LEE- Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Lisansüstü Programı

Bu topluluk için Kalıcı Uri

http://hdl.handle.net/11527/19454

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A decolonial analysis of urban and regional planning education in the global south

(Graduate School, 2024-11-04) Şen, İpek ; Koramaz, Turgay Kerem ; 502102813 ; Urban and Regional Planning

Through a mixed-methods approach, this thesis compares how the higher education institutions in the Global South conceptualize and act on the decolonization of urban planning education. The main research question is: How do scholars in the Global South perceive and conceptualize the decolonization of urban planning education? The questions to investigate the issues further are as follows: What obstacles and limitations hinder the decolonizing efforts from succeeding in urban planning education? What methodologies do the Global South scholars use to decolonize the urban planning education curriculum in their contexts? What decolonizing methodologies can Turkish planning schools create to encourage local knowledge generation and resist the domination of Eurocentric norms? To answer this question, 17 scholars from 11 countries in the Global South and six former and current members of the Turkish Planning Schools' Association were interviewed. Additionally, all published documents by the association were analyzed. The thesis followed a Constructivist Grounded theory (CGT) methodology as its primary approach and supported it with additional quantitative analyses of the collected documents. Interestingly, the Global South categorization and the inclusion of Türkiye were also received with surprise by many. CGT theoretical coding also revealed differences in conceptualizing and approaching the decolonization phenomenon. The Global South scholars' narration and approach showed a more optimistic and critical arc toward urban planning education and practice, starting with contemplation, continuing with expressing concern about the future of the profession, but then concluding with a new reality of constructing practices and insurgent actions. However, Türkiye followed a more hesitant arc, starting with hesitation, continuing with contemplation with little critical engagement, and ending with a narrative of absence. Significantly few scholars addressed the need to generate local knowledge and radical curriculum change. Instead, they were concerned about the lack of resources across universities and departments regarding place, equipment, and teaching faculty. The results showed several overlaps between countries in terms of challenges and issues regarding education and urban planning practice. The categorical findings of this thesis show that in all interviewed institutions, there are problems concerning how planners are trained and equipped to address issues such as population increase, climate change, land ownership and housing, sustainable and affordable transport, and urban poverty.
A digital transition roadmap for Türkiye: Bridging the digital divide at national, urban/regional, and enterprise levels

(Graduate School, 2024-06-11) Alp Özcan, Gülfiye ; Baycan, Tüzin ; 502172814 ; Urban and Regional Planning

The primary findings of the study indicate the reasons: Uneven digital skills, socioeconomic and demographic divides, and R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP. This chapter was transformed into an article published in the Journal of Quaestiones Geographiceae. A comparison between IDI and T-IDI underscores the importance of regional-based analysis in understanding the national context of the digital divide. The third phase uses the digital divide and the new digital economy as a primary approach to unveil the relationship between ICT and urban space, specifically within the context of innovative enterprises. (Chapter 7). As an emerging economy, Türkiye needs to use new technologies to maximize the tangible benefits and foster urban and regional development. Thus, the research shifts its focus to spatial analysis. Analytical methods include a Hotspot Analysis of Innovative Industries, an examination of the xxv volume of innovative industries within Turkish cities using spatial regression models (Ordinary Least Squares and Geographically Weighted Regression), and an investigation into the locational patterns of innovative industries in cities with varying levels of ICT development. This chapter is also the first attempt to define innovative industries in Türkiye. Results reveal that the digital development level and technoparks play a significant role in shaping the volume and distribution of innovative industries. Major metropolitan cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, and Kocaeli have emerged as innovation hubs, hosting more than half of the innovative enterprises. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of sectoral differences in explaining the spatial patterns of these industries alongside the digital divide. Innovative industries are located on both the periphery and city centers. This chapter was transformed into an article to be published in an international journal and is presently being given full consideration for publication. After enlightening the impact of the digital divide on innovative industries, the focus shifted to an enterprise context. This enabled us to establish the fourth phase of the research (Chapter 8), which investigates the digital divide and the primary motivations for digitalization at the enterprise level. Enterprises in Türkiye and the EU were evaluated within the scope of descriptive, comparative, and correlation analyses using secondary information from national and international datasets. The findings reveal that the digital development levels of enterprises are highly dependent on their size and sector. Additionally, the country's level of digital development also emerges as a significant factor. The utilization of Industry 4.0 technologies remains very low due to their high costs, and the lack of experts emerges as the primary obstacle to the digitalization of enterprises. Another noteworthy finding is that relatively more digitally advanced enterprises adapted more quickly during the pandemic. This chapter will be transformed into an article for publishing in an international journal. The concluding chapter briefly highlights all empirical research findings as a holistic outcome of the thesis. Identifying both shortcomings and advantages of the digital transition process aids in formulating policy recommendations to overcome the digital divide at national, urban/regional, and enterprise levels in Türkiye. As a result, the digital transition roadmap proposes strategies with a timeline starting by 2025 and ending by 2040 to make Türkiye a new digital pioneer with equally developed cities, regions, and enterprises. The chapter also outlines the thesis's limitations and recommendations for future research suggestions.
Assessing the impacts of urban land use/land cover change on soil ecosystem services

(Graduate School, 2023-10-09) Delibaş, Meltem ; Tezer, Azime ; 502122807 ; Urban and Regional Planning

Soil represents a dynamic living ecosystem and stands as a fundamental resource for sustaining life on Earth. However, recent years have witnessed a concerning escalation in the detrimental impacts of human activities on the terrestrial environment, particularly evident during the Anthropocene Epoch. Soil, the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems, is surely not exempt from the adverse consequences of anthropogenic interventions, which have exacerbated the problems associated with soil quality and functionality, giving rise to a global emphasis on land and soil degradation. In response to the increasing pressures on soil, the United Nations officially designated the year 2015 as the "International Year of Soils" to raise awareness and emphasize the imperative of preventing the escalating pressures and threats to soil. Accordingly, it was affirmed by several studies that as a result of human activities (e.g., unsustainable agricultural practices, industrial activities, and urbanization) soil's bio-physical and chemical characteristics are subject to varying degrees of impact, contingent upon the nature, pace, and extent of the intervention. In particular, the alterations in land use and land cover (LULC) pose significant threats to soil functions and the provision of ecosystem services provided by soil (SoES). The expansion of urban areas and the concurrent rise in impermeable surfaces accelerate detrimental alterations in SoES within urban settings. Instances of soil sealing, where impermeable materials overlay soil, or land take, involving the conversion of land for construction purposes. This transition in LULC pattern and increase of built-up areas cause long-term alterations in soil structure and result in diminished infiltration capacity for surface water, impeded vertical percolation, altered subterranean thermal dynamics, weakened soil microbial activity, and ultimately indirect or direct detrimental impacts on soil functions and services. Indeed, soil is vital in enabling and ensuring the feasibility and resilience of terrestrial ecosystems through its multifaceted functions and services. Its strategic location at the intersection of the Earth's lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere empowers it to play a central role in regulating biogeochemical cycles critical to life. Moreover, soil regulates the intricate flow of essential plant nutrients. This regulation by soil supports numerous ecosystem services (ES) indispensable to human well-being, including food, fiber, and raw material production, water regulation, temperature moderation, provision of clean water, carbon sequestration, and preservation of cultural heritage. Furthermore, soil accommodates a vast array of microorganisms, that are nearly one-fourth of the global biodiversity. In addition to its biodiversity-related significance, soil functions as a key agent in global hydrological processes, acting as a vast reservoir for water filtration and storage. Besides, soil serves as a terrestrial carbon sink, promoting equilibrium in atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, and contributing to the ongoing struggle against climate change. Nevertheless, recent studies emphasize that despite the significant ES provided by soil and its critical role in climate change, soil, and SoES have been partly incorporated into the global ES frameworks and have received limited attention. Furthermore, they have been largely overlooked in urban spatial planning and decision-making processes. Yet, given the multidisciplinary nature of soil science, urban planners, in collaboration with other related disciplines, can play a central role in understanding and managing the intricate functions and services of soil by considering its indispensability for the continuity of life. Herein, the holistic study of soil requires a multidisciplinary approach to integrate the fragmented policy frameworks and practices on sustainable soil management. From this perspective, the study assesses the intricate network involving SoES, climate change, and spatial planning, considering their interdependencies. It underscores the key role of LULC dynamics in optimizing the multifaceted benefits associated with each pillar of this network. The overarching objective of this research is to contribute to the limited understanding and recognition of SoES in urban spatial planning. To achieve this, it addresses the global challenges posed by urbanization and LULC alterations concerning SoES, in connection with climate change. In this context, the study introduces a nexus framework that highlights the interconnectedness of the selected pillars and presents a conceptual framework for assessing the interactions between LULC changes and SoES, focusing on the case of the Buyukcekmece Watershed in Istanbul. The central argument of this research posits that safeguarding and improving the essential functions and services of soil requires the incorporation of soil-related knowledge into urban spatial planning processes. In this context, the thesis comprises six chapters, the first of which presents a comprehensive overview of the research structure and content, encompassing the scope, objectives, findings, and research questions. Furthermore, the chapter provides a summary of the research organization through a thesis flowchart. The second chapter undertakes an exhaustive literature review, delving into the theoretical underpinnings of the study, exploring the significance of SoES, the increasing pressures and threats it faces, and its intricate relationship with climate change and spatial planning. This chapter also incorporates research findings about the distinctive characteristics and challenges associated with urban soil. Chapter 3 elucidates the design of the research methodology and the organization of data, while Chapter 4 serves as the implementation section, examining the research questions and methodology in a selected case study area. In this chapter, the research design is formulated, delimitations of the study are outlined, and the chosen methodology is determined. Furthermore, an exhaustive assessment of relevant literature is conducted to discern the geographical location, demographic and physical characteristics, and potentials of the case study area, as well as the pressures and threats it faces. Subsequently, data acquisition and preprocessing preparations are carried out. Within the predefined methodological framework, the study focuses on analyzing the spatio-temporal changes in the selected SoES supply, as well as the alteration in LULC patterns. Chapter 5 critically examines the findings derived from the analysis, discussing the mapping of critical areas within the study area and proposing new ideas and recommendations for the possible integration of SoES into the existing spatial planning framework. Lastly, the sixth chapter, "Conclusion," offers a comprehensive evaluation of the study, addresses its limitations, and puts forward suggestions for future research.
Assessment of the autonomous vehicles impacts on urban mobility and urban form

(Graduate School, 2024-07-26) Sadeghpour, Mazdak ; Beyazıt, Eda ; 502162815 ; Urban and Regional Planning

The advent of automobiles profoundly influenced the development of cities in the 20th century, and in recent years, substantial investments by automakers and technology-leading companies in vehicle automation technologies, alongside the release of autonomous driver-assistant features, pilot projects, and the booming volume of studies, signal that Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have the potential to reshape 21st-century urban mobility and urban form. In today's rapidly evolving world, urban mobility plays a critical role in promoting development in cities. As urban areas continue to grow and evolve, there is an increasing need for efficient and sustainable transportation systems that can accommodate the needs of a rapidly changing urban landscape. Enhancing transportation technology aims to improve the safety, comfort, sustainability, and effectiveness of trips. The benefits of AVs extend beyond mere convenience, promising enhanced safety, reduced traffic congestion, and positive environmental impacts. Additionally, the prospect of driverless taxis, changes in car ownership dynamics, and the synergy between AVs and electric vehicles underscore the multifaceted advantages. However, without comprehensive planning and timely and well-designed regulatory frameworks, AVs could also result in various disruptions and unprecedented challenges in urban mobility and form. Therefore, preparing for the impacts of AVs on urban mobility and urban form is crucial, particularly as municipalities and governments typically develop urban and transportation master plans with 15-25 year horizons. Timely and well-designed policies could maximize the advantages and minimize the drawbacks of these newly emerging technologies. Conversely, inadequate planning and the absence of robust policies could lead to significant monetary and temporal losses due to the uncertainties surrounding AVs. Therefore, understanding and predicting the impacts of AVs are crucial for urban and transport planners and policymakers to make informed decisions and mitigate potential adverse effects. Automotive industry experts claims that the next 10 years' developments in the automotive industry will be much more transformative than it was in the last 50 years. The automotive industry is radically changing by megatrends such as autonomous driving, connectivity, electrification, vehicle sharing, and shifting consumer preferences, and will enter a completely different path by 2030. Considering all these factors, and the features AVs will bring along, the emergence of these vehicles is expected to revolutionize urban mobility in the short to mid-term and urban form in the mid to long-term by introducing new mobility options. The potential impacts of AVs on urban mobility could be complex and twofold. AVs are expected to reduce travel time, improve safety, and provide more comfortable and convenient modes of transportation, transforming individuals' travel behavior and mode choices. These outcomes could induce individuals to own personal AVs and reduce their interest and reliance on public transportation, potentially leading to more traffic congestion and less sustainable outcomes. Conversely, timely and well-designed policies and incentives that popularize shared modes of AVs, such as using them as feeders for public transportation, could decrease personal car ownership rates and foster a culture of shared transportation, resulting in less congestion and more sustainable outcomes. AVs could impact urban form in two opposite ways. On one hand, AVs could enable passengers to work or rest during travel, making long commutes less burdensome and potentially prompting relocations to larger or more affordable homes further from workplaces, thus increasing urban sprawl. On the other hand, shared AV modes could reduce the need for parking spaces, making central locations more attractive and sparking re-urbanization and re-densification. The interdependence between transportation and residential locations is a crucial aspect of urban life, with each influencing the other reciprocally. The transformation of transportation demand is largely driven by the evolution of residential and job location patterns, a relationship commonly referred to as the chicken-and-egg problem in the context of land use and urban transport. Despite an exponential increase in the volume of published journal articles, conference papers, reports and other materials on various aspects of AVs, significant gaps remain in understanding their potential challenges and disruptions. These include required transformations or modifications in road infrastructures, user perceptions and attitudes, road safety, transport operations' effectiveness, and emissions. There are still many uncertainties about different modes of AVs, particularly their shared modes (SAVs), such as whether they will be easily accepted by the public, their effect on personal car ownership rates, and potential shifts in individuals' travel behavior, which depend on several factors. The majority of existing studies have been conducted in developed countries, with few or no studies focusing on developing countries such as Turkey. Moreover, the great majority of the existing knowledge in this field is derived from or localized to developed countries, leaving data on developing countries scarce or non-existent. Meanwhile, considering the existence of hundreds of millions of active passenger cars running around globally with an average lifespan of approximately 20 years, the transition to AVs will be gradual. Consequently, it is imperative to analyze the different phases of AVs' transition in the presence of traditional modes continuously and in advance, so the required policies can be calibrated early to guide toward the desired AV-dominated future. The interdisciplinary nature of AVs subject, combined with significant investments by automakers and technology-leading companies, has led to a surge in research publications. Considering the massive volume of research studies, published journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, reports, and other materials, it is essential to periodically synthesize and summarize these studies to map the domain's landscape and its evolutions and key characteristics, pinpoint gaps, and develop a roadmap to detect potential trends. Therefore, this dissertation employs scientometrics analyses to depict a comprehensive review of the literature on AVs with a particular focus on the place of Urban Transportation Planning (UTP) and the place of developing countries in this field. This has been achieved by visualizing and mapping the scientific landscape of the domain at a holistic macro-level, along with the analysis of the literature from the perspective of UTP at a meso-level. This approach aimed to provide insights into research trends and future directions, particularly in the context of UTP. As the second chapter of the dissertation, this part aims to contribute to the literature by focusing on the UTP aspect of AVs, addressing the current gap and aiding in the preparation for the impending technology. In the third chapter, data obtained from a meticulously designed survey distributed in Istanbul, Turkey, was used to analyze the potential factors influencing individuals' willingness to own an AV if they were released to the market. Additionally, this chapter examines factors that might affect individuals' decisions to relocate to a farther, but more affordable or larger residence due to the convenience of travel brought by AVs. To achieve these analyses, discrete choice modeling techniques were employed, and numerous multinomial logit models were estimated to identify significant determinants. In the fourth chapter, four hypothetical designed scenarios, each represents a horizon of AVs' progression were presented to the subjects. This chapter carefully analyzes the factors influencing individuals' willingness to choose a particular mode of transportation. Additionally, this chapter investigates potential shifts in mode choice behavior in the presence of different AV modes, alongside conventional vehicles through various phases of AVs evolution. Mixed logit models were found to be the most efficient models for these analyses. The study also analyzes diverse demographic and socio-economic groups to determine the factors influencing their decision-making processes, considering the potential for renouncing personal car ownership under various shared AV scenarios. Utilizing a dataset collected from Istanbul, Turkey, this study enriches the literature from the perspective of a developing country. In conclusion, this dissertation has provided a comprehensive analysis of AVs' potential impacts on urban mobility and form, emphasizing the importance of UTP in maximizing benefits and mitigating negative outcomes.
Construction clusters in Turkiye's metropolitan provinces: A research on urban spatial growth

(Graduate School, 2023-01-06) Pak, Ece Özden ; Akgün, Aliye Ahu ; 502122804 ; Urban and Regional Planning

Metropolitan areas in developed countries are turning into attraction centres and attractive residential areas as a result of the urban policies carried out. In developing countries, on the one hand, metropolitan areas are tried to be obtained with the urban policies carried out. On the other hand, the struggle to create planned spaces and keep urban growth under control continues. In developing countries, the issues related to the acquisition of planned spaces emerge as an extension of uncontrolled urban development at the lowest scale and become problems that affect the whole country. The literature on this subject has a multi-layered theoretical background and offers a comprehensive discussion of the urban spatial policies in these countries. From this point of view, we searched the world literature to understand the ongoing debates on the sustainability of land use, the common mistakes made repeatedly in the production of the built environment, and the urbanisation and metropolitanization process. We determined a bunch of keywords at the beginning and conducted a bibliography search in 2 packs. The first is urbanisation, urban growth, and urban planning. The second is metropolitanisation. Then, we examined the urbanisation and metropolitanisation process of the American continent, the European continent and particularly the history of Istanbul throughout the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. Our main aim was to understand the process experienced in Turkish settlements and to compare and relate them to world examples. While doing this, we went beyond the usual doctoral research and followed the inductive method. By examining the world literature, processes in different geographies and current research examples, we have created a research design that will deal with the metropolitanization process in Turkey in the most comprehensive way. While the negative effects of the uncontrolled urbanisation and metropolitanisation processes experienced in the world literature of the study on land use diversity in developing countries come to the fore, we saw that evaluations could be made regarding their positive contributions when socio-economic development is taken into consideration. In the world literature and legislation review, we noticed that administrative borders define Türkiye's metropolises, while world metropolises are defined by their functional urban areas. Thus, we determined the main hypothesis: "Urbanization in Türkiye is shaped by legislation". In addition, since there is no criterion other than population in our country's legislation, we have determined essential criteria based on the literature to understand whether each province in Türkiye is a metropolitan municipality, unlike the criteria set by the OECD and other international organizations. The research covers all provinces of Türkiye and examines the spatial reflections of urban policies by focusing on metropolitan areas. In doing so, we traced the development of metropolitan areas, changes in national spatial policies and their impact on settlements. We tested the widespread discourse that the urban-spatial policy implemented is a "process" based on the built environment in Türkiye's provinces. In addition to the claim that the urban agglomeration in İstanbul, which is both the dominant and metropolitan city of Türkiye, also affects the surrounding provinces, we examined the relationship between İzmir, which was declared the first metropolitan municipality, and Ankara, with its neighbouring provinces in their geographical location. While trying to dispel the assumption that there is a strong link between the increasing building mass in settlements and urban development policies with a Spatiotemporal analysis, we examined the clustering trend of building permits. We revealed in which direction the structural eaves from clusters and clusters are moving. We have seen that being a metropolitan area in Türkiye and the rest of the developing countries means urbanisation, and urbanisation means increasing structuring in terms of area and volume. In line with the statistical results, the legislation and the literature readings, we saw that the acceleration trend in urbanisation and construction in Türkiye parallels the spatial policies that continued as of the 1980s. We found that institutional changes in metropolitan areas in the 2000s supported this process. At this point, it is essential to state that Türkiye's rural settlements are more extensive than urban areas and that it is a country of agricultural production, so the sustainability of land use diversity is the most crucial issue in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan provinces. Considering the current period, we should emphasise that in today's climate crisis, even in the name of urbanisation, political decisions that will pave the way for endangering rural settlements and agricultural production cannot be taken haphazardly, or they will have devastating consequences. Acquiring data from official sources is still a significant problem in most of the developing countries, and open data sources are also limited. Our research shows an alternative way of reading the metropolitan city network by establishing the uncontrolled urban growth fuelled by construction, using the Moran Index, which is used to read spatial political trends, and evaluating building occupancy permits from a different perspective by overcoming the problem of finding firm data sets. In order to make an in-depth Spatiotemporal analysis, we evaluated the building permits collectively and looked at the development trend of Türkiye for the last fifteen years, then focused on the four years following law no. 6360, which came into force in 2013, was the breaking point of the metropolitan legislation. We obtained the building permit data from TURKSTAT, made spatial analyses using GIS-based software(s), and visualised the statistical results. First, we used exploratory spatial data analysis to reveal the clustering trends of all building permits, then residential buildings in order of priority, then industrial, commercial, tourism, educational and cultural buildings, cluster centres, and if any, clustering capacities and sustainability of this capacity. In addition, we verified its consistency with Pearson Correlation before using the data set in statistical analysis. We applied the Moran Index as a module within the ArcGIS program to search for construction clusters, We also analyzed the same data in the GeoDa program to see how clustering was affected when changing datasets and to confirm the accuracy of the results, and crossed it with Spatial Lag results between 2014 and 2017. We evaluated the last real estate unit sales changes from rural plots to urban service parcels over the transaction volume for the same period examined in detail. We aimed to evaluate the distribution and density of the building occupancy permits, which we compiled into seven categories, and to evaluate the construction clustering capacity of the provinces through the existence of a metropolitan municipality and the presence of a top-scale plan. During the time studied in detail, complex patterns emerged on the maps. The provincial clusters and cluster centres that emerged as a result of the analyses increased our ability to understand and interpret the connection between the increase in construction and urban development. In addition, a network structure has emerged among the provinces. The existence of the top-scale development plans guided us as well. The research revealed an alternative way of reading the metropolitan network through construction by data and analysis. In addition, the visuals of industry, tourism and commercial building permits made it possible to read the provinces that are more preferred for construction in general and the type of construction investment. The obtained results define the country's current land use and regional diversity. The network of metropolitan municipalities in Türkiye and the physical space potential of cities are revealed by building mass clusters based on the type of construction and the trend of construction types in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan provinces. With this research, we conducted a country-level study on the effects of urban sprawl, integrated urbanization and increasing construction in the surrounding provinces related to construction and construction activities through ongoing urban spatial policies in Türkiye, and we are satisfied with the obtained results. In Türkiye, we have put forward an empirical study in accordance with the analytical and the followed research method, which enables the reading of the urban policies carried out in the neo-liberal period through space, containing findings confirmed by analyses. As mentioned above, the metropolitan areas' legislation is from the old-world order and narrow-scoped, where urbanisation matches construction investments. In the conclusion part of this research, the provinces that can be selected as pilots and need to be examined to control the devastating consequences of construction-based growth are included, and their reasons are shared in detail in the analysis part.
Cultural encounters of ethnic identities: An ethnographic study of belonging in the urban landscape of Sarajevo

(Graduate School, 2022-12-13) Zıvalı, Tülay ; Ayataç, Hatice ; 502152822 ; Urban and Regional Planning

Citizens identify and differentiate themselves from others by exercising distinct, social, cultural and spatial practices. In this way, they build on the physical environment and adapt their socio-cultural structure to it. Increasing migratory movement patterns over the last decades raises the emergence of the changing socio-cultural assemblage of the city. Ethnic identity is one of the significant predictors within the light of this cultural variation. Ethnic representations and bonding to places does not only depends on the current urban landscape, but also on the memory of the place and how it represents the common ethnic identity in the multicultural setting. The most obvious portrayal of these representations appears in the core of the cities: the public space. Urban public space has a manifold comprehension in the socio-spatial approach of urban planning. Its multiple role and varying function within the urban landscape makes public space essential in shaping the public sphere. From this perspective, the process of the formation of the socio-spatial tissue of a city can be observed by focusing on public space. Public space is always contested by the existence of various kinds of people and is made in the very contradictions that take place in it through interconnected -but often exclusive- intimacies and their spaces. In other words, public space is generally seen as the place where the culture of a city is being (per)formed and where socio-spatial interactions become observable. One of the most important ways to examine the ethnic structure in the city is to try to understand how ethnic communities reads the city and how they position social relations and social processes on urban public space. Due to the the meaning attributed to the physical spaces of the city (or to the city as a whole) is subjected to different readings by ethnic communities with different cultural characteristics, physical spaces cease to be inanimate entities and turn into important elements in personal and social memories. Sarajevo with its multi-ethnic character distinguishes various ethnic groups. Although, the major ethnic groups share similar values and traditions for centuries long. Therefore, the city has been faced with the paradox of diversity for a much longer timespan than most of the societies. A paradox, because ethnic diversity is a source of prosperity and strength. On the other hand, ethnic groups can possess places that they identify for themselves. And in between there is a thin line that has led to active conflict through the history of Sarajevo. This thesis is an ethnography of how the multi-ethnic city of Sarajevo perceive and experience public space and investigates on place attachment regarding ethnic diversity in the context of Sarajevo. Accordingly, the main research question is stated as following: How is place attachment manifested in the multicultural urban setting? Related sub-questions investigate in the theoretical association between ethnic heterogene societies and place attachment on the one hand, and the experience of place attachment from the perspective of experts and citizens in the context of Sarajevo. To unveil the research outcomes, a mixed-method model has been conducted and discussed in three stages, employing both quantitative as well as qualitative methods to mine the subject. This mixed-method model employs exploratory / theory-based research, descriptive / case-based research and explanatory / practice-based research stages. By the implementation of Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA), qualitative (narrative) data has been translated into either qualitative or quantitative results to evaluate place attachment in the context of Sarajevo. In scholastic sense, the study aims to extend the discussion around the theoretical background about the status of the individual and its representation within the society. Therefore, a systematic literature review has been conducted and a reframed theoretical model of place attachment (with the focus on ethnic diversity) has been proposed through reexamining main approaches and reclassifying prominent factors derived from existing literature. Based on a mapping approach, a morphological reading has been conducted to identify the spatial characterization of the representative public spaces through the four key historical periods of the city. The key periods have been evaluated with the Star Model of Publicness. This part illustrated the impacts of political, economic and socio-cultural dynamics in the transition of representational public spaces of each era. The proposed model of place attachment and related hypotheses has been utilized by applying an explanatory sequential mixed method for online surveys and in-depth interviews and evaluated through an axial coding method to produce experts' and citizens' narratives about place attachment in Sarajevo. Places of attachment and degrees of inclusiveness has been visualized to reveal the representational public places of belonging in the city. In this way, the study explores the spatial dynamics of human behaviour according to their ethnic identity that are a part of the inhabitants' daily life and thus to unveil the attitudes of place attachment in case of Sarajevo. Moreover, the research provides knowledge about critical role of public space as ethnic representation and how it becomes a property of belonging. Both for the experts as well as the citizens a good comfort and image is essential to identify a place as 'successful'. Yet, the citizens identify historic values as significant for a place to prefer. These historic values are explained as shared Yugoslavian or religious values during the interviews. Experts think that both collective identity and personal identity plays a role in the formation of place attachment, while the citizens think that relationship with others can bridge a negative personal belonging to place. The perception and meaning to the certain experience may have common patterns within group members of a community which is preserved between generations. On contrary, in case of Sarajevo there seem to be an interruption in tranferring values from generation to generation. Nevertheless, the results implicate that the age differences of people have a larger impact on the comprehension of place attachment, rather than the ethnic identity. Thus, the research does not only stress on the physical factors of a broad historical comparison but is in a unique way associated with the contextual dynamics of the social structure. Consequently, the findings contextualize current debates concerning socio-spatial, socio-economic and political agendas in Sarajevo and the region. The research points out that these emerging contextualizations are twofold; the war-tourism in Sarajevo as stimulus for memory and the image of the city and, environmental attributes of place attachment in Sarajevo.
Cultural heritage circular governance for the integrated conservation of historic cities: The case of the Medina of Munis

(Graduate School, 2024-07-19) Tira, Yasmine ; Türkoğlu, Handan ; 502182813 ; Urban and Regional Planning

Several factors overlap in making urban heritage conservation vulnerable in terms of long-term sustainability. Urban heritage is a non-renewable resource and a common good that is frequently under threat from globalization, development, demographic change, and economy, climate change impacts, and uncontrolled urbanization. The obsolescence of publicly owned buildings having great cultural significance is affecting historic cities/districts, and driving governments to opt for innovative heritage governance policies. Therefore, many initiatives were led in light of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach and the debate around a more sustainable future. However, these already established heritage conservation models are based on a single custodian model of cultural heritage management and financing. Several integrated conservation strategies achieved in a European context have long been the dominant governance models for cultural heritage assets. The Integrated Territorial and Urban Conservation Program (ITUC) at ICCROM, is one example of integrated heritage conservation attempts. Open Heritage project (European Commission, Horizon 2020), The global cultural districts network, GCDN, the Historic Districts initiative, and COMUS (Community-Led Urban Strategies) are several other integrated conservation approaches led at a European level. These conservation principles have been evaluated as vulnerable and ineffective for long-term sustainability aims. Consequently, an alternative approach to cultural heritage governance has become an inquiry. Building on the principle of the prevalence of circular economy (CE) in the sustainable transition, the EU launched the CE-based Green Deal strategy to respond to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the EU's 2050 target of 0% emissions. The initiative resulted in making the circularity concept go beyond the economic sphere and be adopted in cities helping them attain a long-lasting sustainable future. Thus, in line with the EU Green Deal, culture has been adopted as an entry point to reach Europe's 2050 aim. Consequently, the relation between CE and CH conservation strategies became an Up-to-date concern for local policymakers. This resulted in a shift from a 'governing for culture' approach to a 'governing through culture' approach and the initiation of the circular governance debate in heritage conservation. Pioneers in adopting a similar approach in heritage-led projects are the Regeneration and Optimization of Cultural Heritage in Creative and Knowledge Cities and the Circular Models Leveraging Investments in the Cultural Heritage Adaptive Reuse (CLIC) project. Within the abovementioned circular governance debate for more integrated heritage conservation, recent follow-ups of the application of the HUL recommendations identified gaps in implementing the approach in developing countries. One such example that is witnessing this gap is the Medina of Tunis. Situated right at the center of Tunisia's capital, and comprising all the features of a traditional Islamic city. It hosts around 700 UNESCO-registered historic monuments, distributed in seven areas, among which the most remarkable is Al-Zaytouna Mosque, situated right at its heart. After the Second World War, the Medina of Tunis was seen by its city managers as a squatter settlement area where residents were living in dangerous and dilapidated conditions. They had even seen it as an eyesore and an obstacle to their ambitious plans to beautify the newly annexed French city (la Ville Nouvelle). However, efforts made by the government alongside non-governmental organizations like the Association of Safeguarding of the Medina (ASM), contributed to sustaining its urban scenery over decades. It became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 and it is still interwoven into the city until presently. However, the conservation policies for the Medina of Tunis need to deepen the relation between vertical governance in heritage institutions and the emergence of a collective democratization spirit in the place-making process. Despite improvements in the way heritage items have been reused in the Medina of Tunis, experts' perception witnesses that historic fabric is being lost in a hustle of lack of coordination and in the absence of a holistic view for heritage conservation. The following study assumes that a circular governance-based decision-making framework could be developed and applied to the integrated conservation approach for the Medina of Tunis historic city. It mainly aimed at defining a circular governance-based decision-making framework for the integrated conservation of historic cities/districts adopting the Medina of Tunis historic city as a test case. This aim was fulfilled through a multi-layered method, where the 'Theoretical model-building method, and 'the inductive category' Method were applied to define the theoretical framework for the integrated conservation of historic cities based on the circular governance approach. The first step for the development of the decision-making framework is achieved by defining five main indicators for circular governance of heritage assets. Then, the 'Expert Interview' method was adopted. Therein, an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based coded, formalized survey was conducted to draw upon the cross-matching relationships between the defined circular governance indicators. Novelty applies not only to the AHP to formulate an expert opinion-based decision-making framework for the integrated conservation of historic cities/regions but also the methods adopted for selecting the circular governance indicators and sub-indicators necessary for the prioritization protocol. Finally, to support the agreement around the elaborated results, a case study encompassing an assessment of the conservation status of the Medina of Tunis was led. The results showed that when comparing the opinions of case-dependent and case-independent experts on decision-making concerning the circular governance indicators, the main prioritized indicator of circular governance is knowledge and data exchange. This stands for the importance of knowledge and data exchange for heritage-led urban regeneration and the effect of accurate redistribution of cultural activities in historic city centers via ICT tools and data sharing. After analyzing the AHP-based experts' opinion, a second Expert interview was conducted with case-related professionals. This survey led to putting forward a circular governance-based assessment of the heritage conservation for the Medina of Tunis. Therefore, it ended by defining the challenges and opportunities in the test case. The deficit in funding resources and the state subsidies, the lack of cooperation and coordination between the heritage conservation actors, the lacunas in the application texts for heritage conservation legislation, and the need for holistic long-term sustainability-based regeneration policies are among the most important problems repeatedly claimed by the experts. In light of the heritage conservation assessment (case study) and the in-depth expert interview results, a decision-making framework for a circular governance-based integrated conservation for the Medina of Tunis was suggested. Building on the results of the AHP-based surveys, recommendations inherent to the decision-making concerning the circular governance-based integrated conservation were listed and cross-matched to their respective indicators from the defined framework. Then a correlation is established between the problems of heritage conservation in the test case and the given recommendations for decision-making. Consequently, for the integrated conservation of the Medina of Tunis to be more circular-governance focused, the suggested policy instrument adopts five different phases, i.e. the Knowledge & Smart City, the City of Art & Culture, the Inclusive & Sustainable City, the Environment-Friendly City, and lastly the Secure City. All the phases of the recommended decision-making framework are interwoven following a circular process breaking with the conventional hierarchical systems for governing heritage assets. Since in the case of the Medina of Tunis, more importance has been given to knowledge and data exchange and the cultural circle, the main guidelines of the suggested instrument consider further focusing on smart technologies and data sharing particularly in tourism and cultural activities by strengthening the capacity to innovate through information and communication technology (ICT). Besides, for the Medina of Tunis to be more culture-focused, it is suggested to emphasize the city branding by determining themes for creative placemaking (vibrant nightlife), developing potential cultural events (ephemeral urbanism), and the performing of art/music centers, bookstore, and museums. This, however, does not deny the importance of each defined phase for the completion of the governance circle and the proactiveness of all the factors embedded in the decision-making framework. To end, the defined decision-making guideline calls for the interaction of at least more than two phases to solve each detected problem in the test case. This, once more, proves the correctness of the hypothesis defined at the beginning of the research, i.e., a circularity-based decision-making framework can be developed and applied to the integrated conservation approach for the Medina of Tunis historic city. In summation, circularity is more looked upon as a tool for limiting the impact of climate change only. The need for an integrative approach in heritage conservation is overlooked when it comes to applying a circular approach. Even though an application of the circular approach to heritage cities saw more appeal, there are still some cautions towards the monumental values of the built heritage. This study, however, contributed to showing that according to experts' opinion, a circular governance approach, inclusive of both the tangible and intangible aspects of heritage, is applicable for better-integrated conservation of historic cities. To end although circular governance is by definition a reflexive governance intended as a 'self-critical governance that analyses and monitors its own results' through continuous feedback processes, assessing the effectiveness of circular approach implementation for decisions on historic city conservation is currently an approach open for debate. To assess the overall effectiveness of the suggested decision-making chain for the integrated conservation of the Medina of Tunis, long-term monitoring of the suggested approach (and the indicators/sub-indicators included therein) is already in place for long-term assessment of the framework.
Çeper kuşak alanlarının gelişiminde ve dönüşümünde mülkiyet perspektifi: İstanbul incelemesi

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023-05-26) Çalışkan Küçük, Ezgi ; Kubat, Ayşe Sema ; 502152804 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

Kentsel morfoloji literatüründe kendine, kentin çeperlerinde, merkezde yer almayan farklı arazi kullanımları ve görece daha az yoğunluklu yapılı çevrelerden oluşan, ve zamanla büyüyen kentin içinde gömülü kalan alanlar olarak yer bulan çeper kuşak konsepti, kentteki değişimleri izlemek için önemli bir araçtır. Arazi kullanımı kurumsal alanları, endüstriyel alanları, açık alanları ve rekreasyonel alanları içeren çeper kuşakların genellikle bir kentte iç çeper kuşak, orta orta çeper kuşak ve dış çeper kuşak olmak üzere üç ayrı şekilde oluştuğu görüşmüştür. Kentlerdeki kaçınılmaz değişimle beraber çeper kuşak alanları da farklı biçimlerde dönüşmektedir. Daha önce mekânsal, ekonomik, sosyal, ekolojik ve planlama odaklı perspektiflerde incelenen çeper kuşak çeper kuşak konsepti, bu tez çalışmasında kentsel mülkiyet perspektifinden ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, çeper kuşak alanlarının, bir megakent hâline gelen İstanbul'daki oluşumlarını ve dönüşümlerini farklı ölçeklerde araştırarak çeper kuşaklardaki mülkiyet ilişkilerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Tezin kavramsal çerçevesinde ilk olarak çeper kuşak konsepti, 1930'lu yılların başından 2020'li yıllara, yapılan araştırmalar sonucundaki özellikleri ile aktarılmıştır. Çeper kuşakların özellikleri, oluşum evreleri ve dönüşüm türleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Çeper kuşak literatürü, kabul görmüş teorik yapısı yanı sıra geçmişten günümüze bir dizi çalışmanın farklı yaklaşımlarla ele alınışına göre ayrı ayrı incelenerek özetlenmiştir. Ardından, çeper kuşak oluşumunda etkisi araştırılan mülkiyet ilişkilerini irdelemek üzere mülkiyet kavramı, mülkiyet hakkı, kentsel mülkiyete planlama, uygulama araçları ve özelleştirmelerle gerçekleştirilen müdahaleler genel hatları ile ele alınmıştır. Mülkiyet ilişkileri, kamu-özel ikililiği yanı sıra mülkiyetin nesnesi olarak parsele ve mülkiyetin öznesi olarak aktörlere dair kuramsal bir çerçevede incelenmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında, çeper kuşakların merkezden büyüyen kentlerden farklı olarak, gelişmekte olan bir ülkenin çok merkezli bir megakenti olan İstanbul örneğinde incelenerek, hem kentin çeper kuşaklarına dair durumun ortaya çıkartılması; hem çeper kuşakların genel özellikleri ile kıyaslanması; hem de süreci etkileyen mülkiyet ilişkileri ve yapı adası ölçekli değişimlerin görselleştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çeper kuşak analizleri üç farklı ölçekte yürütülmüştür: Ana ölçekte, İstanbul kentinin bütünü, kentin morfolojik dönemlerine göre arazi kullanım bilgileri ışığında iç, orta ve dış çeper kuşakları ile tanımlanmıştır. Ara ölçekte, kentin orta çeper kuşağında yer alan ve alt merkezlerinden olan Kartal'ın çeper kuşak gelişimi ortaya koyulmuştur. Alt ölçekte parsel detayına inilmiş, çeper kuşak özellikleri, konfigürasyonel özellikler ve mülkiyet ilişkilerini ortaya koyacak bir dizi niteliğe göre İstanbul'un farklı yerlerinden 28 vaka alanı seçilerek oluşum, gelişim ve dönüşüm süreçleri incelenmiştir. İncelemeler bir gözlem tablosunda bir araya getirilmiştir. Ardından mülkiyet ilişkilerini daha kapsamlıca irdeleyebilmek için bir tipolojik analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tipolojik analiz için gözlem tablosunda yer alan vakaların başlangıç ve sonuç nitelikleri arasındaki geçişler ve belirli özellikler kodlar hâlinde tanımlanmış, daha sonra bu kodların bir araya gelmesi ile oluşan bir tipoloji modeline göre her bir vakanın tipi çıkarılmıştır. Tiplerin ifade ettiği nitelikler değerlendirilirken tekrar ettiği tespit edilen ve dönüşümü açısından kritik bulunan dört vaka, mülkiyet ilişkilerinin daha spesifik bir analizi için ayrıca mercek altına alınmıştır. Kamu mülkiyetindeki çeper kuşak parsellerinin özel mülkiyete geçerek yabancılaştığı örnekler olan; Zeytinburnu'ndaki eski et ve balık kombinasının Yedi Mavi'ye, Sarıyer'deki askeri orman alanının Maslak1453'e, Şişli'deki Ali Sami Yen Stadı'nın Torun Center'a, ve Karayolları 17. Bölge Müdürlüğü'nün Zorlu Center'a dönüşümü, bu vakaların parsel gelişim aşamalarının incelenmesi ve dönüşüm sürecinde etkin aktörlerin rolleri ve ilişki ağlarının tanımlanması ile devam etmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda İstanbul'un çeper kuşak alanlarına dair özgün bulgular haritalar, özet tablolar, açıklamalar ve şemalar hâlinde sunulmuş, çeper kuşak parsellerindeki mülkiyet ilişkilerinin izlenme yöntemine dair değerlendirmeler yapılmış ve İstanbul kentsel gelişimi ve planlama süreçlerine dair değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Çalışma çeper kuşak alanlarının yeniden planlanmasına dair kentsel dayanıklılık ve kent hakkı bağlamlarında öneriler ve bu çalışmadan hareketle yeni çalışma alanlarını oluşturacak sorularla tamamlanmıştır. Bu tez çalışmasının literatüre sağlayacağı önemli katkıların şu beş biçimde olacağı söylenebilir: Birincisi bu çalışma, büyük bir kentte çeper kuşak analizlerinin nasıl yapılabileceğine dair İstanbul megakenti üzerinden bir yöntem sunar. İkincisi, kentsel mülkiyet meselesine, mülkiyet ilişkileri kapsamında kentsel morfoloji literatüründe bir yer kazandırmaya çalışır. Üçüncüsü, son yıllarda ülkemizde kentsel morfoloji çalışmaları artış gösterse de oldukça sınırlı sayıdaki çeper kuşak çalışmalarına İstanbul özelinde bir katkı sağlar. Dördüncüsü, İstanbul çeper kuşak alanlarına dair incelmelerle kentin planlama, büyüme ve dönüşüm dinamiklerini tartışma olanağı sağlar. Sonuncu olarak, kentsel morfoloji ve çeper kuşak literatüründeki bazı terimlere dair Türkçe öneriler getirir.
Design and modelling of urban development areas with reference to historical settlements: case of Korça

( 2020) Zeka, Egin ; Yüzer, Mehmet Ali ; 629122 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

The city is a very complex phenomena, comprised of dynamic and non-linear relationships among various components. History shows the development of different concepts of urbanism in various contexts. Some of them reach successful compositions while some others fail in terms of providing a proper interrelationship between different environments. This depends mostly on two different approaches in the process of developing cities. The first one is a bottom-up approach, which provides ground for many actors in the process of generating settlements. On the other side, there is the top-down approach, which imposes the willpower of designers, technocrats or governors. The first one is based on a complex adaptive and flexible system that gives importance to the process, while the other considers the design as an end product, based on master planning. Especially after the industrial revolution, many cities around the world developed in a top-down approach based on the modern planning principles, producing very standard, static and monotonous urban typologies, far away from rich, dynamic and complex traditional patterns. In this context, there is a broad literature and discourse that suggests that historic cities are more successful in many aspects and there are many lessons we can learn from these settlements. The concept of this thesis is based on this approach, trying to identify the ways of learning from vernacular, self-organized settlements. It supports the idea that traditional cities are very successful on embracing a much more comprehensive and complex process, which includes many actors, is respectful to local values, and responds to the needs of the communities. This approach claims that vernacular urbanism was capable to establish a complex set of relationships, producing a coherent, good working system, and creating an 'organized complexity', a 'spontaneous order'. In this context, the main aim of this research is to emphasize the importance of bottom-up and inclusive approach in the process of building cities, by analyzing the complexity of non-planned settlements and extracting some features of their rich and dynamic patterns. Moreover, it tries to develop a method that proposes a guideline for interpreting these principles in the process of designing and building new settlements. The thesis raises the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: The spatial elements that determine the structure of historic settlements have a systematic relationship within themselves and among each-other. Hypothesis 2: The features of spatial composition in traditional settlements can be measured and used as design parameters for possible future urban developments. Hypothesis 3: Taking references from traditional settlements in the planning and design process of new urban areas is very significant to maintain (sustain) the urban memory of a place The study area is located in the city of Korça and consists of an historic neighborhood near the central zone. The neighborhood is used as a unit for the above-mentioned analyses. This settlement started to develop and consolidate during the Ottoman period. It is built in a spontaneous process, as a product of many individual actions that form a complex and coherent whole. Nowadays, although gone through some transformations and adaptations, it maintains many features of the traditional urban fabric. The neighborhood is organized in an organic pattern of streets and plots. It consists mainly of low-rise courtyard houses, forming a compact urban texture. The morphological elements provide a dynamic pattern and a rich spatial experience with narrow curvilinear streets, fragmented by small plazas and surrounded by small compact housing units. In order to elaborate further the hypotheses, the study uses a hybrid methodology which is implemented in the analyses of a historic neighborhood in the city of Korça, as the case study. This methodology includes three different types of analyses: pattern language analyses, fractal dimension analyses, and geometrical measurements of physical morphology in the study area. Firstly, the study uses some of the pattern language principles, developed by Christopher Alexander. These analyses are helpful to find out if study area possess 'the quality without a name', as defined by Alexander (1979). This quality is very fundamental to create a living, rich, dynamic, coherent, complex environment which responds to the user needs. The second analysis focuses on a procedure that implements the measurement of the fractal dimension of various morphological units in the study area. The fractal dimension concept is very useful to analyze the organic settlements and understand if there is an order and a coherence in their spatial organization. The final section of analysis deals with geometrical measurements in order to identify some physical features related with spatial organization in the neighborhood. These measurements are important not only to identify some spatial attributes of urban space but also, they are very useful to establish a set of rules that can be integrated in any possible future model for urban development. The main results and outputs of this research can be summarized in the following statements:  The historic neighborhood in the city of Korça is a typical example of a settlement generated through a long process of self-regulation.  Like many other vernacular settlements, it possesses many qualities that create a sustainable, working and efficient environment.  Through pattern analyses the study shows that the neighborhood has 'the quality without a name', as defined by Alexander, which establishes an urban habitat that is generative, living, dynamic, rich, beautiful, authentic, systematic and is close to human and nature.  Fractal analyses in the settlement show clearly that there is a systematic relationship within and among different morphological units. Similar values of fractal dimension extracted from analyses are evidence of this systematic relationship and the strong coherence in the urban fabric.  Some physical features of the spatial composition in the study area can be measured, although it has an organic pattern.  These measurements cane be used as parameters in the design process of new urban zones.  These parameters can act just as a helping tool in the complex and long process of designing and building new settlements which should include many other actors such as: planners, architects, designers, engineers, other professionals, stakeholders, community etc.  These parameters can be integrated in a computed model that can produce many alternatives with high complexity and systematic relationship among different parameters.  The study proposes a guideline (framework) by explaining the steps that can be followed for building a possible computational model.  The results of analyses and the parameters used in the guideline are contextual to the city of Korça, but the same methodology can be implemented also in other contexts that can produce different results.  This research tries to identify firstly the way of understanding the features of vernacular settlements and then using these parameters as reference for generating new settlements. This is an important issue for being contextual and sustaining the urban memory in a city.
Ekosistem servisleri değerinin mekânsal planlama ile ilişkilendirilmesi

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023-10-09) Çetin, Nüket İpek ; Tezer, Azime ; 02102814 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

Ekosistem servisleri (ES), insan yaşamının devamlılığı için ekosistemlerden temin edilen ürün, süreç ve faydalar bütünü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ekosistemler sundukları kaynak sağlayıcı (tedarik), düzenleyici, destekleyici ve kültürel ES'ler ile yaşam döngüsüne direkt ve dolaylı faydalar sağlamakta; insan refahı için önemli değerler üretmektedir. Ekosistemlerin ekolojik, ekonomik veya sosyo-kültürel fayda boyutlarına atıfta bulunan bu değerlerin bir kısmı içme suyu, gıda, kereste, odun dışı ürünlerin temini gibi ES'lerle doğrudan piyasa ekonomilerinde yer almakta veya farklı ekonomik sektörler için hammadde olmalarına bağlı olarak "parasal" niteliğe sahiptir. Buna karşın karbon döngüsü, biyolojik çeşitlilik, su arıtma, sel/taşkın kontrolü, biyolojik kontrol, rekreasyon gibi ES'ler ise piyasa ekonomilerinde doğrudan yer almamasına rağmen, yaşam kalitesi ve ekolojik döngülerdeki dolaylı katkıyla insan refahı için "parasal olmayan değerler" üretmektedir. ES'lerin parasal ve parasal olmayan değerlerinin toplamı, doğal sermayenin insan refahındaki önem derecesini ve fayda büyüklüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Temelde ES yaklaşımı, insan-doğa ilişkisini sadece etkiler üzerinden değerlendirmek yerine, yaşamın devamlılığı için gerekli ekosistem malları, hizmetleri ve faydalarının sürdürülebilirliği için doğanın üretim kapasitesinin korunmasına odaklanmaktadır. Bu nedenle son yıllarda sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı desteklemek amacıyla mekânsal planlama, karar verme ve politika geliştirme süreçlerinde ES yaklaşımına dayalı pratiklerin önemi ve gerekliliği gündeme taşınmaktadır. Küresel düzeyde son 50 yılda insan kaynaklı faaliyetlerin neden olduğu ekosistem değişimleri ve kayıplarının ES'lerin %60'ında bozulmalara veya geri döndürülemez düzeyde kullanımlara sebep olması (MEA, 2005); son 30 yılda kentsel alanların iki katına çıkmasına bağlı olarak karasal ekosistemlerdeki %23'lük verimlilik düşüşü, doğal ekosistemlerin %47 düzeyinde azalışı ile flora ve fauna türlerinin yaklaşık %25'nin yok olma tehdidi altında olması (IPBES, 2019), arazi kullanım kararları ve alan yönetimi politikalarında daha stratejik ve rasyonel karar verme mekanizmalarının gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Bunun için mekânsal planlamada daha kapsamlı, etkili ve uygulanabilir bir ekolojik anlayışın geliştirilerek planlama kararlarının olumlu/olumsuz etkilerinin ES performansına dayalı bir bakış açısıyla ele alınması ve ES'lerin koruma-kullanma dengesini destekleyecek çözümlerin ve stratejilerin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. ES'lerde parasal değer tahminleri mekânsal karar vericiler ve uygulayıcılar için tam olarak bu ihtiyaca cevap vermek üzere, kıt kaynaklar arasında daha bilinçli ve daha verimli ödünleşmelere imkân tanımakta ve ES'lerin somut göstergelerle insan hayatındaki önemini, gerekliliğini ve değiş-tokuş edebilirliğini ortaya koymaktır. Fakat mevcut mekânsal planlama uygulamalarında, doğal sermaye ve ES'ler çok yönlü analizlerle değerlendirmemekte; ekosistemlerin ürettiği çeşitli ES değerleri göz ardı edilerek ekosistemler basit, tek yönlü, kısa vadeli mekânsal yatırımlara ve arazi kullanımlarına dönüştürülmektedir (Bateman ve diğ., 2013). Halbuki ES'lerde parasal değer tespitleri, piyasa araçlarının yönlendirdiği mekânsal planlama kararlarına karşılık doğal sermayenin yarışabilir ya da karşı durabilir bir nitelik kazanmasında kullanılabilecek bir araçtır. Bu nedenle ES'lerin farklı antropojenik faaliyetlere ne kadar katkıda bulunduğu, ES'lerle insan refahı için ne kadar fayda/değer elde edildiği ve ES üretimini sağlayan hassas ve kritik ekosistemleri koruma/geliştirme değerinin ne olduğuna ilişkin değerlendirmeler, mekânsal karar destek mekanizmalarında ekolojik perspektifin güçlendirilmesine ve rasyonel mekânsal kararların geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu noktada tez araştırması, ES'lerde değer tahmini konusuna odaklanarak; ES'lerin parasal değerinin mekânsal planlama ve karar alma sürecine nasıl entegre edilebileceğine dair çerçevenin geliştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye'de ulusal ve bölgesel ölçekli birkaç mekânsal planlama uygulamasıyla birlikte yasal çerçeve kazanmaya başlayan ES konusu, biyofiziksel analizler temelinde ES haritalama ve modellemelerine odaklanırken; ES'lerde değer tahminleri, doğal sermaye ve ekosistem muhasebesi, ekolojik ekonominin kazanımları gibi boyutlar yeterli düzeyde ele almamaktadır. Halbuki küresel deneyimler, planlama paydaşlarının ES'lerin önem derecesini somut göstergelerle idrak edebilmesi için, mekânsal planlama sürecine ES'lerin ekonomik boyutunun entegrasyonun gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Bu nedenle tez kapsamında parasal ES değer tahmini konusu mekânsal planlama perspektifinden ele alınarak; ES'lerde parasal değer tahminlerinin mekânsal planlamaya katkısı ve mekânsal planlama sürecinin hangi aşamalarında parasal değer tahminlerinden faydalanılabileceği tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca planlama sürecinin herhangi bir aşamasında yürütülecek parasal değer tahminlerinin nasıl geliştirilebileceği ve uygulanabileceğini tanımlayan "parasal ES değer tahmini metodolojisi" aktarılmaktadır. Bu metodoloji, İstanbul'un en önemli içme-suyu kaynaklarından biri olan Ömerli Havzası'nda örnek olarak uygulanarak; havzanın seçilen dört ES'sinde (gıda üretimi, su üretimi, karbon tutma ve rekreasyon) yere özgü parasal değer tahminleriyle birlikte havzanın toplulaştırılmış parasal ES değeri resmedilmektedir. Ayrıca havzanın mevcut mekânsal planlama hiyerarşisi ve planlama araçları, parasal ES değer tahminleri kapsamında irdelenerek değer tahminlerinin planlama sürecindeki etkinliği değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuçta mekânsal planlama ve karar verme sürecine parasal ES değer tahminlerinin dahil edilmesi ve etkinleştirilmesini destekleyecek yeni yapılandırmalar ve yasal araçlara ilişkin öneriler geliştirilmektedir. Böylelikle mekânsal planlama kararlarının doğal sermaye üzerinde yarattığı etkilerin gerçekçi tespiti ile karar vericilerin ekosistemlerin çok yönlü faydalarına ilişkin somut göstergelerle duyarlılık kazanmasının sağlanacağı ve sürdürülebilir planlama kararlarının geliştirilmesinin destekleneceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın bu yönüyle Türkiye'deki mekânsal planlama süreci için yeni bir yaklaşım sunacağı düşünülmektedir.
Ekosistem servisleri sürdürülebilirliğinde ödünleşme&sinerjinin mekânsal planlamaya entegrasyonu

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-08-07) Türkay, Zeynep ; Tezer, Azime ; 502152823 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

İnsan hayatının sürdürülebilirliği, "İnsanların doğadan sağladıkları soyut ya da somut fayda ve ürünlerin tümü" olarak tanımlanan ekosistem servisleri (ES'ler) ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Gıda, tatlı su ve enerji gibi insan hayatı için elzem olan ES'lere yönelik ihtiyacın giderilmesi için yapılan müdahalelerin etkisiyle arazi örtüsü değişmekte ve doğal alanlar tahrip olmaktadır. ES'lerin sürdürülebilirliği, sağlıklı bir şekilde işleyen ekosistemlere bağlıdır ve bu sebeple, yapılan müdahaleler sonucu çevresel koşulların ve ekosistemlerin bozulması, ES'lerin sürdürülebilirliğini tehlike altına sokmaktadır. Binyıl Ekosistem Değerlendirmesi (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - MEA) ES'lere yönelik yaygın olarak kabul görmüş bir küresel değerlendirme raporu olup, ES'ler konusunda temel bir çerçeve sunmakta ve bu çerçeveye göre ES'ler, iklim düzenleme, su döngüsü, erozyon kontrolü gibi düzenleyici; gıda, tatlı su, kereste gibi kaynak sağlayıcı; rekreasyon&eko-turizm, kültürel değerler, estetik değerler gibi kültürel nitelikte olacak şekilde farklı sınıflarda değerlendirilmektedir. Farklı sınıflarda kategorize edilseler de, birbiri ile karşılıklı ve farklı nitelikte etkileşimler gösteren ES'lerin tümünün birlikte bir bütün oluşturduğu da değerlendirilmektedir. Bu nedenle bir ES'ye yapılan müdahalenin, onunla ilişkiselliği olan diğer ES'leri de etkileyebileceğine dikkat çekilmektedir. Bir ES'ye yapılan müdahale ile o ES'den alınan faydanın artması sonucunda diğer bir ES'nin sağladığı hizmetin azalması durumunda bu ES'ler ödünleşmektedirler. Farklı bir etkileşim olarak diğer ES, bu müdahaleden artış yönünde etkileniyorsa bu ilişkisellik ES'lerin sinerjisi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. ES'lerin birbirleri ile ilişkiselliğinde müdahala edilen ES'nin; ne nicelikte, hangi yönde (artış ya da azalış), ölçek ve zamanda değişeceğinin öngörülmesi ve müdahale edilen ES'nin yanı sıra bu ES ile ilişkiselliği olan diğer ES'lerdeki değişimin değerlendirilmesi gerekliliği bulunmaktadır. ES'lerde sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması amacıyla ES'ler ile ilgili olarak sunulan çerçeve kapsamında ödünleşme ve sinerji ilişkisellikleri, ES'lerin mekânsal planlamada kullanılmasına yönelik potansiyel taşımaktadır. Bu kapsamda, ES'lerin ödünleşme&sinerjisinin mekânsal planlamaya entegrasyonunun araştırıldığı bu araştırmada, çalışma alanı olarak İstanbul İli seçilmiştir. İstanbul'da yaşanan nüfus artışı ile arazi kullanımı/arazi örtüsü değişiminin sonucu olarak İstanbul'un ES'lerine yönelik baskı artmakta ve ES'lerin sürdürülebilirliği etkilenmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu araştırmada İstanbul için geliştirilen dört farklı senaryo üzerinden olası arazi kullanım kararlarının mevcut duruma kıyasla seçilmiş olan üç ES'yi niceliksel ve mekânsal olarak nasıl değiştireceğine yönelik değerlendirmeler yapılarak ES'ler arasındaki ödünleşme&sinerjilerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın temel sorunsalının ES'lerin mekânsal planlamaya entegrasyonuna yönelik çerçevenin genişletilmesi olması sebebiyle öncelikle Türkiye'de ES'lerin mevcut yasa, yönetmelik ve planlardaki kapsamına yönelik araştırma yapılmıştır. Ardından ES'lerin hem genel çerçevesi, hem de ödünleşme&sinerji ilişkisellikleri ile mekânsal planlama süreci ilişkilendirilerek ES'lerin mekânsal planlamada nasıl kullanılabileceğine dair öneriler geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra bu öneriler İstanbul'daki mevcut planlama araçları kapsamında özelleştirilip detaylandırılarak ES'lerin mekânsal planlamaya entegrasyonuna yönelik somut önerilere dönüştürülmüştür.
Evaluating travel mode decisions and transport models in understanding transit equity: The case of greater Toronto and Hamilton area

(Graduate School, 2022-08-16) Barri Yousefzadeh, Elnaz ; İnce Beyazıt, Eda ; Farber, Steven ; 502162804 ; Urban and Regional Planning

In recent decades, the incorporation of equity considerations in the transportation domain and the equity analysis of transport projects and policies are rapidly increasing. These approaches mainly include travel behaviour analysis with equity indicators and the socioeconomic impacts of transport investments on individuals. Accordingly, the cost and benefits of transport investments for residents are evaluated. Moreover, travellers' travel behaviour, daily activity patterns, and travel mode decisions are estimated through their trip chains analysis. These assessments can offer a broad perspective on individuals' travel needs and constraints. They also offer valuable insight for transportation planners and policymakers in understanding how different transport investments impact society. Therefore, they enable authorities and planners to develop equitable transport policies and travel demand management to address various environmental problems. This dissertation focuses on understanding how different socioeconomic groups plan their daily trips and reports important findings on their responses to transport investments, aiming to improve individuals' activity participation and alleviate travel barriers. The study also evaluates travel behaviour and mode use models and investigates the potential of machine learning algorithms for travel behaviour prediction in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA), one of the largest and fastest-growing regions in Canada. The primary data source used for this study is the 2016 Transportation Tomorrow Survey (TTS) dataset, a large-sample household travel survey including a one-day household travel diary conducted in the Greater Golden Horseshoe Area. The TTS data is a part of an ongoing data collection program started in 1986 and is collected every five years. This regional survey is conducted to travel demand management, and it can use for transportation planning programs and models. In the first step, this study explores how income and car-ownership levels determine activity patterns and travel decisions of travellers using an aggregated form of activity type and travel mode as a unit of trip chain analysis. A presumption-free clustering framework is leveraged to mitigate the subjectivity of rule-based approaches for trip chain analysis. This approach extracts the homogeneous clusters of activity patterns. Second, the impacts of transit improvements in low-income communities are explored based on the assumption that transit investments could result in changing travel mode use and generating more transit and fewer car trips. Such analysis is performed by exploring the association between transit use and transit accessibility improvements using stratified regression models. Lastly, the effects of travel behaviour models are evaluated in terms of their predictive performance in policy-making and transportation planning. This study investigates how the model selection affects the prediction of transit use and compares the predictive performance of traditional and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. Then, it evaluates a transit investment policy by contrasting the predicted activities and the spatial distribution of transit trips generated by the vulnerable households after improving accessibility. The findings of this study reveal that income and car-ownership levels influence a traveller's travel decisions and change their mobility patterns. The findings show that females, regardless of income or car ownership, frequently take transit in their daily trip chains. Among low-income carless individuals, most of their daily trips include the mobility of care, where women more often than men play this traditional role in a household by either public transit or a car as a passenger. In the low-income car-owner subsample, females still use public transit for their work trips, whereas males regularly use the household's car to commute to work. It confirms that women benefit less from having access to a car in families with a shared private vehicle. Males of wealthy carless households integrate public transit and active transportation for their daily trips when they live in high-density and more accessible neighbourhoods. Furthermore, evaluating transit improvements in low-income communities shows that low-income households with one or more cars per adult have the most elastic relationship between transit accessibility and transit use; they are more likely to be transit riders if transit improves. However, in auto-centric areas with poor transit, the transit use of low-income households drops off sharply as car ownership increases. It implies that low-income car-owning households might become too reliant on their vehicles as soon as they own them. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis exploring how changes to accessibility affect transit trip generation highlights that the accessibility gains in the region provide more opportunity for increasing transit ridership among car-deficit households when transit is improved. Therefore, the analysis suggests some insight into engaging individuals in taking transit and resulting in overall transit ridership in the region. Given the model selection, the results show that ML algorithms outperform all other statistical models and have great potential for enhancing travel behaviour predictions without sacrificing interpretability. Random Forest (RF), XGBoost (XGB), and Neural Networks (NN) classifiers and regressors significantly outperform other algorithms. Among them, RF is the most accurate approach for predicting low-income families' transit demand according to its predictive performance. However, statistical models perform poorly when forecasting transit users' behaviours. Further, the spatial distribution of newly generated transit trips after transit improvements is not identical; thus, traditional models may arrive at a different, probably inaccurate, policy recommendation in addressing social, spatial, and environmental problems. Moreover, applying model-agnostic interpretation tools to ML models shows that these techniques can uncover each model's underlying process, which was supposed to be a "black box". All in all, ML models demonstrate significant improvement in accuracy and interpretability. The findings point out that understanding and estimating individuals' travel decisions and preferences with a reliable model enables policymakers to establish an appropriate transit framework that benefits low-income people and alleviates transit inequality in society. This study suggests that evaluating individuals' travel behaviour in terms of their income and car-ownership levels may give a new and different outlook on transport planning in metropolitan cities. Overall, a fair transportation investment that meets environmental, economic, and social goals necessitates a thorough understanding of different socioeconomic groups' travel requirements and responses. The findings help planners rethink transport policies and strategies that increase activity participation and reduce environmental impacts.
Farklı konut alanlarında kentsel yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi: Kayseri örneği

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023-04-28) Güngör Koçak, Merve ; Terzi, Fatih ; 502132816 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

Kentsel gelişim sürecinde, değişen üretim tüketim ilişkilerine bağlı olarak, bireylerin yaşam alanlarına yönelik beklenti ve ihtiyaçları da değişmiştir. Kentsel yaşam kalitesi araştırmaları, bireylerin yerleşmelere yönelik ihtiyaç ve beklentilerinin anlaşılması, farklı sosyo-demografik grupların yaşam memnuniyetini artırmak için kentleşme politikalarına girdi sunması ve doğru kentleşme politikalarının geliştirilebilmesi bakımından kritik öneme sahiptir. Araştırmalar, bireylerin kentsel yaşam kalitesi algısının konut ve konut çevresine ilişkin niteliklere duyarlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durum, kentlerde yaşam kalitesinin geliştirilebilmesi çerçevesinde ölçek, yoğunluk, yapı düzeni gibi çeşitli yönleri ile farklılaşan konut alanlarında yaşayan sakinlerin memnuniyet algısının ölçülmesini önemli bir gereksinim haline getirmektedir. Buna karşın ilgili literatürde kentsel gelişim sürecinde çeşitlenen konut sunum yaklaşımlarına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan farklı konut alanlarında kentsel yaşam kalitesi algısını değerlendiren araştırmalar kısıtlıdır. Bu tezin amacı Orta Anadolu'nun en gelişmiş kentlerinden biri olan Kayseri'de, konut alanlarına ilişkin niteliklerin genel yaşam memnuniyeti üzerindeki etkilerini ölçmek ve farklı konut çevrelerinde yaşayan sakinlerin konut memnuniyetine ilişkin belirleyicilere dair sınırlı bilgilere katkı koymaktır. Araştırma, Kayseri'nin farklı konut çevrelerinde algılanan yaşam kalitesine ilişkin ampirik verilere dayanmaktadır. Araştırmanın yönteminde Kayseri kentinin toplam nüfusu ve kentteki farklı konut alanları kriter alınarak tabakalı amaçsal örnekleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Kayseri'deki farklı konut alanlarını temsil eden sekiz mahalle belirlenerek toplam 364 yüz yüze hane anketi yapılmıştır. Anket verileri birbirini takip eden üç istatistiksel yöntem kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Birinci aşamada faktör analizi kullanılarak konut alanlarına ilişkin 11 nitelik belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada çoklu regresyon kullanılarak, her bir faktörün genel yaşam memnuniyeti üzerindeki etkisi ölçülmüştür. Son aşamada ise ANOVA ile farklı konut çevrelerinde genel yaşam memnuniyetinin algılanmasında bir fark olup olmadığı ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Kayseri'nin farklı yerleşim yerlerinde yaşayan bireylerin genel kentsel yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki en etkili faktörler, mahalle ve şehir düzeyindeki kentsel hizmetlerden memnuniyet, komşuluk ilişkileri ve aidiyet faktörü grupları olmuştur. Bu çalışmada elde edilen kritik bulgu, Kayseri'de az katlı ve kompakt formdaki konut alanlarındaki yaşam memnuniyetinin, çok katlı mahallelerdeki konut memnuniyetine göre daha yüksek olmasıdır. Bu sonuç, Türkiye'nin büyük kentlerinde hakim olan çok katlı yapılaşma tipolojisinin ciddi bir anlamda sorgulanması ve kentsel gelişme politikalarının yeniden değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Genel olarak bu tez, kentlerin kendine özgü koşullarını dikkate alarak, Kayseri kentinde yaşayan sakinler tarafından algılanan konut koşullarına yönelik gelecekteki değişiklik kararlarını desteklemek üzere izlenebilmesi için temel veriler üretmek üzere tasarlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte konut memnuniyeti literatüründe oldukça sınırlı olan az katlı ve çok katlı konut çevrelerine ilişkin karşılaştırmalı vaka incelemeleri alanına da katkıda bulunmaktadır. Toplumsal gelişmenin çok boyutlu bir hedefi ve göstergesi olarak kabul edilen yaşam kalitesi araştırmaları, hızla değişen üretim-tüketim ilişkileri nedeniyle değişen yaşam koşulları, ihtiyaçlar ve beklentilerin anlaşılması ve yaşam kalitesinin artması çerçevesinde önemli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Bu araştırma kapsamında elde edilen verilerden gelecekte kent ve mahalle koşullarını iyileştirmek ve yaşayanların yaşam kalitesini artırmak için yararlanılabilir. Kentlerin yerel dinamiklerine bağlı olarak, alana özgü koşulların bireylerin yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek için gelecekteki yaşam kalitesi araştırmaları orta ve küçük ölçekli kentleri de kapsamalıdır. Bu çalışmalar, nitelikli kentlerin inşası kapsamında planlama disiplinine de katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışma konusunun düzenli olarak tekrar edilmesi, daha olumlu/yaşanabilir kentsel çevrelerin, dolayısıyla kentsel yaşam kalitesinin tasarlanması ve inşasında, kaliteli bir kentsel çevreye ve kesintisiz bir kentsel sisteme erişimde olumlu sonuçlar sağlayacaktır.
Financing urban rail investments via urban development

( 2020) Cengiz, Elif Can ; Çelik, Hüseyin Murat ; Alpkökin, Pelin ; 635585 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı

The impact of railway stations on the housing prices in the surrounding area has been investigated by numerous studies. Literature suggests that railway stations have significant impact on the surrounding land values. However, there is no agreement amongst these studies as to whether this impact is positive or negative. Some scholars claim that due to increase in accessibility railway stations have a positive impact on the surrounding property prices. On the contrary some claim that due to the nuisance effect rail stations have a negative impact on the properties in close vicinity of the station. The common part of these studies is that the impact varies depending on the type of the transit system. The nuisance effect is generally experienced in LRT corridors, since their stations and routes are mostly on the surface. The nuisance effect such as noise, vibration and visual pollution created by these systems can be seen in many cities. However, elements of heavy rail systems are generally located underground, so the nuisance effect is only experienced during the construction stage of the system which can be tolerated for the sake of the service it will provide after completion. The studies conducted on the impact of metro systems on the housing market of the surrounding area concluded that the impact is positive even at very close locations to stations. In this study the selected rail corridor is a metro project, therefore the impact of stations is accepted as a positive one. The case study area selected is Istanbul, because it has the largest rail network of all the cities in Turkey. Furthermore, Istanbul has not been studied in this context before. The city needs further rail investments and has projects lined up for future rail network extensions. However, it has no money to realize these projects. In the first part of the study the monetary impact of stations on the housing market is calculated. In the second part a methodology is developed how this increase in property value can be retrieved from property owners for the financing of rail projects. This study is designed as a comparative study with a 'before' and 'after' analysis of the same area. One survey should be collecting the selling prices of apartments in the surrounding area before the rail system is built and the other after the rail system is in place. However, with the data available it was not possible to carry out a before and after analysis. Thus two case study areas with similar characteristics were selected: the after case being a metro system in operation, the other a proposed metro project which is currently under construction. A similarity check was conducted in order to demonstrate that in terms of this analysis these two cases are identical. Lastly, the before and after analyses were conducted on the basis of the selected study areas. In this study the hedonic price model is used. There are many studies which investigate the impact of railway stations on the surrounding housing market, and different models are used to conduct these calculations. However, the hedonic price model is one of the prominent models amongst them. The data available made the use of the hedonic price model more suitable for this study. Other studies use difference-in-differences for the calculations, and the GWR model uses a public database. The public data on housing is unfortunately not reliable; therefore the necessary data for this study was obtained by conducting on-site questionnaire surveys. Due to budget and time constraints the questionnaires were conducted with real estate agents working in areas around the stations of the rail system instead of property owners who are selling their apartments. The case study was selected on the basis of certain criteria. Firstly, rail system projects in Istanbul were listed. Out of these only the metro projects were chosen, the rest was eliminated, and only metro projects of 10 to 20 km lengths were selected as potential case studies. Metro projects with a length of less than 10 km were eliminated from the study since they would not provide sufficient data for the analysis. Similarly, metro projects longer than 20 km were also eliminated, since it would be very hard to handle them. Out of the remaining projects a project was selected on the basis of potential ridership figures per km, namely the Ataköy-İkitelli metro project which has a 13 km route length and 11 stations. In order to perform the before and after analysis, another rail system corridor, the Esenler-Kirazlı corridor was selected. This case study area was demonstrated to be similar with the Ataköy-İkitelli metro corridor in terms of housing and population characteristics. The questionnaire contained questions on apartment selling prices and characteristics of the apartments. As the questionnaire was conducted with real-estate agents and not the owners themselves, the social data on the owners and their family structure, education level, socio-economic status and family characteristics was not collected. The data obtained was modeled using the hedonic price model, then the coefficient of distance was used to estimate the value increase around the Ataköy-İkitelli metro stations. After calculating the estimated value increase around the Ataköy-İkitelli metro corridor, as the second part a methodology was developed to collect some part of this increased value from property owners in the form of a tax. This is not a new form of tax; it has long been used in the world under different names such as special assessment, betterment tax, LVT and value increment tax. The names are different but the aim is the same. If after a public investment a property owner has a financial gain on his/her property, he is expected to share the profit with the community by contributing to the capital cost of other projects. One of the main reasons for collecting this tax from property owners is to create money for funding further rail investments in Turkey. Without such a tax, the property owners will profit from a public investment funded by all citizens' taxes. Taxation of such capital gains will also help limiting urban rent.
Geography of social networks: The case of creative industries in Tomtom Neighborhood

(Graduate School, 2023-11-27) Türel Tepeli, Özlem ; Özkul Demireş, Başak ; Mugnano, Silvia ; 502152809 ; Urban and Regional Planning

The emergence of the "creative industries" paradigm represents a recent and noteworthy advancement within urban studies. These sectors have garnered pervasive global attention, functioning across national, regional, and urban scales. Their prominence is attributable to their instrumental role in shaping urban policies and fueling economic expansion. Beyond their mere economic contributions, creative industries have garnered recognition for their capacity to yield social and cultural dividends. Their impact on shaping urban identities and prominence contributes to the augmentation of social cohesion, spurring innovation, and nurturing a sense of place. The flourishing of creative industries necessitates an environment conducive to their growth, characterized by spatial proximity and robust interconnections that facilitate the exchange of information. As a result, the evolution of creative industries becomes intrinsically linked to the spatial dynamics of urban territories, often characterized by inclinations toward agglomeration and clustering. This phenomenon leads to the concentration of creative industries within specific locales, fostering collaborative networks and the reciprocal sharing of resources. This clustering emerges as pivotal to the success of creative industries, promoting the dissemination of knowledge, ideation, and expertise, thus catalyzing heightened innovation and productivity. To grasp comprehensively the import of creative industries in the context of urban development, a comprehensive exploration into the underlying social and cultural catalysts propelling their expansion is imperative. The emergence of social networks within creative industries serves as a linchpin for their triumph, facilitating partnerships, knowledge diffusion, and resource exchange. Organic and informal networks often spontaneously emerge through interactions within creative clusters, although their measurement and analysis pose challenges. Nevertheless, these networks exert a pivotal influence in shaping the dynamics of creative industries and the urban milieu they inhabit. The "creative industries" framework has become a cornerstone of contemporary urban development strategies. The efficacy of these industries hinges on the intricate interplay between spatial and social dynamics within urban contexts, necessitating an environment that fosters spatial proximity, robust interconnections, and the transfer of knowledge. Consequently, unraveling the intricate interrelationship between creative industries, urban development, and the socio-cultural matrix is paramount for urban scholars, planners, and policymakers dedicated to advancing sustainable and inclusive urban progress. The global prominence of creative industries has assumed heightened significance since the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development deliberations in 2004. This momentum has been further accentuated by UNESCO's establishment of the Creative Cities Network during the same year. The central mission of this network is to fortify creative industries at local and international levels through city collaborations and the exchange of insights and experiences. Istanbul's accession to this network in 2017, leveraging its rich cultural heritage, burgeoning design sector, the craft industry, and networks of creative production, presents a promising opportunity for the city to actively participate in burgeoning global networks actively, thereby reinforcing Turkey's ongoing process of globalization. However, current examinations of Istanbul's creative industries have yet to yield a comprehensive network structure encompassing the entirety of the urban expanse. The research endeavors to delve into the structural dynamics of these sectors and the intricate nexus of relationships binding their constituents. A pivotal focal point of analysis rests within the interactions among professionals within creative industries, emphasizing their social affiliations and networks. This investigative inquiry is facilitated through social network analysis, further enriched by integrating geographic data into social network visualizations through software platforms. Through this analytical framework, the research extends its examination to encompass the spatial distribution of these networks. The case study centered upon the Tomtom neighborhood assumes the role of a pivotal axis, encompassing in-depth interviews with a spectrum of creative practitioners spanning disciplines such as architecture, ceramics, fashion design, antiquities, and fine arts. The research further engages with the multifaceted challenges the creative industries encounter in their pursuit of sustainable growth and development. The meticulous examination of the profound impact wrought by the Covid-19 pandemic upon these creative sectors is of particular significance, a facet thoroughly scrutinized during the comprehensive field study. The ramifications of the pandemic on the creative industries have catalyzed a substantial focus on assessing the industry's capacity for resilience and adaptability in the face of unprecedented challenges. The thesis is structured across six chapters, each contributing to an enriched comprehension of the subject matter. Chapter 1 serves as a cornerstone by introducing the research questions, methodology, and hypotheses. This chapter lays the groundwork for the entire thesis, delineating a roadmap that guides the subsequent chapters toward deeper insights. Chapter 2 encompasses an exhaustive review of pertinent literature, centering around creative industries and their interrelationship with social networks. This section establishes a theoretical framework by dissecting definitions of creative industries and categorizations of networks within this domain. Furthermore, it delves into the intricate interplay between geography and networks within creative industries. Following the comprehensive literature review, this chapter explores Istanbul's identity as a "City of Design." It scrutinizes the global interpretations of creative cities and evaluates Istanbul's role within the creative cities network. Chapter 3 meticulously outlines the methodology employed to delineate the geographic extent of social networks and construct social network visualizations. This chapter concurrently introduces the case study of the Beyoğlu district and its focal point, the Tomtom neighborhood. This section not only provides a background of the locale but also assesses its evolving dynamics and developmental trajectory. This chapter systematically dissects the neighborhood's intrinsic significance within Istanbul's creative industries ecosystem by employing primary and secondary sources. Chapter 4 constitutes a pivotal phase, engaging in-depth interviews, graphical representations, and cartographic depictions to illuminate the interplay between social networks and the geographical fabric of creative industries within the Tomtom neighborhood. Addressing the core research questions of the study, "How do social networks spread geographically?" and "Is there a geographical trace of social networks?" – this chapter adds depth to the analytical discourse. In Chapter 5, the focus shifts to policy developments for the Tomtom neighborhood. It identifies crucial aspects such as ownership, sustainable financial support, and resilience that are integral to the holistic growth of the neighborhood. The concluding chapter encapsulates the findings in a comprehensive overview, acknowledging the study's limitations and furnishing recommendations for future research trajectories. Ultimately, the thesis reiterates its hypothesis, asserting that social networks exert discernible effects on the spatial configuration of creative industries in Istanbul while also acknowledging the reciprocal dynamic – the influence of the geographical distribution of creative industries on their respective social networks. In summation, by harmonizing social network analysis with geospatial location data and integrating it within a comprehensive framework of interviews with creative professionals, this study bestows a comprehensive understanding of the spatial manifestation of social networks within the realm of Istanbul's creative industries. The insights engendered by this study possess the potential to catalyze the formulation of policies aimed at nurturing the burgeoning and sustainable trajectory of Istanbul's creative industries.
Green entrepreneurship as a driving force for the green economy: A case study on green entrepreneurship in Istanbul

(Graduate School, 2023) Turna, Ece ; Baycan, Tüzin ; 783675 ; Regional Planning Programme

Environment and economy are an inseparable whole with very strong ties. The environment and economy, which are in constant interaction with each other, are also affected by each other for good or bad. Intensive production and consumption activities and the economic structure that continues its continuous growth in an uncontrolled and unsustainable way affect the environment negatively, trigger climate change and cause the depletion of natural resources. An unhealthy, poor quality and problematic environment, which is formed as a result of the economic structure developing insensitive to the environment, also negatively affects the economic structure in the following processes. For example; it is estimated that about 150 billion dollars of loss in today's economy is indirectly caused by climate change, and 65 billion dollars is directly caused by climate change. The environment and the economy, which are in constant cyclical communication with each other, must act together and support each other rather than affecting each other negatively for a sustainable world life. Increasing industrialization and economic activities with the First Industrial Revolution put great pressure on the environment, and this situation continued to increase in the Second Industrial Revolution and has survived to the present day. Today, while developed countries can cope with environmental problems stemming from economic activities due to their advanced technologies and reaching a certain economic situation, underdeveloped and developing countries cannot achieve this and cannot prevent environmental problems. Agreements made between many countries around the world fail in most countries due to the fact that these agreements remain in theory and cannot be put into practice, and global problems such as global warming and climate change cannot be prevented. All these environmental problems stem from the fact that economic actors see the environment as a free good and want to make all goods cheap. In today's economic system, which acts without considering the protection, quality and integrity of the environment, a continuous economic growth is aimed and growth targets that are far from sustainability are set, but it should not be forgotten that the environment is the enabler of economic growth and the damage to the environment as a result of excessive growth will also collapse the economy. In order to prevent these bad scenarios, new and sustainable environmental economic systems and policies such as green economy, sustainable economy, steady state economy, low carbon economy should be adopted. Among these new environmentalist economic models, the one that has become the most widespread today and is started to be implemented by some developed countries is the green economy. Economic structure is an element that affects the quality of life. Not being paid for the labor in return for intensive and long working hours, economic differences between different segments of the society, environmental pollution caused by the uncontrolled production and consumption and the depletion of natural resources as a result are the consequences of the absence of a sustainable and green economic system. The green economy, which has started to be adopted in many developed countries of the world, makes cities more livable and sustainable by bringing an alternative to today's dominant economic model, which increases inequalities, encourages waste, triggers resource shortages and creates widespread threats to the environment and human health. The green economy is the channeling of employment and income growth, public and private investment into economic activities, infrastructure and assets to reduce carbon emissions and pollution, increase energy and resource efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is a low-carbon, resource-efficient and socially inclusive economic model. The green economy aims to achieve clean transportation, more efficient and cleaner energy production, better water use and management, greener buildings, clean and efficient waste management, and improved land use through sustainable agriculture and forestry. Entrepreneurship activities, which are the providers of economic growth, tend to be environment-oriented and produce environmentally compatible goods and services in accordance with the expectations of the society today. In this direction, green entrepreneurship, which makes a great contribution to the creation of a green economy environment, aims to do green jobs and harmonize the economy and the environment in order to protect the environment and ensure its sustainability. Just as entrepreneurship contributes to the growth and development of the economy, green entrepreneurship contributes to the development of the green economy. In order for a business to be considered within the scope of green entrepreneurship, it should support sustainable development, contribute to sustainable production, meet its energy needs from renewable resources, should not cause environmental pollution and should not harm ecosystem diversity. The basis of green entrepreneurship activities is social responsibility and awareness and growth in a clean and environment-friendly direction. In the principles, policies and practices of green entrepreneurs, the aim of increasing the quality of life of their customers, employees, society and the environment is in the first place. The main difference that distinguishes the green entrepreneur from the classical entrepreneur is the environmental protection target that they put at the core of their business and activities. Green entrepreneurs are people who seek and find innovative solutions in the production and consumption of goods and services while taking into account social, environmental and economic factors. Green entrepreneurship requires awareness of environmental problems, and technical knowledge in relevant fields, and legislation and market knowledge. Green entrepreneurs are people who establish a business in a sector with the aim of ensuring sustainability and protecting the environment and providing the green transformation of that sector. Green entrepreneurs create green jobs, green products and green technologies for strengthening and growing the green economy. Green entrepreneurship, which is an important potential for an ecological society and a sustainable world, will initiate the creative destruction process, trigger socioeconomic transformation, and enable us to reach healthier environments with a clean and sustainable consumption approach. Today, intensive consumption and production activities, and fast and uncontrolled growing economy cause many problems, especially in metropolitan areas where population and economic activities are intense. Adopting sustainable economic systems such as green economy can be a solution in order to prevent these negativities in metropolitan areas. In addition, adopting green entrepreneurship activities will contribute to the development of this new sustainable and environmentally friendly economic system. Today, developed, developing and underdeveloped countries and the situations of metropolitan areas in these countries and the behaviors of green economy and green entrepreneurship activities in these metropolitan areas are different. While processes related to green economy and green entrepreneurship are managed more successfully and systematically in developed countries, the same is not true for underdeveloped or developing countries such as Turkey. Although the concepts of green economy and green entrepreneurship have been on the agenda for a long time in the world, they are concepts that have just begun to be discussed in Turkey, and applications for these concepts are most common in Istanbul, the country's most developed metropolitan area. Within the scope of this study, first of all, the concepts of green economy and green entrepreneurship are discussed in detail and examples of good practices from the world are presented. The aim of the study in the first stage is to make a general assessment of the green economic situation and green entrepreneurship ecosystem in Turkey and Istanbul, to determine the current situation and to reveal the problems and potentials related to the subject. After making evaluations about green entrepreneurship and green economy in Turkey and Istanbul, the empirical study carried out by conducting in-depth interviews with the founders of 22 green enterprises in Istanbul, which is the case study area, is presented. The purpose of the study in the second stage is to analyze the current situation of the green entrepreneur and green enterprise profile in Istanbul and to determine the reasons for green entrepreneurs' motivations behind their work and what is the driving force to do this business, how the economic performance of green enterprises in Istanbul change, impact of green enterprises on their environment, their goals, their potentials, the challenges they face and what are the predictions and expectations about the future of green entrepreneurship. This study constitutes a roadmap for policy makers by revealing the potentials and what needs to be done for the development of green economy and green entrepreneurship in Turkey and Istanbul. In the last part of the thesis, after a general assessment of the current situation, suggestions are made for the development of the concepts of green economy and green entrepreneurship. The creation of policies and projects that will develop the green economy, the creation of new mechanisms to support green entrepreneurship will contribute to the formation of a green economic order in Istanbul and Turkey and will also develop the green entrepreneurship ecosystem. Green entrepreneurship has the potential to be an important trigger of the green economy, and the right decisions to be made, the right steps to be taken, the right policies to be implemented and innovative incentives will enable the green economic order to be realized by growing and developing the green entrepreneurship ecosystem both in Turkey and in Istanbul.
Gıda sistemi krizine kentlerde çözüm arayışları: İstanbul'da alternatif yapılar, aktörler ve politikalar

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-03-21) İlhan, Cansu ; Kerimoğlu, Ebru ; 502152816 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

Gıda sistemi, çevresel, ekonomik ve toplumsal faktörlerin etkileşim içerinde olduğu karmaşık bir yapıdır. Bu sistem, tohumdan sofraya kadar geniş bir yelpazede toplumsal ve ekolojik konuları içerisine alan çok boyutlu bir süreçtir. Gıda sistemi üretim, dağıtım, işleme, tüketim ve atık yönetimi gibi bir dizi faaliyeti içermekte ve bu faaliyetler çevresel faktörlerle, ekonomik koşullarla ve toplumsal dinamiklerle etkileşim halindedir. Geçmiş yüzyılda bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte dünya genelinde gıda üretimi ve verimliliği önemli ölçüde artmış olmasına rağmen, günümüzde hala milyonlarca insan açlık ve yetersiz beslenme sorunlarıyla karşı karşıyadır. Küresel Açlık İndeksi'ne göre her yıl milyonlarca insan açlık nedeniyle yaşamını yitirmekte, yüz milyonlarca insan açlıkla mücadele etmekte ve milyarlarca insan gıda güvencesizliğiyle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Ayrıca, mikro besin eksiklikleri veya gizli açlık olarak adlandırılan sorun, milyarlarca insanı etkilemektedir. Bunlara ek olarak, kentleşme, nüfus artışı, tarımsal üretimde kullanılan kimyasal girdilerden kaynaklanan çevresel sorunlar, iklim değişikliği ve bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan aşırı hava olayları gıda sistemlerinin temel zorlukları arasındadır. Son dönemde ise 2008 küresel gıda krizi ve 2020'deki COVID-19 pandemisi, gıda sistemlerinin sürdürülebilirliği konusundaki endişeleri artırmış ve sistemin kırılganlığını bir kez daha gözler önüne sermiştir. Küresel gıda sisteminin neden olduğu çok boyutlu kriz ise dünya genelinde gıda muhalefetlerini ve alternatif bir sistem arayışını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Gıda sistemine ilişkin endişelerin toplum tarafındaki karşılığı üretici ve tüketicilerin doğrudan birbirine bağlandığı yeni örgütlenme pratiklerini ortaya çıkarırken, diğer yandan sistemin dönüşümünde ve sürdürülebilir bir sistem oluşturmanın yollarının oluşturulmasında öne çıkan bir diğer aktör ise yerel yönetimler olmuştur. Bu çalışma yerel yönetimlerin ve alternatif gıda örgütlerinin kabiliyet, kapasite ve rollerini ve değişimin öznesi olarak bu iki yapının etki sınırlarını açıklığa kavuşturmayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada araştırma yöntemi olarak nitel araştırma yöntemi, araştırma deseni olarak ise "durum çalışması" seçilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan yöntem, araştırma sorularının doğasından kaynaklanan gereksinimler doğrultusunda belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları yerel yönetim politikalarının çoğunlukla mevcut yasal sınırlarla kısıtlandığını ve İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nin (İBB) politika yaklaşımının radikal bir kopuş ortaya koymadığını, aksine mevcut zorlukları anlama, uyum sağlama ve sürdürülebilir gıda sistemine geçişi teşvik etme amacını yansıttığını göstermektedir. Alternatif Gıda Ağları'nın ise alternatif sistem tahayyüllerini uygulama potansiyeline sahip olmakla birlikte geniş toplumsal katmanlara ulaşmadıkça sistemi dönüştürme kapasitesinin sınırlı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda hem yerel yönetimin etkili yönetişim adımları atması hem de alternatif gıda inisiyatiflerinin kapsayıcı bir yapı oluşturarak toplumsal çeşitliliği desteklemesi, İstanbul'un sürdürülebilir gıda sistemine geçişinde kritik önemdedir.
Impacts of climate change on tourism sector in Turkey: Challenges and future prospects

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021) Aygün, Aysun ; Baycan, Tüzin ; 663244 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

Tourism has 10.4% contribution to global GDP and 10% to global employment that makes it one of the most critical economic sectors. The tourist motivation, destination choices and travel time decisions are the most questioned issues in tourism literature while climate change may change those dynamics. Climate is one of the factors in travel timing, type of tourism activities, destination and length of stay. Climatic attributes are especially important on climate sensitive and climate dependent tourism activities that require specific climate conditions. For example, winter tourism requires specific snow cover and weather conditions for sports tourism, trekking, hiking or climbing are preferred under specific climate conditions that ensures safety. The changing climate is expected to have inevitable social, economic and environmental consequences which the tourism sector itself will also face. Climate change and tourism have two-sided interaction; tourism activities especially transportation demand generate a great amount of greenhouse gas emission, on the other hand, tourism activities are highly sensitive to climate change impacts. Climate change will cause warmer temperatures, extreme weather events and precipitation change. The first impact, temperature increase, is expected to affect today's popular destinations that are attractive for their pleasant weather. Due to the increased temperatures those regions are projected to be too hot for tourism activities, have poor climate conditions and low comfort levels, consequently lose their attractive feature or the peak season of tourism may shift from summer season to fall and spring. On the other hand, northern regions are expected to have moderate and warm weather conditions that are suitable for tourism activities. This situation may create new popular destinations in the global market. The precipitation is less likely preferred by tourists during their visitation. The sudden, unexpected and strong variations on precipitation generates uncertainty and affects the tourist preferences. Extreme weather event is a threat to tourism destinations due to the safety and security concerns. Climate change will also have negative impacts on tourism industry such as loss of resources, biodiversity, less snow cover, sea level rise. The natural heritage, beaches and environmental assets are the important components of destination attributes that contribute to attractiveness and competitiveness. The loss of these attributes is expected to influence the preferences of tourists. The changing pattern of tourism flow and impacts on local tourism markets inevitably generate socio-economic problems in those tourism dependent countries such as unemployment, decreased income and poverty. Therefore, investigating climate change impacts on tourism gains great importance to adapt the climate change, eliminate the risks and benefit the potentials. Today, Turkey is one of the most popular tourism destinations in the world. Turkey has climatic, natural and environmental attractions that successfully have been valued in the tourism sector and achieved to be recognized in the global market. Turkey is vulnerable to climate change due to its geographic location in the Mediterranean region. Climate change projections on Turkey deduce 2-60C increase in temperatures especially in the summer period, 20% decrease in precipitation, and a longer warm period. According to researches, climate change will have adverse impacts on tourism sector, the popularity of the country as a tourism destination will diminish due to sea level rise, extreme weather events, the extreme hot waves, and loss of biodiversity and natural values. Both summer and winter tourism will be affected by these changes. The national strategic climate change plans mention the climate change impacts on tourism sector. There are also some studies focusing of specific destinations or tourism types and investigating climate change impacts on these areas and activities. Although the awareness of vulnerability of tourism sector to climate change has increased, there has no constructive step taken yet at national, local or academic level. A comprehensive perspective is missing in policy and strategy papers and literature. The impacts of climate change should be defined for each region, risks should be revealed and development strategies should be developed to eliminate the risks, mitigate the impacts and adapt to the changing conditions. From this point of view, this study mainly focused on: (i) "What are the impacts of climate change on tourism sector in Turkey in terms of regional challenges, international demand and socio-economic dynamics?" (ii) "How should be the roadmap of the sectoral development to manage climate change challenges; eliminate risks and benefit opportunities without jeopardizing the socio-economic structure?" The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of climate change on international tourism in popular tourism destinations in Turkey and provide a strategic roadmap. The objectives of the study are; (i) evaluating physical impacts of climate change in terms of changing comfort levels on popular tourism destinations in Turkey, (ii) investigating the reflections of these impacts on number of tourists, income and employment,(iii) revealing the different exposures to climate change by comparing different tourism destinations that have different climatic, geographic conditions as well as offer different tourism attractions and tourism types in Turkey, (iv) determining the most vulnerable tourism regions to climate change impacts, (v) addressing high risk regions (vi) highlighting opportunities that can be turned into benefit of destination's tourism industry, (vii) providing a tentative strategic framework for climate change responsive tourism development. In order to achieve this purpose, 30 tourism destinations in Turkey are included in the case study. While determining the case study cities, the number of tourists they host, their role in the Tourism Strategy Plan, tourism activities and geographic locations are taken into consideration. From different geographical regions, with different climatic character, having different tourism activities and attractiveness, 30 cities were selected. In order to evaluate the physical impacts of climate change on climate comfort levels, Tourism Climate Index (TCI) is used. The results of TCI analysis were used to estimate the potential impacts of climate change on international tourism demand. The model developed by Hein et al. (2009) assumes the climate as the only variable changing over time and the rest constant is used. The comparison between base year (1963-2017) and projected year (2019-2100) is revealed in terms of both climate comfort levels and the number of tourist/tourism demand. Finally, the socio-economic impacts of changing demand are evaluated by adapting Input-Output Analysis for national assessment and Ryan Short Cut Model for regional assessment. The results of the study reveal that the climate comfort levels are expected to decrease in the future up to 2100 comparing with today's climate conditions especially in summer period. On the other hand, comfort levels are projected to increase in winter period. Moreover, the impacts are different for each geographic region. There are highly vulnerable cities especially in coast line, and there are more resilient cities mostly located inland. Relationally, the demand in summer period is expected to decrease while the demand in winter is expected to increase. The coastal region is expected to be impacted negatively while inner Anatolia impacted slightly positive or neutral. Moreover, the seasonal shift is the most important outcome of the changing climate. The coastal tourism-dependent cities will be the most vulnerable areas under new climatic conditions. The socio-economic impacts of changing climatic conditions will be more intense for those tourism-dependent cities. The results reveal the regional opportunities for tourism investments and alternative tourism development. They also address the vulnerabilities and risks that can be managed through adaptation and mitigation strategies. Regarding these projected consequences, a proposal for climate change responsive tourism development plan is provided at the end of the study. This study highlights the climate change and tourism interaction, the impacts of climate change on Turkey's tourism industry from a comprehensive, comparative and multi-dimensional perspective and provides a roadmap to manage climate change impacts by revealing the regional potentials and vulnerabilities.
İmar planı değişikliklerinin yasal, mekânsal ve kentsel rant perspektifinden incelenmesi: İstanbul örneği

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021-09-28) Kılınç, Numan ; Türk, Şevkiye Şence ; 502132811 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

Dünya genelinde planlama sistemleri planlarda kesinliği amaçlayan plan bazlı sistem (Kıta Avrupa/Amerikan modeli) ve planlarda esnekliği öncüleyen proje bazlı sistem (İngiliz modeli) olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Ülkelerin hukuksal ve tarihi geçmişleri planlama sistemlerinin farklılaşmasında belirleyici rol oynamıştır. Örneğin, proje bazlı sistemin vakaya göre oluşu ve planlama otoritelerine geniş takdir yetkiler sunması, İngiliz hukuk sisteminin; plan bazlı sistemde ise, planların esneklik ve takdir yetkisine olanak tanımaması Kıta Avrupa hukuk sisteminin bir sonucudur. Proje bazlı sistem, İngiltere, İrlanda, Yeni Zelanda gibi ülkeler tarafından uygulanmakta iken; plan bazlı sistem ise Almanya, İtalya, İspanya ve birçok Avrupa ülkesi tarafından uygulanan planlama sistemidir. Japonya, Hong Kong gibi ülkeler ise plan bazlı sistemin yasal bağlayıcı yönüyle, proje bazlı sistemin uzlaşmacı yönünü sentezleyerek "hibrit" planlama sistemi benimsemiştir. Son zamanlarda yapılan akademik çalışmalar plan bazlı sistemi benimseyen ülkelerin ve proje bazlı sistemi benimseyen ülkelerin planlama sistemleri açısından bir diğerine doğru hibritleşme eğiliminde olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Proje bazlı sistemin uygulandığı ülkeler, planlama sisteminin çok esnek olmasından ve yasal bağlayıcılığı olmamasını eleştirerek, planlarda esneklik alanının daraltılmasına yönelik yaklaşımlar benimserken, plan bazlı sistemin uygulandığı ülkeler ise planlama sisteminin katılığını ve takdir yetkisine olanak tanımamasını eleştirerek, kentlerdeki dinamik gelişmeler karşısında planları esneklik sağlayacak politikalar geliştirmektedir. Teoride plan bazlı sistem olarak bilinen Türk planlama sistemi ise uygulamada proje bazlı sisteme geçiş sürecindedir. Planlama yetkisinin yerel otoritelerden merkezi yönetim birimlerine kadar geniş bir yelpazede dağılmış olması bu hibritleşme sürecini hızlandırmaktadır. Öte yandan plan değişikliği prosedürünün kolaylaştırılması, plan değişikliğinin ve özel amaçlı planlarının sayıca artması ve bu araçların sık uygulanması söz konusu hibritleşmeyi artıran diğer başlıca nedenlerdendir. Proje bazlı sistemin ve plan bazlı sistemin plan değişikliklerine yaklaşımları birbirinden farklıdır. Planların yasal olarak bağlayıcı olmadığı proje bazlı sistemde, genel stratejiyle uyumlu bulunan plan teklifleri, geniş takdir yetkileri ile donatılmış planlama otoritelerince onaylanmaktadır. Plan bazlı sistemde ise yasal bağlayıcı olan planların değiştirilmemesi esas olup, planlarda değişikliğin ancak zorunluluk hallerinde ve birtakım prosedürlerin yerine getirilmesiyle mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu sistemde esneklik ve takdir yetkisi oldukça sınırlı olsa da özellikle neo-liberal politikaların baskısıyla ivme kazanan kentlerin dinamik gelişimleri karşısında katı ve kesinlik içeren planlar yetersiz kalmakta ve birtakım parçacıl müdahale araçları ile planlara esneklik ve takdir yetkisine olanak sağlanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Plan bazlı sisteme esneklik sağlanmasında kullanılan en önemli parçacıl müdahale araçlarından biri plan değişiklikleridir. Proje bazlı sistemin esneklik temeli üzerine kurgulandığından dolayı planlara sonradan yapılan plan değişiklikleri sonucu oluşan negatif dışsallıkların bertaraf edilmesi, bu olumsuzluklara karşı plan teklifini sunanlara getirilen birtakım yükümlülükler aracılığıyla daha kolay olmakta iken, plan bazlı sistemin esnekliğe olanak tanımaması nedeniyle daha zor olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte plan bazlı sistemlerde proje bazlı pratikler gün geçtikçe daha yaygın hale gelmektedir. Proje bazlı pratikler, özellikle neo-liberal politikaların ortaya çıkardığı yatırım baskılarının planlama sistemine eklemlenmesinde uygulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, plan bazlı sistem içinde proje bazlı pratiklerin Türk planlama sistemine, kent mekânına ve kentsel ranta etkisini, İstanbul'da ki imar planı değişiklikleri üzerinden incelemektir. Çalışma alanı olarak neo-liberal politika etkilerinin en yoğun olarak görüldüğü, Türkiye'nin en büyük kenti olan İstanbul Metropoliten Alanı seçilmiştir. 2009-2018 yılları arasında İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi tarafından onaylanmış 17.369 adet değişiklikleri konularına göre gruplandırılarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler ve mekânsal analizler yapılmıştır. Plan değişikliklerine ilişkin detaylar incelendiğinde yönetmelikte tanımlanan plan değişikliğine ilişkin konular kapsamına girmeyen plan değişikliklerinin yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Yönetmelikte plan değişikliğine ilişkin konular dört başlıkla sınırlandırılırken, tez kapsamında yapılan çalışmalarda ise uygulamada on iki farklı konuda plan değişikliğinin yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu konu başlıklarından sehven yapılan hataların düzeltilmesi kapsamında olan plan değişiklikleri, uygulama işlemlerine yönelik plan değişiklikleri ve plan değişikliği prosedürü ile yapılması mümkün olmayan plan değişiklikleri tez kapsamı dışında bırakılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları, plan değişikliklerinin, plan bazlı sistemin proje bazlı sisteme evrilmesinde kullanılan önemli bir araç olduğunu ve plan değişikliklerinin kamu kullanımına ayrılmış alanlarda daha çok yapıldığı ve plan değişikliklerinin MİA ve alt merkez ilçelerde yoğunlaştığı görülmekle birlikte, farklı plan değişikliği gruplarında mekânsal sonuçların farklılaştığını göstermektedir. Bu durumun sebebi merkez ve alt merkezdeki arazi değerlerinin yüksek olması, bu alanlarda yapılaşma baskılarının fazla olması ve bu ilçelerin erişilebilirlik değerlerinin yüksek olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca plan değişikliklerinin daha çok özel sektör talepleri ile gerçekleştiği ve bu taleplerin erişilebilirlik değerlerinin yüksek olduğu MİA komşuluğunda bulunan ilçelerde yoğunlaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Piyasa temelli yapılan plan değişiklikleri yönetmelikte plan değişikliği amaç unsuru olan kamu yararı gerekçesinin tartışılmasına neden olmaktadır. Çalışma sonuçları, devlet tarafından kabul edilen kamu yararı uygulaması ile plancıların kabul ettiği kamu yararı arasında önemli bir fark olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Yerel plan değişikliklerinde, devletin uyguladığı kamu yararı uygulamalarında, devletin kamu yararı ideolojisini sermaye ve yatırımları destekleyecek şekilde veya tartışmalı olduğu düşünülen kararları meşrulaştırmak için kullandığı görülmektedir. Yine çalışma bulgularında yer alan plancıların görüşlerine göre değişiklikler incelendiğinde İstanbul'da yapılan plan değişikliklerinin %61,5'inin kamu yararına uymadığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Öte yandan; plan değişiklikleri İstanbul Metropoliten Alan geneline yayılmış olsa da merkez ve ikincil merkez ilçelerde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu durumun bu ilçelerdeki arazi ve erişilebilirlik değerlerinin yüksek olmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Plan değişikliklerinin mekânsal davranışları incelendiğinde, plan değişikliklerinin E-5 Karayolu, TEM Otoyolu, Kennedy Caddesi, Şile Otobanı gibi ana ulaşım aksları etrafında, büyük ölçekli özel ve kamu yatırımlarının etraflarında kümelendikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu durumda yine erişilebilirlik ve arazi değerlerinin yüksek olması ile açıklanabilir. Ek olarak, arazi fiyatları ile plan değişiklikleri arasında doğrudan bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Ancak plan değişiklikleri her zaman arazide değer artışına neden olmamaktadır. Değerin değişmediği veya değerin azaldığı plan değişiklikleri de yapılmaktadır. İstanbul özelinde yapılan analizlerde, plan değişikliklerinin merkez, alt merkez ve çeper ilçelerin hepsinde arazi değerinin yüksek olduğu yerlerde yoğunlaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Mekânsal olarak arazi değerinin yüksek olduğu yerleri tercih eden plan değişiklikleri aynı zamanda arazideki değerin daha da çok artmasına neden olmaktadır. Sonuç olarak plan değişikliklerinin arazi fiyatları ile ilişkisine yönelik yapılan analizlerde, plan değişiklikleri ile arazi değerleri arasında çift yönlü pozitif bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır.
İstanbul'da organize gıda perakendesi coğrafyasındaki değişimler

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023-05-25) Uraz, Başak ; Erkut, Gülden ; 502052908 ; Şehir ve Bölge Planlama

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul'da 1980'lerden itibaren organize gıda perakendesinin mekânsal değişimi ve mekânda yer seçme dinamiklerini keşfetmektir. Bu kapsamda, bu çalışma, coğrafi alanda ekonomik yığılmaların veya yoğunlaşmaların nasıl açıklanacağına odaklanan, ekonomik coğrafyanın ana kuramsal perspektiflerinden biri olan 'Yeni Ekonomik Coğrafya' yaklaşımı ve bu kapsamında ortaya çıkan ve perakende sektörünün mekân üzerindeki etkisine odaklanan 'Yeni Perakende Coğrafyası' yaklaşımı ile açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacına bağlı olarak yapılan analizler, İstanbul'daki gıda perakendesinin mekandaki değişimini ortaya koymak için yapılan betimsel- mekânsal analiz ve organize gıda perakendecilerinin mekânda yer seçme dinamiklerinin hangi bileşenlerle açıklanabileceğini ortaya koymak için yapılan coğrafi ağırlıklı regresyon modeli olmak üzere iki aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda İstanbul Metropoliten Alanı genelinde yer seçmiş olan 4517 organize gıda perakendecisine ait veri tabanı hazırlanmıştır. Gıda perakendecilerinin formatları, açılış yılları ve satış alanlarına ilişkin dağılımın açıklanabilmesi için bu veriler, adres bilgileriyle çakıştırılmış, GIS ortamında haritalandırılmış ve mahalle ölçeğinde betimleyici ve mekânsal analizler yapılmıştır. Daha sonra bu veri tabanına nüfus, arazi değeri ve hanehalkı gelir değişkenleri eklenerek Coğrafi Ağırlıklı Regresyon Modeli ile analiz yapılmıştır. Bulgular, organize gıda perakendesinin yayılımının 1990'larda büyük ölçekli gıda perakendesi formatıyla başladığını, 2000'lerde ise buna ucuzluk marketlerinin de eklendiğini göstermektedir. Büyük ölçekli gıda perakendecileri 2000 yılına kadar İstanbul'un merkez ilçelerinde; 2000 yılından sonra ise merkez ilçelerle birlikte çeper ilçelerde de yoğun bir şekilde artmaktadır. 2000'li yıllardan itibaren ucuzluk marketlerinin kent genelinde agresif bir yayılım sürecine girdiği hem merkezi lokasyonlarda hem de çeperlerde yürüme mesafesinde yer seçme eğiliminde oldukları görülmektedir. Coğrafi ağırlıklı regresyon analizinden elde edilen sonuçlar, organize gıda perakendecilerinin yer seçiminde nüfus, gelir ve arazi değeri bileşenlerinden en açıklayıcı olanın nüfus olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ucuzluk marketlerinin yer seçiminde, nüfus bileşeninin etkisinin doğudan batı ilçelere doğru azaldığı, arazi değerinin etkisinin en düşük olduğu bölgenin boğaz hattı olduğu, gelirin ise hem merkezde hem de çeper ilçelerde nispeten daha etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle 2000'li yıllardan itibaren yaşanan ekonomik değişim, değişen tüketici tercihleri, değişen rekabet dinamikleri ve teknolojik gelişmeler organize gıda perakendecilerinin alansal büyüklükleri ve yerseçim davranışlarının da zaman içerisinde değişime uğramasına sebep olmaktadır. Önceden büyük ölçekli gıda perakendecileri büyük otopark ve satış alanına sahip lokasyonlarda yer seçerken, günümüzde aynı ucuzluk marketleri gibi yürüme mesafesinde daha küçük alanlara yerleştiği dikkat çekmektedir. Covid-19 pandemisinin de tetikleyici etkisiyle, dünyada perakende sektörü dijitalleşme sürecine girmiştir. Bu kapsamda, e-ticaretin oranı giderek daha da artmakta, organize gıda perakendecileri de online alışveriş formatlarını geliştirmektedir. İstanbul'da da büyük ölçekli marketlerle ucuzluk marketlerinin rekabetine çevrimiçi platformlar da dahil olmaktadır. Kent merkezlerinde ucuzluk marketleri yayılmaya devam etmektedir. Bunun yanında pazara büyük ölçekli gıda perakendecisi olarak giren firmalar küçük satış alanına sahip marketlerle mahalle ölçeğinde yer seçme stratejilerine hız vermektedirler. Diğer yandan, mağazasız alışveriş formatını geliştirmeye odaklanan organize gıda perakendecileri mahalle ölçeğinde depo lokasyonlarını artırmaktadır. Tüketim alışkanlıklarının değiştiği ve yeni bir rekabet ortamının doğduğu bu dijitalleşme sürecinde organize gıda perakende sektörü, kent içi mağazaları, depo alanları, lojistik merkezleri ve gelişmiş çok kanallı tedarik zinciri yönetimiyle yayılmaya ve gelişmeye devam etmektedir. Daha küçük satış alanına sahip ve daha erişilebilir mağazalar, tüketicilerin taleplerine daha hızlı cevap vermekte, bu sebeple de rekabette öne çıkmaktadır.

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