanmakta olan, katı işlevselci anlayıştan süregelen baskın bir plan kurgusunun söz konusu olduğu söylenebilir. Çok çeşitli ve birbirinden farklı olası konut sakinlerinin barınması için, benzer plan şemalarının üretilmesi problemli olarak değerlendirilebilir. Böyle bir durumun sorgulanması ise kaçınılmazdır. Mimarlık pratiği içerisinde, birim konut planlaması özelinde yeteri kadar tartışılmadığı ve bahsi geçen baskın plan şemasının kilit mahallinin koridor olduğu görüşüyle, koridor mahalli, çalışmanın odağına alınmıştır. Tez çalışmasının temel söylemlerinden biri, birim konut iç mekân kurgusunda bir sirkülasyon mahalli olarak koridorun tartışılması ile farklı yatay sirkülasyon olasılıklarının değerlendirilmesinin, ikamet edene özgü biçimde farklılaşan ve çeşitlenen düzenlere erişmeyi mümkün kılabileceğidir. Dolayısıyla, birim konutun içerisindeki koridorun tartışılmasının, birim konut planlamasında farklı potansiyelleri ortaya çıkarabileceğine dair bir sorgulamayla hareket edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, araştırma, yatay sirkülasyon ekseninde birim konut planlamasında meydana gelen dönüşümleri izlemeyi, çeşitli örneklendirmeler üzerinden plan kurgusu ile yatay sirkülasyon arasındaki ilişkileri anlamayı, çeşitli yatay sirkülasyon olasılıkları ile konuyu tartışmaya açmak için bir zemin hazırlamayı hedeflemektedir. Tüm bunların beraberinde çalışma için bir diğer motivasyon, baskın plan tipolojisinin altında kalan örtük potansiyelleri ortaya çıkarmak üzere bir katkı sunabilmektir. Birim konut planlaması üzerine güncel konut pratikleri ve tasarım düşüncesinin gelişimi açısından koridor mahallinin tartışılmaya değer olduğu savıyla yola çıkılan çalışmada, beraberinde yeni sorular üretmesi beklentisiyle, birtakım sorular araştırma sürecinde yönlendirici olmuştur: Koridor mahalli, birim konut iç mekân kurgusunu nasıl etkiler? Koridor mahallini tartışmak, birim konut planlaması için nasıl potansiyeller taşır? Koridor mahalline alternatif yatay sirkülasyon ihtimalleri neler olabilir ve bu ihtimaller nasıl imkanlar için alan açabilir? Çalışmada, katı işlevselci yaklaşım ile kurulan koridor tipolojisinin hâkimiyetindeki birim konut planlamasına karşı, olası yatay sirkülasyon ihtimalleri çalışma kapsamında seçilen örnekler üzerinden irdelenmiştir. Bu örnekler, düşeyde örgütlenen çok aileli konutlar ve yalnızca yatayda kurulan birim konutlar değerlendirilerek toplanmış olup, metrekare olarak birbiri ile alansal yakınlık kuran benzer oda sayılarına sahip olanlar seçilmiştir. Yatay sirkülasyon ihtimalleri üzerinden birim konut iç mekân kurgusu, plan temsilleri aracılığıyla incelemeye alınmıştır. Mekâna pek çok farklı açıdan, farklı disiplin ve kavram yoluyla yaklaşılabileceği aşikardır. Ancak çalışma kapsamında, plan temsilinden ileri gelen potansiyeller önemsenmektedir. Dolayısıyla konunun somutlaştırıldığı zemin, mevcut birim konut şemaları üzerinden, aynı grafik dilde ve aynı ölçekte yeniden üretilen plan temsilleri ile oluşturulmuştur.
Boş mekan: Eleştirel bir olasılıklar alanı

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-06-27) Gasseloğlu, Mehmet Ali ; Çebi Dursun, Pelin ; 502181021 ; Mimari Tasarım

Çalışma, kentsel mekanda taktiksel müdahalelerin bir çeşit boşluğa ihtiyaç duydukları savından hareketle, bir mekansal nitelik olarak boşluğa odaklanmaktadır. Fiziksel veya fiziksel olmayan bir eksikliği, bir bilinmeyeni, tanımsız bir durumu, belirsizliği veya açıklığı ifade edecek şekilde çok geniş bir alanda karşılık bulan boşluk kavramı, sözlük anlamının aksine tanımlar, tartışmalar ve anlamlarla doludur. Mimarlık alanında da mekan anlayışıyla paralel bir şekilde boşluk yorumlarının da zaman içinde farklılık gösterdiği görülmektedir. Günümüzde otorite tarafından boş mekan; tasarlanmamış, planlanmamış, tanımsız, terk edilmiş, artık mekan gibi tanımlamalarla ilişkilendirilir. Bu tanımlardan hareketle boş mekanı 'doldurulmayı' bekleyen pasif bir boşluk olarak kabul eden mimarlık ve planlama disiplinlerinin yaklaşımlarının aksine, araştırma kapsamında boş mekan, tanımlı mekansal kurgunun içinde kuralların geçici olarak askıya alındığı ve tam da bu sebeple sürekli olarak mekansal ilişkilerin kurulup yıkıldığı bir olasılıklar alanı olarak görülmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında otorite tarafından 'boş' olarak nitelendirilen ancak aslında çok sayıda pratiğin gerçekleştiği mekanlar üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu bakımdan 'Boş Mekan: Eleştirel Bir Olasılıklar Alanı' başlığı, boş mekanın çelişkili durumunu vurgulamaktadır. Başlıkta 'boş mekan' otorite tarafından tanımlanan bir nitelik olarak kullanılırken, 'eleştirel bir olasılıklar alanı' tanımı, bu tez kapsamında geliştirilen boş mekan anlayışına karşılık gelmektedir. Disiplinin tanımlı alanının dışında kalan pratiklerin gerçekleşmesi bakımından 'boş mekan' kaçınılmaz olarak eleştirel bir pozisyon taşımaktadır. Tezin üçüncü bölümünde yer verilen mimarlık alanındaki eleştirel yaklaşımlar ile boş mekan arasında bir bağlantı kurularak boş mekan pratikleri eleştirel mekansal pratiklerle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Gerçekleşen aktiviteler, yapma biçimleri, sürece katılan aktörler, mülkiyet ilişkileri ve süreçler bakımından farklılık gösteren 'boş mekan' pratiklerinin incelenmesi ile sosyoekonomik süreçlere bağlı hareket eden mimarlık disiplininin normatif pratiklerine dair eleştirel bir bakış geliştirilebilir. Boş mekanı oluş halinde bir çokluk olarak ele alan çalışmada, çoklu bir değerlendirme yöntemi olarak asamblaj düşüncesine başvurulmuştur. Asamblaj düşüncesi bu araştırmaya iki boyutlu bir katkı sunmaktadır. Birincisi; asamblaj düşüncesini insan, insan olmayan, fiziksel, fiziksel olmayan aktörlerin bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu katılaşmayan bir mekan yaklaşımının eleştirel mekansal pratiklerin mekan anlayışı ile örtüşmesidir. İkincisi ise, asamblaj düşüncesinin durumları betimlemek yerine arkasında gerçekleşen ve gerçekleşmesi muhtemel ilişkileri ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlayan bir yöntem sunmasıdır. Mekan kurma pratikleri, kurucu aktörler ve gerçekleşen aktiviteler (ağlar) olmak üzere çokluğu oluşturan bileşenler ve bu ilişkilerin nitelik ve kapasiteleri, kuruluş biçimleri ile zamansallıkları araştırma kapsamında üretilen haritalamaların katmanlarını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, boş mekanda 'başka türlü yollarla' gerçekleştirilen mekansal pratiklere dair örnekleri derleyerek, boş mekanın bu pratiklerin gelişmesine etkisini ve bu pratiklerin olası eleştirel pozisyonlarını tartışmaya açmak amacıyla bir okuma önermektedir. Mimarlık disiplininin normatif alanını ve mevcut toplumsal düzeni dönüştürme kapasitesini örtük olarak barındıran boş mekan, ancak aktörlerle etkileşime geçtiğinde bu kapasiteler gerçekleşebilmektedir. Boş mekanın ilişkili pratikler, aktörler, ölçek, zamansallık gibi ölçütler bakımından oldukça geniş bir alana yayıldığı düşünüldüğünde incelenen çok sayıda örnek arasından karmaşık topluluk ilişkilerinin ortaya çıktığı ve geliştiği, görece uzun süreli pratiklere odaklanılması tercih edilmiştir. Çalışma, ilk aşamada incelenen 13 örnek arasından etki alanları en geniş olan dört örnek; El Campo de Cebada (Madrid), Kraftwerk Bille (Hamburg), Forte Prenestino (Roma) ve Prinzessinnengarten (Berlin) üzerinden yürütülmüştür.
Cinsiyetli mekânsal hareketlilikler: İş ve evin müzakere alanları

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-05-18) Armağan, Oya Yeşim ; Aksugür Akpınar, İpek ; 502181027 ; Mimari Tasarım

Bu araştırmanın sunduğu tartışma zeminine dayanarak şu sonuca varılabilir; ev ve iş hem kentsel alanda hem de evsel alanda bir müzakere halindedir ve bu alanlar karşılıklı kaymalar yoluyla tanımlansa da aslında toplumsal cinsiyet ve konumlar gözetildiğinde tek bir model çizilemeyecek kadar karmaşıktır. Bu bulgular mimarlığı mekanları sabitlikler üzerinden ele almak yerine; çoklu, öznel ve diferansiyel coğrafyalar aracılığında mekânsal hareketlilikler tarafından yeniden düşünmeye davet eder.
Contextualizing "context" in architectural theory via a conceptual model

(Graduate School, 2023) Kılıç, Edanur ; Demir, Yüksel ; 856259 ; Architectural Design Programme

The context in architecture has been defined variously, widely referred to, discussed in terms of its scope, importance, and impact, and undergoes a semantic change under the influence of time and architectural criticism. It can be claimed that there is no consensus on a certain definition, scope, or criteria that would contribute to the context discussion on common ground in architectural criticism. The indeterminacy of the context causes an absence of its characteristics as a concept and causes concerns in context discussion, such as the development of contextual approaches, their association with one another, and their distinctions. The dynamic process is essential for the context in architecture research regarding the changing character of the concept and the architectural theory. 1.1 Goals & Problems The main research goal is to evaluate research problems, determine the components, scope, evolution, and evolution criteria of context in architectural theory, and map the relationships between context, architecture, and time in architectural theory through a conceptual model attempt. Accordingly, the research goals are: 1.1. Determining the dimensions of the relationships between context, architecture, and time 1.2. Modeling the data of the context in architecture to filter the scope, criteria, change, correlations, and impact of the context from architectural discourse. 1.3. Demonstrating the components that comprise the context's present meaning 1.4. Forming an object-oriented, open-source, and participatory platform in favor of context researchers, students, and design practitioners 1.5. Listing no longer relevant, changing, and likely to remain determinants, the vocabulary of context and factors affecting the common context discourse The research questions are: 1. What are the determinants of context, time, and architecture relationships in architectural theory? 1.1. How does a conceptual model of context in architectural theory benefit acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the context, criticizing context, and developing a context-oriented attitude as an architect/designer? 1.2. What are the determinants of mainstream context discourse? 1.3. What types of contextual relationships and criteria become apparent regarding the context in architectural theory? 1.4. Which context-related concepts, architects, and works of architecture are on the agenda of contemporary architecture? 1.5. Are there any correlation between the frequency of the contextual references of architectural theory and the prominent references in the context in architecture literature reviews? 1.2 Hypotheses 1. The context in architecture is changing under the influence of time, architects, architectural works, and architectural movements. 1.1. Context in architecture is discussed within the framework of certain criteria in architectural discourse. 1.2. Unchronological context analysis in architecture highlights the unclear dimensions of the architecture-context-time relations. 1.3. Context in architecture is discussed implicitly in other contemporary architectural debates. 1.1 Theoretical Background The analytic and data-driven approaches are the basis of the whole study. The research and model are holistic in contextualizing the context in architectural theory. The structural and object-oriented methods are used to identify the meaning, scope, change, effectiveness, and ambiguity of the context in architecture. The structural approach is used to analyze what patterns and correlations of the context are indicated and how the concept is grounded in architectural discourse. The object-oriented approach is used to filter the concept of context from architectural theory as an object; and to map the context correlations of contextual perspectives to determine the context, architecture, time, and other relationships.
Correlations between composition attributes of architecture and music

(Graduate School, 2021-02-17) Tayyebi, Seyed Farhad ; Demir, Yüksel ; 502132007 ; Architectural Design ; Mimari Tasarım

"I call architecture frozen music" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe vividly expresses the great linkage between architecture and music. The architects applying music in building design are increasing in numbers, and interrelated projects are getting progressively widespread. Interestingly, most of the interrelation between architecture and music, in various scales, are formed by some assumed correlated parameters regardless of the feeling arousal of the attribute to the listeners and observers, which are mostly based on the subjective artists' opinion or rooted in more-objective scientific issues. For instance, 'interval' in music has been arguably understood as 'proportion' in architecture; accordingly, the harmonic musical interval applied in architectural ratio with the hope of acquiring pleasant architectural proportion. But is there any correlation between the preferences of satisfactory musical intervals and their transformation into architectural proportions? From this perspective, this research aims to explore the correlations between the preferences of architectural and musical attributes from the subjective people's point of view rather than the artist's opinion or merely through an objective perspective. Thus, this study aims to answer the following questions. • Is there any correlation between the preferred architectural and musical attributes of people? What are the most frequently correlated attributes? • More specifically, on a small scale, which musical instruments preferences correlate with architectural material preferences? On a large scale, which musical attribute preferences correlate with architectural attributes preferences in general? At first, a pilot study has been conducted to examine the methodology through exploring the correlation between architectural attributes and musical attributes across limited demographic classes (S. F. Tayyebi & Demir, 2020). By learning from it, two other studies find an answer to the questions. The first study, as a small-scale investigation, has explored the preference correlations between the attributes related to architecture material and musical instruments. Another study, as a large-scale investigation, has scrutinized the correlation between the general attribute preferences of architecture and music across a wide range of demographic classes. Despite some tiny differences, the methodologies of the three papers have an identical structure. The methodology has three phases presented in Figure 4.1. The first phase provides a clear list of the considered attributes, based on two studies conducted during the dissertation progress (S. F. Tayyebi & Demir, 2019) (S. F. Tayyebi et al., 2020), though they can also be seen as part of the limitations of the dissertation. After examining eight different methods and discovering the most reliable method to extract the personal preferences of architectural attributes (Tayyebi & Demir, 2020), a survey is then prepared and distributed worldwide on the QuestionPro platform to collect the individual's demographic information, the musical attribute preferences, and architectural attribute satisfaction. In the second phase, the participants' responses were analyzed, and the unreliable responses were filtered to provide a complete set of attribute preferences of valid participants. Finally, in the third phase, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis examined the correlations between every single attribute within different demographic categories. The outcomes of the analysis were then filtered by the correlation p-value, to skip the statistically invalid correlations. The second and third studies also integrated with Bonferroni correction, as a second filtering technique, to skim off the utmost reliable correlations. Clustering method has also applied to the third study to summarize the correlated attributes provide a holistic understanding of the correlation trends. As the first outcome, all the studies confirm the importance of demographic classes in the correlations exploration between the preferences of architectural and musical attributes. Not only the trace of age and gender apparently exists in the discovered correlations, the large-scale study considering the participants' education shows that even education more than age and gender impacts on the discovered correlations. It reinforces the importance of the three demographics. Along the same line, some demographic classes, attribute categories, and the attributes themselves reflect higher number of correlations. For example, females more than males, material color and material qualities more than material reflection and texture, symmetry more than indentation and stress, and genre more than psychological attributes of music show correlation. Furthermore, within genre category, rap and jazz, and within the psychological attributes of music, sophisticated and poetic/deep have higher number of correlation and thus may reflect better the preferences of some attributes in another field. Regarding the aim of the paper, Pearson's analysis results of the two main studies in small and large scale are indeed the outcome of the study, and thus presented in appendices. For example, the first study, concerning architectural material and musical instrument correlations, shows that preferences of cello for mature females reflect higher satisfaction for brick, full of texture materials, aluminum, reflective, and light-colored material. The results of the large-scale study show male musicians, mature musicians, and even architect-musicians who are interested in sophisticated music tend to prefer sophisticated architectural forms. Rock follower musicians are less satisfied with complicated architectural forms. Preferences for sad music for female architects tend to have a preference for horizontality in building forms. The outcomes of the large-scale study, exploring a large number of correlations, are also clustered to provide a holistic understanding of the correlations. On its basis, those who prefer Complicated music seems to have more positive opinions about Complicated architectural forms. There are strong correlations, albeit very few in number, that shows those who like Dance music seem to prefer Rhythmic and complicated buildings. Among the Mellow music followers, in general, Simple architectural forms were found more satisfactory. Joyful music followers seem to tend towards regular patterns in architecture. Those who enjoy Rap have a preference for either regular or irregular patterns that exude a sense of repetition in the formal structure. Finally, this explorative study confirms the existence of numerous correlations between architectural and musical attributes, thereby proving the potentials of applying the resulting insights into future building design and further investigations.
Critical craft: Disruptive practices of careful making

(Graduate School, 2024-06-06) Price, Samuel William ; Şenel, Aslıhan ; Almaç, Bihter ; 502211018 ; Architectural Design

This thesis expands discussions with craft to situate practices of attentive (co/re)making as fruitful ways of knowing and becoming within the field of architectural theory, study and practice. The research is sited as current and urgent in the context of ongoing political, climatic and societal crises around the world that are entangled with colonial and capitalist modes of operation that rely on the bifurcation of mind and body, theory and practice, and individual and community. The thesis discusses craft practices in a way that subverts the dominant narrative, offering opportunities for new encounters and ways of knowing through entangled relationships. As such, craft is not positioned in false opposition to other ways of making and knowing, but in fact both of and with them, including processes of mass production and abstraction. The research provides a critical perspective with craft practices through three case studies, conducted within the scope of architectural education, although the degree of formality varies greatly. As a methodology, these case studies allow for theoretical principles to be explored, reflected on, and critically discussed in a reciprocal manner, where the practices themselves also contribute to a (co/re)production of knowledge. Each new case study becomes entangled with aspects from previous chapters as new discussions are brought into view through the relation to literature and learnings with practices. The thesis itself is also self-reflective, it provides an opportunity for the author to critique broader concepts of knowledge production and naturalisation through their own practice and experience. It is sited in the context of modern-day Türkiye, but in order to critique the naturalisation of knowledge production from privileged positions, the author's own white British cis male experience is also present throughout. The thesis delicately balances theory and practice throughout, writing with as a research method that challenges hierarchies of knowledge. Following an introduction that contextualises the research within a landscape of comparable pedagogical, practical, and theoretical approaches in Türkiye and beyond, the second chapter foregrounds the partiality of craft/architectural knowledges. I explore partiality through a critical reflection with a pair of two-day steam-bending workshops, held within the context of formal architectural education, and theories of knowledge (co/re)production, material agency and critical pedagogy. Steam-bending involves exposing timber to steam for an extended period, loosening its cell structure and rendering it temporarily plasticised. One of these workshops is held at Istanbul Technical University with undergraduate students from the faculty of architecture, the other is held at the Istanbul Chamber of Architects as part of their 'Kent Düsleri' (City Dreams) summer school. The difference between the number of participants in and situation of the workshops offers a comparative opportunity for exploration of these theoretical concepts. I also discuss the process of preparing and organising the workshops as an integral part of the pedagogical approach where I unsettle the dichotomy of teacher and learner despite the process's very specific technical and learned bodily obligations. By positioning the workshops as simply an opportunity to explore the process of steam-bending, and relationships that come to the fore during this process, the participants are distracted from concepts of failure in relation to design and outcome, and instead more openly encounter materiality and the process of making together. The following chapters take place in less conventional grounds for architectural education, although still sited within this framework. I write them with the (co/re)production of a community space in post-disaster Kahramanmaraş, 'Sümer Space'. The research critically engages with craft in the difficult and uncertain terrain of post-disaster southern Türkiye in a way which not only challenges the limits of craft, but also the meaning of community in such scarred territories. The construction phase of this project however is discussed in non-chronological order, after a workshop designed to activate the space titled 'InterWoven Practices'. The third chapter aims to discuss the transformative potential of ways of knowing and becoming that arise during craft practice through a critical reflection on the 'InterWoven Practices' workshop and conceptualisations of waste, repair, and reuse. Taking place over two weeks, and between the territories of Istanbul and Kahramanmaraş, the workshop entangles material flows with the process of recovery following the 2023 earthquakes. While its primary aim to permanently activate the space for community use is not successful, it discusses the temporal spaces, communities and relationships that emerge with craft practices that promote alternative ways of thinking about repair and reuse, rather than quick-fix extractive practices. In chapter four, I return to the process of building Sümer Space. This section opens up discussions around care that have been an undercurrent to the thesis throughout. I critically reflect on concepts of community, activism and sloppiness intertwined with the practice of building the community space itself within the framework of care. Working with discussions of political activism developed from feminised forms of fibre craft, I discuss the participatory process of building together as radical in the context of state-led (re)construction plans both before and after the earthquake. Using a more-than-human perspective, the research also expands the concept of community to open up possibilities of what it means to care and craft together. The concept of sloppiness is written with to critique the idea of well-crafted and further unsettle the concept and perceived goals of craft production. Broadly, the thesis writes with specific craft practices to argue that these ways of knowing, making and becoming contribute to a richer conceptualisation of architecture as a whole. They provide routes to ground highly abstracted architectural practice in entangled networks of relationships that position architecture with and of craft, as much as the inverse. The thesis works with processes of craft that lead conventionally to 'craft-objects', woodwork, building and weaving, but disrupts the discussion around them by reframing the outcomes as temporal and unstable in relation to the ongoing flow of materials, rendering them almost inconsequential. The research expands on the complex network of relationships that take place when attentive makers correspond not only with material, but with the world around them more generally including human and non-human agents. Through the research, I also reckon with deeply rooted ideas of human exceptionalism, asking questions of how craft might be reframed in a more-than-human framework. In the process of expanding conceptualisations of craft practices, the thesis unsettles anthropocentric conceptualisations of object-based production and provides understandings through the lens of care. It is explicitly limited and partial, concluding not with concrete proposals, but reflections on how craft-led architectural research may (co/re)produce alternative ways of knowing and becoming together.

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