LEE- İşletme Mühendisliği-Yüksek Lisans

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Pazar bölümlendirmede GSP analizine dayalı bir modelleme çalışması

(Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2020) Kirişçioğlu, Nergis ; Burnaz, Şebnem ; 629353 ; İşletme Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı

Hızlı değişen pazarlarda ve kar marjlarının küçüldüğü sektörlerde; özellikle yüksek sayıda ve farklı profillerde müşterisi olan işletmeler için mevcut müşterileri uzun vadede memnun etmek ve elde tutmak, en az yeni müşteri elde etmek kadar önemli bir konudur. Bu nedenle işletmeler yaptıkları çalışmalarda, müşteri odaklı olmaya büyük öncelik vermektedir. Sürekli değişen ve gelişen dünyada müşterilerin talepleri, günlük yaşantıları ve öncelikleri de hızlı bir şekilde değişmektedir. Bu nedenle artık işletmelerin de müşteri odaklılık anlayışında yeni nesil yaklaşımlara yönelmesi gerekmektedir. Bu noktada gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte aynı hızda ilerleyen analitik yöntemlerin yeri şüphesiz ki oldukça önemlidir. Literatür incelendiğinde, müşteri verilerinin toplanması, işlenmesi, bu yolla müşteri davranışlarının modellenmesi sonucunda işletme kararlarında fayda sağlayacak öngörülerin elde edilmesini amaçlayan birçok çalışmanın mevcut olduğu görülmektedir. Müşteri yaşam boyu değeri ve müşteri sermayesi kavramları, işletme açısından müşterileriyle ilişkilerine bütüncül bir bakış açısı sağlanması bakımından önemlidir. Öncelikle, bu tez çalışmasında, bankacılık sektöründe, perakende bankacılık müşterileri için müşteri davranış ve ihtiyaçları temel alınarak yeni bir pazar bölümlendirme yapısının oluşturulması ve her bir pazarın özelliklerine uygun kampanya stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem olarak, daha çok davranış modellemeye dayalı pazar bölümlendirme amacıyla kullanılan bir model olan GSP (Güncellik, Para, Sıklık) tekniği esas alınmıştır. Perakende bankacılık müşterileri, veri madenciliğinde kümeleme tekniklerinden biri olarak kullanılan K-ortalamalar algoritması aracılığıyla müşterinin en yakın zamandaki işlemi, işlem sıklığı ve işlem miktarı boyutlarına göre bölümlendirilmiş, sonrasında ise müşteri yaşam döngüsü içerisindeki aşamaya uygun olacak kampanya stratejileri önerilmiştir. Kurgulanan yöntem ve önerilen stratejiler ile yaşam döngüsü içerisinde müşterinin döngünün hangi kısmında olduğunun proaktif olarak belirlenmesi, böylelikle müşteri ihtiyacına uygun ve bu ihtiyaca doğru zamanda cevap verecek bir yapı oluşturulması hedeflenmektedir.
Can hyperloop technology take Turkish logistics industry to a next level? A preliminary analysis

(Graduate School, 2022) Kerem, Görkem ; Gonidis Çelebi , Dilay ; 719271 ; Department of Management Engineering

Our goal in this thesis is to get a deeper knowledge and understanding about Turkish Logistics Industry, see the trends towards the new technologies such as Hyperloop, which we discussed in this thesis, and searched for most appropriate way to implement such technologies within the industry. Elon Musk come up with the idea of Hyperloop in 2013, which can be explained as a mixture of railway and airway, travel across within tubes that specifically made for Hyperloop. From that day, it has been started to discuss about many different ways. Musk's idea was considering human transportation via Hyperloop, but as time progressed, cargo transportation started to be considered via Hyperloop. With all these development, many companies have shown interest in cargo transportation via Hyeprloop. Huge investments happened in countries such as UAE, India, Germany etc. In our thesis, we aimed to show whether such investment in Turkey is possible, if so what are the main challenges would be and how we can overcome of these challenges? In addition these, we also tried to determine cargo types that can be carried via Hyperloop, and possible routes accordingly, since Hardt Global, a Netherlands based Hyperloop company, has interest in investment in Turkey. Firstly, we conducted a literature review about new trends in LI and the major factors affecting the modal choice in LI. Due to Hyperloop being a new technology, we learned the details from Hardt Global. With respect to literature we also expand our research wih market and gathered some data to take the next step. Our idea was collecting data of economical indicators and logistics within Turkey, compare it to the knowledge we gained through literature review and set up a Semi-Structured Interview (SSI) accordingly. Hence, our methodology in this thesis was SSI we conducted with market drivers and prospects in Turkish LI. With SSI, we aimed to get more deep knowledge of the industry, learn some of the major problems that the industry faces, as well as introduce Hyperloop to get ideas about correct way of implementation in Turkey.
The effects of online marketing communications and sales promotion types on online television sales

(Graduate School, 2022) Özbodur, Emre ; Karaosmanoğlu, Elif ; 736675 ; Management Engineering Programme

Over the last decades, many consumer segments have started to shop online, and as a consequence online shopping has become an affluent area of research. The proportion of online shopping in overall retail purchases increases year by year dramatically, and especially after the pandemic, it has had a peak. With the increasing demand for e-commerce, sales promotion campaigns have become appealing to consumers. Drawing upon these trends, the impact of these digital/online marketing communications strategies and the effects of marketing investment on online television sales are analyzed in this thesis. A literature review was conducted on the effects of sales promotion campaigns and marketing communications on customers' online shopping decisions for various television segments. For years, numerous marketing communication strategies have been developed for online shopping. The purpose of this study is to identify the digital marketing strategies, their effects on consumers' purchasing patterns, the difficulties and convenience encountered during the process, and the acquisition on a company/customer basis. In addition, this study aims to investigate into how sales promotion campaigns and digital marketing communications shape online television sales. During the research, data was collected using a quantitative method. The screen size of the televisions that were sold was used to classify it. Consequently, in this thesis, televisions are divided into three categories: small, medium, and large television segments. For these three different television segments, past data on online television sales from April 2020 to April 2021 was examined on a daily basis for one year. This thesis contains a total of 379 daily observations. In order to measure the effects of sales promotion campaigns and digital marketing investments on online television sales, the Polynomial Distributed Lag model was used in this thesis. It was anticipated to reduce multicollinearity issues by using the PDL method. Online campaigns and marketing investments' immediate impact might be reduced in the future. To observe these effects, the PDL method was used. Dataset is run in IBM SPSS Statistics software. The analysis acknowledges significant correlations between digital marketing investment and online television sales for all three television segments. The findings in this thesis demonstrate that marketing expenditure positively impacts online television sales. The maximum influence was seen at medium-size television sales. Meanwhile, sales of large-screen TVs had the most negligible impact among those three different television categories. The effects of sales promotion campaigns and online marketing communications on e-commerce television sales data over a one-year period have been examined in this thesis. However, one of the studies' limitations is that offline television sales were not taken into account. Therefore, these effects on offline television sales can be acknowledged for future investigation areas. Another limitation is that these impacts are only measured in terms of television sales, with no consideration given to sales in other categories. Accordingly, long-term effects of these marketing activities should be investigated in future studies, in addition to offline television sales. Finally, the study did not consider pandemic effects. Therefore, pandemic effects can be studied in future research.
The circularization of the textile and ready-to-wear industry in Turkey: An evaluation in the context of the European green deal

(Graduate School, 2022) Şapaloğlu, İbrahim ; Ajas İlkkaracan, İpek ; 771629 ; Management Engineering Programme

Economic growth has always been one of the main goals for countries. However, the rapid depletion of resources in the face of this desire for growth, the fact that the effects of global warming are beginning to be felt, the environmental problems our world is facing, and the fact that it is a problematic world to be left to the future generations have changed the economic strategy of the EU. As a result, the EU submitted the Green Deal (GD) in late 2019. In conjunction with the Green Deal, the European Union aims to end the resource-dependent economic growth model and achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The Green Deal affects the European Union (EU) member states as well as the countries which export goods and services to the EU. The transition to a circular economy, one of the six goals of the "Green Deal Action Plan," also plays a vital role in exiting the resource-dependent growth model. This transformation will also affect the textile and ready-to-wear industry, which is one of the nine critical areas in "Turkey's Green Deal Action Plan" and one of the "Key Product Value Chains" in the "EU Circular Economy Action Plan." The textile and ready-to-wear industry is a critical manufacturing sector for the Turkish economy. It is a major contributor to employment demand and as one of the Turkish economy's main export-oriented sectors, it helps reduce the current account deficit. Textile, ready-made clothing, and leather products constitute 16.4% of Turkey's total export revenues. The EU is a critical trading partner for Turkey, with its share of over 40 percent of Turkey's total exports. However, since the EU announced the European Green Deal, these exports have been exposed to risks of additional possible costs through EU's planned environmental taxes. In the context of the EU Green Deal, this study explores the need for circularization for Turkey's textile and apparel industry and its relative position with respect to its potential competitors in global markets. To this end, the study first undertakes RCA, SWOT and PESTLE analyses to assess the current situation of Turkish textiles and ready-to-wear industry at the sectoral level. RCA analysis shows that Turkey's sectoral competitiveness remains high with respcto to its competitors yet this advantage is observed to follow a decreasing trend over time. Additionally, the PESTLE analysis shows that the industry does not only make a contribution to overall labor demand but also does so in a gender balanced manner, helping to increase the female employment rate. 41% of the employees in the sector are women. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is another goal of the Green Deal. The EU will introduce the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to ensure that export firms to the EU are faced with similar environmental requirements as its own producers. In order to assess the likely costs to Turkish export firms in the textile and ready-to-wear industry under CBAM, the study estimates the carbon emissions on a sectoral basis disaggregated by three scopes. In this analysis, the textile and ready-to-wear sector (Nace C13-C15) is estiated as the sector with the sixth highest greenhouse gas emissions both in terms of Scope 1 (subject to CBAM under current plans) and total emissions (amongst a categorization of 24 economic activity sectors). These sectoral analyses emphasize the necessity for the Turkish textile and ready-to-wear industry for transition to the circular economy. The second part of the study moves onto answering the question of how to make such a transition through development of a strategic roadmap for circularization of the sector. The development of the roadmap is undertaken in several stages. First, through the Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) method, and using inputs identified through the literature survey and sectoral analyses in the first part, the study assessed a set of obstacles to and drivers of circularization in the Turkish textiles and ready-to-wear industry and the hierarchical causal relations across these factora. According to the findings of the FCM analysis, the key barriers are lack of awareness, short-term priorities, lack of management support, appropriate culture, and demand for the final product of circular economy. Lack of effective legislation and incentives has the most considerable outdegree value, i.e. it affects more concepts than any other particular obstacle. The results of the FCM analysis were then validated by experts using structured in-depth interviews. Finally, the experts answered open-ended questions to elicit their views and insights on the obstacles and drivers and suggested possible solutions. Finally a sectoral strategic roadmap for circularization was developed based on a content analysis of the results of the in-depth interviews.
The relationship between corporate governance applications and working capital management efficiency in Borsa Istanbul

(Graduate School, 2022-03-15) Anagül, Ali ; Taş, Oktay ; 0507171002 ; Management Engineering

This paper demonstrates the outcomes of the detailed series of analyses for revealing the power of CG applications on companies' NWCE which are traded at the XU100 in Turkey. This dissertation is established on the basis of secondary data which are acquired from 15 different and appropriate XU100 companies' annual reports and Finnet2000 terminal, for the period covering from 2013 to 2020 based upon annually data. Each one of the all companies XKURY market rating value which is supplied by accrediated "SAHA Rating" company, has taken and has utilised as components of CGI. This dissertation holds it's unique specialty for XU100 companies which is comprises not only unprecedented data set but also unprecedented modelling approach. This dissertation has a potential for enligthen the way for future studies which are never studied for XU100 before as such detailed manner. For going into particulars, one of the main contributor of companies' financial performance indicator which is identifed as NWC, incorporates CCC. DSO, DIO and DPO have used as a measurement proxy of CCC. In the second place, SR has measured as companies' market reflection and attractiveness from the point of consumer. To obtain more credible results, in this dissertation more than one estimation approach have implemented, including ARDL and cointegration tests utilised after realization of required clean and white noise raw data acquiring. Consummately, four different econometric models have conducted as of a separate two group within the consideration of general to specific modelling. The findings of experimental studies have presented that there are an existence of negative and inverse inter-relationships amongst CCC-CGI and CCC-SR. Whereas, CGI-SR model has positive relationship in between. According to experimental studies' outcomes from CGI-SR model, SR parameter has found statistically insignificant compared the CCC and CGI parameters, nevertheless CCC–CGI model outcome supports this dissertation with the result of if CGI increases, CCC will be decreased. If CCC rate is decreased, companies will perform better in financial perspective. Lastly, outputs of this dissertation may be implemented for a better management and enhanced performance in remuneration for attaching the importance of CG in companies' NWCE.
A decision modeling study with fuzzy cognitive mapping method on customers' brand preferences criteria in telecommunications industry

(Graduate School, 2022-06-13) İskender, Fatih ; Akdağ Camgöz, Hatice ; 507191015 ; Management Engineering

Today, businesses need to consider many factors in order to survive in a competitive environment and to stand out from the competition. While some of these are factors such as cost advantage, way of doing business, organizational structure and culture, adaptation to the environment, etc., one of the most important points is the customer. Many customer-related factors are critical to the survival of businesses. Areas such as customer acquisition, promotion, satisfaction, meeting their needs and new sales opportunities are some of the issues that companies focus on. The perspectives and strategies that businesses develop towards customers can change in terms of their sectors. For example, the customer perspective of a business in the FMCG sector and the perspective of a business in the banking industry towards the customer will differ in many respects. On the other hand, the telecom sector stands out as a sector with its own dynamics in terms of both being very dynamic and competitive and progressing with a system based on subscription in general. The needs and expectations of consumers are changing and their demands from companies differ day by day. Both increasing population and technological developments affect the behavior patterns of consumers. This pushes companies to better analyze customer expectations, to be intertwined with customers, and to offer them the most appropriate products and services. The aim of this study is to determine which areas the companies operating in the telecommunications sector should focus on according to customer expectations and criteria for brand preference by using the Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) method. In addition to the strategies of the enterprises, the expectations of each customer from the enterprises may differ, and it may be necessary to find special solutions for each customer group. From this point of view, in addition to customer acquisition/retention strategies, it has become inevitable for businesses to keep the pulse of the customer very well, analyze their expectations very well and offer solutions. Expectations of consumers from companies can be affected by demographic reasons such as age, gender, education level, as well as by psychological or socio-cultural reasons. As a result of this, each consumer buys products or services by evaluating companies with their specific needs and expectations. In addition, each consumer pays attention to features of the product or service they need while purchasing. For example, a customer who wants to buy a television decides on the television she/he will buy by evaluating many points such as screen size, brightness, warranty period, price, etc. This situation is the same for the telecom industry. At this point, businesses operating in the telecom industry are making decisions about the future of the brand and trying to offer solutions suitable for customer needs by doing research on customer preferences. Data is collected from many sources by methods such as measuring general customer feelings and expectations with the support of research companies, identifying needs by collecting feedback from dealer channels, identifying experienced or potential problems through analyzes made from conversations in call centers. Customer experience is tried to be improved by doing action plans according to these results. Generating meaningful and useful results from such a large pool of information and turning it into action is one of the biggest problems encountered for businesses. Although it makes it easier for businesses to manage this process in a similar way with years of experience and knowledge and to make inferences based on the results of previous actions, efficient and focused methods are always sought for businesses to make more accurate decisions and find solutions in a more cost-effective way. The FCM method is one of the most effective methods in terms of both creating a meaningful relationship map according to the results of the researches and helping businesses to make decisions more cost-effectively. For this reason, it was decided to use FCM method to solve the problem in this study. From this point of view, it has been researched which areas the customers in the telecommunications sector care and which dynamics these areas affect in the business in this study. As a result of this research, it is aimed to determine which areas the enterprises operating in the telecommunications sector should focus on and to facilitate their decision making by using FCM modeling. Firstly, a detailed literature review was made the issues that customers pay the most attention to the choice of telecom operator were determined as follows. 1.Price 2.Coverage Area 3.Network quality / Speed 4.Service quality 5.Variety of services 6.Use/suggestion by family and friends 7.Image / Emotional bond 8.Advertising / Communication 9.Trust The criteria determined in the literature studies were evaluated by experts who are experienced and have strong knowledge in the sector in order to map the relationship between them and analyze with the FCM method. Iteration steps of the FCM method were applied with the help of the relationship map and weighted matrix obtained by the questionnaire applied to these experts. FCMappers application was used in the application of the FCM method in terms of providing both time and an easy excel format. After the weighted matrix values are entered into the FCMappers application, the results are listed. As a result of the iteration steps, the most critical criteria for the system were found as follows, respectively. 1.Image / Emotional bond 2.Trust 3.Use/suggestion by family and friends 4.Advertising / Communication 5.Variety of services 6.Service quality 7.Coverage Area 8.Network quality / Speed 9.Price Considering the result, the criteria of 'Image / Emotional bond', 'Trust' and 'Use/suggestion by family and friends' came to the fore as the most important criteria. In the light of these results, the following recommendations are presented for companies operating in the telecom sector. •Companies should establish an emotional bond with their customers and should not be a brand that only serves them. •Firms should pay attention to their image in front of their customers and present an image that is compatible with the demographic, psychological and sociological structure of the society. •Companies should give confidence to their customers, keep their promises and fulfill their commitments. They should avoid actions that may surprise customers. •Companies should pay close attention to their customers' relationships with family and friends. They should develop special actions for people's relatives according to their own strategies. •Companies should carry out their communication activities in line with their own strategies in order to create a brand image and establish a bond with customers and to make their voices heard. •Companies should also care about infrastructure developments in order to respond to the final requests of customers. Although it is very important to touch, connect and stay in touch with customers, companies should also focus on infrastructure investments as it affects the product used by customers and therefore many factors that the customer cares about.
İkinci ve üçüncü dereceden stokastik baskınlık testlerinin karşılaştırılması: Borsa İstanbul'da bir uygulama

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-06-16) Derin, Yusuf Onur ; Taş, Oktay ; 507181029 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Bir insanın satın alma gücü temelde sahip olduğu sermayeye bağlıdır. Sermaye ise ülkelerin sunduğu itibari paralar, değerli metaller, hisse senetleri, mevduat ve gayrimenkul gibi birçok farklı araçtan oluşabilmektedir. Kişinin sermayesinin gerçek değeri sahip olduğu yatırım aracına göre azalıp artabilmektedir. Bu durum yatırım ne şekilde yapılmalıdır sorusunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu soruya geçmişten günümüze sunulan cevaplardan başlıca kabul edileni yatırım aracının sadece getirisine değil, sahip olduğu riske de dikkat edilmesi ve getiri ve riski beraberce en çoklayacak şekilde yatırım kararı verilmesidir. Bu kapsamda ilk yaklaşım riski azaltmak adına tek bir yatırım aracı seçmek yerine mümkün olduğunca fazla yatırım aracına sermayeyi dağıtmaktır. Bu kapsamda beklenen getiriye ulaşmak için geçmiş getirilerin ortalamasından ve riski belirlemek için bu getirilerin standart sapmasından yararlanılan ortalama - varyans optimizasyonu kullanılarak en uygun portföye ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bununla beraber bazı yatırım araçlarının genel olarak bir diğerinden daha iyi sonuç verdiği bir durumda, bir diğer deyişle baskıladığı durumda, diğer yatırım aracının kullanılmasının yanlış olduğu yaklaşımıyla stokastik baskınlık testi ortaya atılmıştır. Stokastik baskınlık testi portföyün dağılımının nasıl olacağını değil hangi yatırım araçlarının olması ve olmaması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Getiri, risk gibi odaklandığı alana göre farklı derecelerde yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 12.03.2021 ve 11.03.2022 tarih aralığında ayrı ayrı ikinci ve üçüncü dereceden stokastik baskınlık testleri; BIST 30, BIST Katılım 30, BIST Teknoloji, BIST Gıda, İçecek ve BIST Kimya, Petrol, Plastik olmak üzere beş farklı Borsa İstanbul endeksine uygulanmıştır. Stokastik baskınlık testlerinin verdiği sonuçlara göre kullanılacak hisseler seçilerek bu hisselere ortalama – varyans portföy optimizasyonu uygulanmış ve risk minimizasyonu, Sharpe oranı maksimizasyonu ve eşit ağırlıklandırma dikkate alınarak etkin portföyler oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan bu portföyler 14.03.2022 ve 26.05.2022 tarih aralığında test edilmiştir. Test sonucundan farklı endekslerin de kullanılması sayesinde birçok soruya cevap verilebilmiştir. Bunlardan ilki bir bütün olarak stokastik baskınlık testini kullanmanın verimli olup olmadığıdır. Bu alanda yapılan incelemede sonuçlar izlenilen endekslere göre farklı çıkmaktadır. Bu durum endekslerin dayandıkları temellerin birbirinden farklı olması ve izlenilen piyasanın stabil bir yapıda olmamasına bağlanmıştır. Risk açısından incelendiğindeyse oluşturulan etkin portföylerin riski daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Bu durum sahip oldukları hisse çeşitliliğinin daha az olmasının getirdiği bir sonuçtur. Bir diğer incelenen konu ise portföy optimizasyonunda kullanılan ağırlıklandırma yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Bir önceki konuya benzer şekilde ve aynı sebeplerde getiri açısından incelenen endeksten endekse farklı sonuçlar çıkmıştır. En yüksek riske sahip olan yöntem ise sharpe oranı maksimizasyonu çıkmıştır. Diğer iki yöntemden eşit ağırlıklandırma, ele alınan bütün hisseleri portföye katarken, risk minimizasyonu yöntemi de neredeyse bütün hisseleri portföye katmaktadır. Sharpe oranı maksimizasyonunda bu durum geçerli olmadığı için riskte olumsuz ayrıştığı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın incelediği asıl konu olan ikinci ve üçüncü dereceden stokastik baskınlık testlerinin sonuçlarının birbirleriyle karşılaştırılmasındaysa net olarak her iki testin de birbirlerine karşı daha üstün olmadıkları sonucuna varılmıştır.
The influence of gamification on repurchase intention: The case of Yemeksepeti

(Graduate School, 2022-06-23) Albayrak, Gizem ; Burnaz, Şebnem H. ; 507181013 ; Management Engineering

The concept of gamification, which has been heard frequently recently and increasing its popularity every passing year, is defined as the use of game concept and elements in non-game environments. Gamification can be seen as a method used to solve problems and increase participation by increasing people's motivation. It is seen as a new communication and interaction tool with people in every field it is used. The concept of gamification strengthens people's motivation and sense of competition by including entertainment elements such as level, reward, status. The concept of gamification has been used frequently in many fields. It can be said that the first sector in which gamification is used is education. Game elements are used to make education and training competitive and attractive. In addition to education, game elements have begun to be added to areas where game and entertainment elements are not included. It can add game elements to human resources processes in order to increase the motivation and loyalty of an organization's employees to the company. Recently, there are many companies that have included gamification in their processes such as training and recruitment. Game elements added to human resources processes are expressed as internal gamification, while gamification of customer processes in the field of marketing is stated as external gamification. Companies include gamification in their marketing activities for purposes such as increasing the customer's interaction with the brand, improving the experience processes, and strengthening brand loyalty and engagement. With the developing technology and digitalization, companies have started to use mobile applications as an effective tool in their customer experience processes. Mobile applications are of great importance in order to be able to interact with customers at any time and reach customers. Integrating gamification with the brand's digital channels such as mobile applications and websites ensures timely access to customers and increases the frequency of customers' use of these channels with game elements. Gamification of these channels facilitates processes such as the promotion of companies' brands, the sale of their products and services, and the strengthening of customer relations. It is aimed to increase the participation of users by adding many game elements such as points, leaderboards, badges, statuses to environments or applications where there is no entertainment. Utilized items can increase users' curiosity and familiarity with the brand, company or application. Companies can play a role in the interaction of users with their social environment by creating an atmosphere of competition or cooperation with game elements such as success statuses and leaderboards that they add to their applications or channels. The gamification elements and concept used by brands strengthen the brand's awareness and familiarity by consumers. The use of the gamification concept by the brands can be found innovative and creative by the consumers and can increase the interest and attention to the brand. Consumers' interest in gamified systems of brands and in the competitive environment that may occur, they can suggest people around them and their friends to use the brand and the systems they have created, and this will provide positive word of mouth communication for brands. With the systems created with game elements, it is ensured that the consumers interact with the brand more frequently, and as a marketing effect, it is aimed to increase the consumer's use of the brand more often and to increase their loyalty to the brand. By ensuring that the consumer encounters the concept of gamification on all platforms belonging to the brand, such as social media, mobile applications, websites, visiting the platforms and the brand more often, it not only provides loyalty to the brand, but also has positive effects on consumers' repurchase intentions. In addition to the competition provided by the gamification concept, the gifts given to the consumers as a result of events, competitions, etc., the products they collect and the products earned in return for badges, the suggestions and incentives for a healthy life in most brand platforms can increase the consumers' interest in the brand and gamified platforms, and their frequency of using the platform and shopping. The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gamification on repurchase intention in an online food ordering platform. The factors affecting the intention were determined by making a literature review on the subject. In this context, perceived social impact, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived pleasure were analysed. In this framework, hypotheses were formed and tested. In line with the purpose of the thesis, a survey study was conducted and data was collected by survey method. The survey reached 474 people, but 434 out of 474 people order food through Yemeksepeti; 303 out of 434 people stated that they knew the gamification elements such as badges and points used in Yemeksepeti. When the frequency of usage of Yemeksepeti is examined, it is seen that 21.58% of the respondent order food via Yemeksepeti several times a week. 61.64% of participants have been a member of Yemeksepeti for more than 2 years. Participants of the study has given a variety of answers about gamification elements in Yemeksepeti. However, the majority with of 71.23% know the contest of muhktar. After analyses, it is observed that perceived social influence, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived enjoyment affect positively repurchase intention.
Bankacılık sektöründe dış kaynak çalışan yönetiminin iyileştirilmesinde bilgi teknolojileri kullanımına yönelik bir uygulama

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-06-27) Akbaba, Seren ; Yıldırım, Nihan ; 507171032 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Günümüzde işletmeler temel faaliyetlerine odaklanmak, teknolojik değişimlere adapte olabilmek, esnek iş gücünü arttırmak veya personel ve işletme maliyetlerini düşürmek gibi ekonomik, stratejik ve teknolojik sebeplerle dış kaynak firmalardan ürün veya hizmet temin etmektedir. Dış kaynak kullanımı, kimi zaman iş süreçlerinin dış firmaya devredilmesiyle, kimi zaman dış firmadan anahtar teslim proje satın alınmasıyla, kimi zaman da tedarikçi firmadan satın alınan hizmeti gerçekleştirecek dış kaynak çalışanların müşteri firma içerisinde hizmet vermesiyle gerçekleşmektedir. Dış kaynak kullanımının, şirketlere sağladığı avantajların yanı sıra bazı dezavantajlar da söz konusudur. Yanlış firma seçimiyle birlikte prestij kaybı, tahmin edilemeyen gizli maliyetler, bilgi birikimi ve yetkinlik problemleri, çalışanlar ve firma üzerinde kontrol kaybı, inovasyon kaybı, iletişim ve çalışan problemleri bunlar arasında gösterilebilir. Bunları da kapsayan genel zorluklardan biri ise, dış kaynak çalışanların müşteri firma içerisindeki yönetimidir. Dış kaynak çalışan bulunduran müşteri firmalarda, bilgi güvenliği, erişim, izleme, eğitim ve oryantasyon, iletişim, performans ve ölçümleme, kaynak takibi ve kontrolü, izin veya çalışma takibi, operasyonel işlemler gibi bazı zorluklar ve takip edilmesi gereken konular ortaya çıkmaktadır. 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan COVID-19 salgınıyla birlikte, dış kaynak hizmetlere ulaşım daha da kolaylaşmış ve şirketler dış kaynak kullanımını arttırmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar, küresel kriz anlarında dış kaynak kullanımının arttığını göstermektedir. Dış kaynak kullanımıyla birlikte ortaya çıkan en önemli zorluklardan biri de, bilgi güvenliği ve erişimlerle ilgili problemlerdir. 2020 yılında bankacılık, elektronik ve haberleşme sektörlerinde yapılan yasal düzenlemeler, dış kaynak kullanımındaki güvenlik konusuna dikkat çekmiş ve ülkeler bu kapsamda yönetmeliklerini düzenlemiştir. Pandemi sürecinde, Türkiye'deki 23 mevduat, kalkınma ve yatırım bankasına ait veriler incelendiğinde, bankaların çağrı merkezlerindeki dış kaynak çalışan sayılarının 2020 Mart ayından 2021 Aralık ayına %60 arttığı görülmüştür. İngiltere'de yapılan bir araştırma da, bu süreçte bankalarda makine öğrenmesi ve veri bilimi alanında dış kaynak hizmetlerin arttığını göstermektedir. 2021 yılında, 45 ülkede, farklı sektörlerdeki liderlerle yapılan araştırma ise, bordro, müşteri iletişim merkezi (çağrı merkezi), gayrimenkul yönetimi, bilgi teknolojileri ve finans alanında dış kaynak kullanımının 2019 yılına göre arttığını ve bu alanlarda süreçlerin %60'ından fazlasında dış kaynak kullanıldığını göstermektedir. Tüm bu veriler, pek çok sektörde dış kaynak hizmetlerin sayısında artış olduğunu göstermektedir. Dış kaynak çalışan sayısının artmasıyla birlikte, müşteri firmalarda çalışan yönetimine ayrılan zaman da artacak ve dış kaynak çalışan yönetimindeki zorlukların giderilmesi amacıyla iyi pratiklerin edinilmesini gerektirecektir. Özellikle, bankacılık ve finans sektöründe dış kaynak hizmetlerin artışı, bilgi güvenliği kapsamındaki riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bankacılık ve finans sektöründe, dış kaynak kullanımına dair yasal mevzuatlar söz konusudur ve dış kaynak kullanan firmaların, bu mevzuatlara uyması beklenmektedir. Literatürden derlenen, dış kaynak çalışanların yönetiminde ortaya çıkan güvenlik, gizlilik, kontrol gibi problemlerin, yüksek seviyede güvenlik ve denetim kontrolleri gerektiren bankalar için daha kritik olması ve bu sektörlerde dış kaynak kullanımının artması ile birlikte, tez kapsamı bankacılık, finans sektörü olacak şekilde daraltılmıştır. Literatürde, dış kaynak çalışanların yönetiminde müşteri firmada ortaya çıkan zorlukların giderilebilmesi amacıyla, dış kaynak çalışanlar için yazılım uygulamalarından faydalanılması gerektiğine dair öneriler yer almaktadır. Şirketler, elektronik insan kaynakları yönetimi (e-İKY) uygulamalarını kullanarak, yönetimsel ve operasyonel işlem maliyetlerini düşürebilir ve bilgilere daha hızlı bir şekilde erişebilir. İnsan kaynakları açısından, dış kaynak çalışanlar, şirket içi çalışanlardan farklı özelliklere sahip olduğu için, yazılım uygulamalarının da farklı özelliklere sahip olması gerekmektedir. Literatürden derlenen öneriler neticesinde, dış kaynak çalışanların takibini kolaylaştırmak adına kullanılacak yazılım uygulamalarında, veri bütünlüğü, kimlik doğrulama, veri gizliliği, self servis işlemleri ve proje takibi, eğitim, performans, geri bildirim ve kontrol, raporlama, izleme ve çalışma süresi takibi, izin ve devamsızlık takibi, bilgilere kolay erişim, kontrollü erişim, erişimin otomatik sonlandırılması ve veri görselleştirme araçlarına yer verilebilir. Tüm bu çalışmalar neticesinde, bankacılık ve bankacılık sektörüne hizmet veren finans veya teknoloji kuruluşlarında kullanılabilecek referans bir yazılım uygulaması önerisi geliştirilmiştir. Dünyada, dış kaynak çalışanların takip edildiği çeşitli yazılım uygulamaları bulunmaktadır ancak bu uygulamaların dış kaynak çalışanların yönetimini iyileştirdiğine ve ihtiyacı ne ölçüde karşıladığına yönelik detaylı bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bazı araştırmacılar, bu uygulamaların veri bütünlüğü, raporlama gibi fonksiyonlarının yetersiz olduğu yönünde görüşler sunmuş ve dış kaynak yönetiminin iyileştirilmesi için kullanılacak yazılım uygulamalarında gerekli analitik, raporlama fonksiyonlarına yer verilmesi ve veri bütünlüğünün sağlanması için gerekli çalışmaların yapılması gerektiğine değinmiştir. Ek olarak, literatürde, dış kaynak çalışan yönetiminde hazır yazılım paketi kullanmak istemeyen veya kendi iç yazılımını kullanmak isteyen firmalara yönelik referans bir uygulama tasarımı da yer almamaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, ilk olarak bankacılık, finans ve bilişim sektöründen farklı şirketlerdeki alanında uzman katılımcılarla literatürden derlenen problemler ve öneriler incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma neticesinde, uygulamanın müşteri ihtiyaçları (iş gereksinimleri) oluşturulmuş ve bu ihtiyaçlar katılımcılarla birlikte Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (Analytical Hierarchy Process) yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Uygulamanın yasal mevzuata uyum, raporlama, kaynak takibi ve kontrolü, operasyonel işlemlerin otomasyonu ve kullanıcı dostu arayüzü ana gereksinimleri ve bunlara bağlı alt gereksinimleri belirlenerek hiyerarşi ağacı çizilmiştir. Ardından, tüm AHP aşamaları uygulanarak ana gereksinimler ve alt gereksinimler için hesaplamalar yapılmış ve müşteri ihtiyaçlarının öncelik değerleri belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, AHP yöntemiyle öncelik değerleri belirlenen iş gereksinimlerine karşılık gelecek teknik gereksinimler, bilişim sektöründe uzman katılımcılardan oluşan Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi (KFG) proje grubuyla atölye çalışmaları yapılarak belirlenmiş ve teknik gereksinim listesi oluşturulmuştur. Belirlenen teknik gereksinimlerin müşteri ihtiyaçlarını ne ölçüde karşıladığını doğrulayabilmek içinse Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi yöntemi uygulanarak kalite evi oluşturulmuştur. Teknik gereksinim önceliklerinin müşteri ihtiyaçlarıyla paralel olması, uygulama tasarımını netleştirmeye yardımcı olmuştur. Ayrıca müşteri ihtiyaçlarının önceliklerinde herhangi bir değişiklik olması durumunda, teknik gereksinimlerin ne şekilde etkilendiğinin belirlenebilmesi için duyarlılık analizi de yapılmıştır. Süreç tasarımında ise, teknik gereksinimler ve müşteri gereksinimlerini içerecek şekilde, uygulama fonksiyonları gruplandırılmış ve yapılması gerekenler netleştirilmiştir. Uygulamanın süreç analizi aşamasında, Birleşik Modelleme Dili (Unified Modeling Language) diyagramları kullanılarak, süreç senaryoları ve veri akışı çizilmiştir. Süreç senaryolarının ardından, örnek veri tabanı tasarımı ve örnek mimari tasarım yapılmış; örnek arayüz tasarımları hazırlanmış ve üretime geçiş öncesi gerekli örnek test senaryoları oluşturulmuştur. Veri gizliliği sebebiyle, önerilen uygulama için maliyet hesaplamaları yapılamamış ancak örnek verilerle hesaplama yöntemine yer verilmiştir. Uygulamanın üretime geçiş stratejisi ise, ihtiyaçların öncelik derecelerine göre belirlenmiş ve MVP (minimum viable product) yaklaşımıyla oluşturulmuştur. Önerilen uygulama, veri gizliliği sebebiyle isimleri paylaşılamayacak bankacılık, finans ve bilişim alanlarında faaliyet gösteren 4 farklı şirkete kullandırtılmış ve bu şirketlerde yaklaşık 1,5 yıl sonra uygulamanın sağladığı katkıları ölçmek amacıyla bir anket yapılmıştır. Anket sonuçları, önerilen yazılım uygulamasının, yazılım uygulaması kullanılmayan döneme kıyasla pek çok alanda şirketlere fayda sağlayabileceğini göstermekte ve uygulamayı doğrulamaktadır. Literatürde, AHP ve KFG'nin entegre olduğu çalışmalar yer almaktadır; ancak bankacılık sektöründe dış kaynak kullanımına yönelik bir yazılım uygulamasının gereksinimlerinin belirlenip uygulama tasarımının yapılmasıyla ilgili bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Gelecek çalışmalar içerisinde, önerilen uygulamanın farklı uygulamalarla rekabet analizi yapılabilir, bankacılık sektörüyle karşılaştırarak haberleşme ve telekomünikasyon sektöründeki dış kaynak kullanımı incelenebilir. Ayrıca, çalışma kapsamında AHP ve KFG kombinasyonu kullanılmıştır, gelecek çalışmalarda yapısal yorumlayıcı modelleme gibi farklı teknikler kullanılarak karşılaştırması yapılabilir. Bu çalışma özgündür; çünkü bir bilgi sistemi tasarımında çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden olan AHP metodu ile birer tasarım bileşeni olan uygulama yazılımının fonksiyonları için önceliklendirme çalışması yapılmıştır. Çok kriterli karar verme teknikleri içerisinde AHP oldukça popülerdir ve farklı alanlarda kullanımı bulunmaktadır. Ek olarak, genellikle donanım ve fiziksel ürün geliştirmede kullanılan KFG yaklaşımıyla teknik gereksinimler ve kullanıcı ihtiyaçları eşleştirmesi yapılmıştır. AHP ve KFG'nin birlikte bilgi teknolojileri alanında sistem tasarımında kullanımı ise oldukça nadirdir. Bu iki teknik, işletme mühendisliği çerçevelerinde yer alan fiziksel ve soyut ürün tasarımı yaklaşımlarına örnek teşkil etmektedir. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, gereksinim mühendisliği yaklaşımı da sunmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, gereksinim mühendisliğinin ilgilendiği yazılım sisteminin hedefleri ve fonksiyonları belirlenmiş ve bunlar arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Bu açılardan bakıldığında, literatüre katkı sağlayabilecek ve gelecek çalışmalara referans olabilecek niteliktedir. Özetlemek gerekirse, tezin ilk bölümünde, ele alınan kavramlarla ilgili literatür araştırması sunulmuştur. Sonraki bölümlerde metodoloji ve araştırma adımları ile kullanılan teknikler açıklanmıştır. Analiz metodları ile elde edilen veriler ise üçüncü bölümde sunulmuştur. Son bölümde tartışma ve sonuçlara yer verilmiştir.
Effects of internal and external factors on green (environmental) consumer behavior

(Graduate School, 2023) Özdemir, Ezgi ; Burnaz, Şebnem ; 798402 ; Management Engineering Programme

In this study, it was aimed to analyze green (environmental) user behaviors by separating them into purchasing, recycling and using parameters and to determine the parameters affecting these behaviors. A comprehensive literature search was conducted and similar studies were examined.
The effects of the geopolitical risks on stocks: An assessment from finance, industry and it sectors in Turkey and BRİCS countries

(Graduate School, 2023) Ugur, Şule Nur ; Tokmakçıoğlu, Kaya ; 507181023 ; Management Engineering Programme

At time present time, while risk factors are determinant of the financial markets, they are generally expressed as potential losses in the literature. Geopolitical risk, which is count as one of the risk factors, pay much attention with the increasing chaoses, economic tensions and threats in the world. Before, geopolitical risk is perceived posed by geopolitical location; in today it's including risks also derive from social, political, economic and geographical location. From the view of the recent studies, geopolitical risk is in the top of the five critical risks worldwide and preceded cyber risk. Caldara and Iacoviello have created the geopolitical risk index to make sense of geopolitical risks in 2018. They divided risks into 6 sub-categories such as war, threat, terror and tension. In accordance with their results, higher geopolitical risk causes decreasing on the real activity of the economies and capital movements shifted to developed economies.(Caldara& Iacoviello,2018) Caldara and Iacoviello have raised awareness about geopolitical risks with their work and touched upon the effects of major geopolitical events. Geopolitical risks and the effects of uncertainties arising from these risks awareness will provide insights to investors and policy makers. The leading geopolitical risks announced in 2022 are as follows; covid-19, the power of technology companies, increasing wars and tensions, permanent inflation after covid, disruptions in production and supply problems. Based on these conditions, the scope of this study was determined as finance, technology and industrial companies. In the industry, finance and information technology sectors, the effects of changes in geopolitical risk and changes in stock markets in BRICS and Turkey countries have been examined comparatively. The strategic importance of the BRICS countries, the evidence in the literature that they are among the rapidly developing countries, the first emergence of Covid in China and the countries where the variants are most frequently seen are countries such as Brazil and South Africa, at the same time, BRICS geographical location and consist of the 40% of the world population. These factors have motivated to explore the relationship of geopolitical risk impacts on specific sectors in the BRICS countries. In addition, Turkey was among the 2022 geopolitical risk lists announced by the Times magazines. Toda Yamamoto causality test was used in the analysis of the study. Although the Granger test is the first causality test to enter the literature, Toda Yamamoto, unlike the Granger test, includes the variables in the analysis at their own level. This ensures that information loss is avoided in the long run, and both-sided causality testing can be done thanks to Toda Yamamoto. Therefore, examining the relationship with Toda Yamamoto will be meaningful in this respect. The VAR model was used for the Toda Yamamoto test. Based on the conclusions drawn from the VAR model results, it proceeded with appropriate unit tests such as OLS. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that there is no direct sector-based causality in the BRICS countries. For example, the increase in the geopolitical risk index in the information technology sector in Russia affects the change in information technology share prices. This could be related to the Russia-Ukraine war and the technological constraints imposed on Russia worldwide. While there is no direct causality between the stock markets in the BRICS countries and the geopolitical risk index in the examined sectors, it has been concluded that there is a bilateral causality relationship in almost every sector in Turkey.
Implications of NFV-SDN technology on the telecom sector in Turkey

(Graduate School, 2023-02-17) Çetin, Ahmet ; Gültekin, Derya ; Yıldırım, Nihan ; 507171001 ; Management Engineering

Network virtualization technologies are physical equipment with an ability to turn network functions running on dedicated software into any packaged software by eliminating these dependencies and running them virtually independently of the hardware. NFV (Network Function Virtualization) and SDN (Software Defined Network) concepts are architectures created for the virtualization of different network functions based on this basis. They are positioned as the technological advancements that are expected to serve as leverage for service providers to quickly deploy necessary new network functions or quickly expand their existing capacities. Moreover, there is an expectation that network virtualization technologies will have a disruptive impacts brining structural changes to telecommunication industry. With respect to the rapid response ability that is enabled by NFV and SDN technologies, Communication Service Providers (CSPs) can reduce their Operational Expenditures (OPEX). With network virtualization technologies, Telecom service providers will be able to start positioning their infrastructures to work entirely on Cloud systems, and hence to expand faster and scale more easily. By utilizing this ability, it will be possible to make configuration changes of functions that work over a common hardware pool instead of functions that are in communication with independent hardware have its own advantages. Such as automating operational needs or the inclusion of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies in the future is possible. Even more the ability to self-managing the entire network with artificial intelligence will also be possible. In light of all these effects, it is argued that NFV/SDN technologies will be positioned as a 'disruptive technology' due to the expectations on their potential for changing the entire hardware equipment market and operational activities in the Telecom sector. In this context, this thesis study aims to understand how the changes that will occur with NFV/SDN technology adoption can affect and shape the telecommunication industry in Turkey. For this aim, we first analyzed the government policies and support activities of the telecommunications industry in Turkey to understand the current position of the Turkish Telecom industry. Concerning the lack of policies and unclear support activities by the government, we focused on the possible deployment scenarios of NFV/SDN technologies and their benefits and adoption patterns. Regarding to the literature review, it was analyzed 6 scenarios' deployment possibilities and their adoption which scenarios are; Virtual network platform as a service, Virtualisation of Core network, Virtualisation of the mobile base station, Virtual network function as a service, Virtualisation of Content Delivery Networks, Network Function Virtualisation Infrastructure as a Service. Expert opinions are collected by a Delphi questionnaire that was prepared based on the literature review. Before the Delphi survey, three experts from the industry were interviewed and their opinions on the structure of the survey were taken. Before proceeding to the first phase of the questionnaire, a pre-survey was conducted with selected experts and the clarity of the questions and the suitability of the structure to the participants were analyzed. Then, the online survey was executed in two rounds and delivered to the participants via e-mails. The dataset consisted 33 and 26 cases in the first and second rounds of the questionnaire, respectively. The data were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative methods. For validity, the standard deviations between the answers were calculated as the steps of quantitative analysis, the mean values and the consensus ratios of the answers and the correlations between the answers were found. As qualitative analysis; a clustering and grouping process completed with regarding to the codes analyzed from the responses. After the Delphi survey, concerning the findings about the possible deployment scenarios in Turkey, it was analyzed possible economic opportunities. Regarding the IDATE cost breakdown model, it was analyzed if the Network Infrastructure spending is expected to move to the virtual network infrastructure and which technology type is expected to move on virtualization most. The findings revealed that that the implementation of core network virtualization through NFV/SDN utilization is the most anticipated scenario among the network virtualization scenarios in Turkey. Although it is thought that the automation and use of artificial intelligence brought by virtualization will start after 2025 with low impact, the expectation that virtual core networks will be available in at least half of the network by 2025 outweighs. Although Delphi survey did not reveal a need for much change in the current regulations, still need for policy and legislation development occurred as a requirement. According to the results; the protection of the existing trained human resources which endangered by brain-drain, and the adverse effects of the economic recession seem to be the biggest obstacles to the increase in the prevalence of network virtualization technologies.
Finans sektöründe çevik proje yönetimini iyileştirmede kullanılan araç seçim kararına yönelik bir uygulama

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023-02-27) Harputlu, Kenan Can ; Aşıcı, Ahmet Atıl ; 507161036 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Ürün ve yazılım gelişmeleri, teknolojinin ve rekabetin de artışı ile birlikte ilerlemektedir. Firmaların; bu ilerleyişe bağlı olarak, ürün değişkenliklerini daha hızlı adapte edebilme, proje takım üyelerinin proje yönetimi ve takibini kolaylaştırma, verimliliği, ürün kalitesini ve müşteri memnuniyetini arttırma ve maliyet yapılarını daha aza indirgeme gibi ihtiyaçları ortaya çıkmaktadır. COVID-19 pandemisi, üretimlerin devamlılığı için şirketlerin ve ekiplerin organizasyon ve çalışma yapılarında değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Binlerce katılımcı arasında yapılan araştırmalar, özellikle bilişim teknolojileri alanında çalışan ekiplerin küçük bir kısmının ofise geri dönüş sağladığını, kalanların ise uzaktan ya da hibrit olarak çalışmalarını yürüttüğünü göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla firmalarda çalışan dağıtık ekiplerin oranı gitgide artmaktadır. Gün geçtikçe daha fazla organizasyon bu çalışma modeli değişikliği ve bahsedilen bu ihtiyaçlar karşısında çevik metodolojileri benimsemektedir. Yalnızca bilişim teknolojileri alanlarında değil donanım geliştirme, inşaat ve gayrimenkul, eğitim ve hizmet sektörü, imalat sektörü, sinema, müzik, mobil içerik ve video oyunları gibi yaratıcı endüstriler, tedarik zinciri yönetimi, üst-düzey yönetim, endüstriyel dizayn, ürün tasarımı, simülasyon modelleme gibi farklı alanlarda da çevik metolodojiler benimsenmektedir. Operasyon, pazarlama, insan kaynakları ve satış gibi farklı birimlerin de çevik metodolojileri benimsediği gözlemlenmektedir. Çevik metodolojilerin benimsenmesi ile gelen birçok fayda bulunmaktadır. Proje ekiplerinin dahili ve harici belirsizliklere karşı daha hızlı aksiyon almaları, ekiplerin gelişim ve değişimlere daha hızlı yanıt verebilmeleri ve projelerin sürekli olarak planlanıp geliştirilebilmesi bunlardan bazılarıdır. Öte yandan, dağıtık ekiplerin yönetimi, ekip içi işbirliğinin artması ve ekiplerin daha etkin bir şekilde organize olabilmeleri, ekip içi çıkar çatışmalarının azalması diğer faydalar olarak belirtilebilir. Öte yandan, dağıtık ekiplerin yönetimi, ekip içi iş birliğinin artması ve ekiplerin daha etkin bir şekilde organize olabilmeleri, ekip içi çıkar çatışmalarının azalması diğer faydalar olarak belirtilebilir. Müşteri memnuniyeti ve çıktı kalitesi açısından, paydaşlar arası işbirliğinin ve müşteri memnuniyetinin artması, kısa aralıklı ve daha sık yapılan testler ile ürün kalitesinde iyileşme sağlanır. Hızlı adaptasyonlar ile yeniden çalışmaların ortadan kaldırılması ve daha az kaynak kullanımı ile proje maliyetlerinin azaltılmasına katkı sağlanır. Projelerin zamanında teslim edilmesine, minimum dokümantasyon ile proje ekibinin zamandan tasarruf etmesine ve ürünlerin en kısa sürede teslim edilebilmesine olanak sağlanır. Ek olarak, her döngü sonrası yapılan durum değerlendirme toplanları ve müşteri geri bildirimleri sayesinde proje ekiplerinin performans değerlendirmeleri ve performans görünürlüğünün artması gibi faydaları bulunmaktadır. Son olarak, proje görünürlüğünün artması, bireysel ekip üyelerinin proje uygulamalarında sorumluluk almaya teşvik edilmesi, ekip üyelerinin kişisel gelişimlerini desteklemesi gibi birçok faydadan bahsedilmektedir. Çevik metodolojilerin kullanımında bazı dezavantajların olduğu belirtilmiştir. Dokümantasyonun azlığı sebebiyle ekiplerde bilgi birikimi yetersizliği oluşmaktadır. Bu durum, edinilen bilgilerin firma içerisindeki transferini zorlaştırırken, ilerleyen süreçlerde ekibe katılan kişiler açısından geliştirme için izlenen asıl yöntemi anlamaları açısından zorlayıcı olabilir. Geleneksel veya bürokratik yöntemleri benimsemiş firmalar için, paydaşlar arasındaki ve ekip içi iş birliğinin ve iletişimin benimsenmesi zorlayıcı olabilmektedir. Ayrıca, finansal kuruluşlardaki denetimler sebebiyle dokümantasyon ve bilgi varlığının dijital bir ortamda korunması, izlenebilir olması önemlidir. Kuruluşların önce kendi yapılarını, kültürlerini, sistemlerini ini hazır hale getirmeleri gerekmektedir. Bazı sektörler özelinde uygulanacak değişikliklerin test aşamalarının daha zor olabileceği, etkilerinin daha büyük ve maliyet değişikliğinin daha çok olabileceği belirtilmektedir, dolayısıyla çevik metodolojilerin uygulanabilmesi için doğru sektör ve uygulamanın seçilmesi de önemlidir. Çevik metotlarla yürütülmüş proje tecrübesi eksikliği, yetersiz eğitim ve alıştırma gibi konular da yine ekiplerin ve firmaların çevik metodolojileri uygulamasında ve benimsemesinde zorluklar meydana getirmektedir. Bu avantajların ya da dezavantajların iyileştirilmesi için bazı çevik proje yönetim araçlarından faydalanılmaktadır. Bu çevik araçlar sayesinde, ekiplerin performans ölçümlenmesi yapılabilir ve ekipler kendi iş takiplerini yapabilecekleri günlük aktivitelerini yönetebilirler. Yöneticiler bu araçlar sayesinde, geliştirme belgeleri olmadan dahi proje ilerleyişini ve ürün kalitesini takip edebilirler. Bilgileri hızlı ve verimli şekilde yöneterek bilgi paylaşımı yapabilme, raporlama yapabilme, proje statü takibi, sprint planlama, ürün iş listesindeki öğelerin ihtiyaca göre önceliklendirilmesi sağlanır. Task bazlı işlerin tamamlanma veya devam durumlarına göre statü takibi, dashboardlar sayesinde takım üyelerine ve yöneticilerine proje özetine kolay erişim sağlama, yöneticiler tarafından ekiplerin yaptıkları iş özelinde şeffaf takibini yapabilmesi sağlanır. Hata izleme, zaman takibi, ihtiyaç duyulan bilgileri daha hızlı bulabilme imkanı sağlaması, tarihsel veri tabanı oluşturabilmesi proje portföyüne hızlı erişim gibi olanaklar sağlar. Geri bildirim alabilme, gereksinimleri hızlı filtreleyebilme, önemli figürlerin otomatik oluşturulması, tahminleme yapabilmesi, kart duvarı, kullanıcı hikayelerine dayalı uygulamara destek sağlaması gibi ihtiyaca yönelik birçok özelliği sayesinde çevik araçların kullanımı önem kazanmakta ve gün geçtikçe daha da benimsenmektedir. Literatürde çevik yönetim araçlarının kullanıldığı sektör ya da uygulamalara yönelik çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Ek olarak, hazır çözüm çevik araçların karşılaştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar bulunmaktadır; fakat bu çevik araçlarda hangi kriterlerin olması gerektiğine dair yapılmış bir Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi çalışması bulunmamaktadır. Finans sektörünün, regülasyonlara tabi tutulması ve rekabete dayalı bir sektör olması sebebiyle özelleştirilmiş ve iyi analiz edilmiş kriterlere sahip çevik proje araçlarına ihtiyacı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Literatürde yapılan araştırmalar neticesinde finans veya finans bilişim sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmalar için çevik proje yönetim araçlarının kriterleri üzerine yapılmış bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma ile hem literatüre bu anlamda katkı sağlamak hem de sürekli rekabet halinde olan finans veya finans bilişim sektöründeki firmaların çevik proje geliştirme süreçlerine yardımcı olacak en uygun aracı seçmelerindeki çok kriterli karar problemine yardımcı olunması hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda öncelikle çevik proje yönetimi kavramları, tanımı, tarihçesi, avantajları ve dezavantajları ile ilgili literatür taranmıştır. Geleneksel yaklaşımlar ile çevik yaklaşımlar karşılaştırılmış ve çevik proje yaklaşımın tercih edilme sebepleri incelenmiştir. Finans ve finans bilişim sektöründeki firmalarda bu metodolojinin yaygın olarak kullanıldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bunun neticesinde çalışma daraltılarak, finans sektöründe çevik proje yönetim araçlarının kullanılma nedenleri araştırılmıştır. Literatürde, finans ve finansa hizmet sağlayan bilişim sektöründeki firmaların yoğun denetimlere tabi tutulması, yasal gereksinimler ve sıfır kesinti (7/24 hizmet) politikası sebebiyle çevik proje yönetim araçlarına yöneldiği ve bilgi varlığını korumaya çalıştığı belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca, firmaların çevik proje araçlarına doğru yatırım yapmasıyla kurumlardaki riskin minimize edilebileceği, iyi dokümantasyon ile sağlıklı bir veri tabanının oluşturulabileceği ve takımların birbirleri ile daha iyi iletişim kurarak hızlı çıktı sağlayabileceğine yönelik öneriler yer almaktadır. Bu öneriler değerlendirilerek, finans ve finans bilişim sektöründeki firmalar için en uygun çevik proje yönetim aracını seçebilmek adına bir çalışma grubu oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışma grubunda finans ve finans bilişim sektöründe alanında uzman katılımcılar yer almaktadır. Yapılan atölye çalışmaları kapsamında, çevik metodoloji zorlukları ve kullanım nedenleri incelenerek uygulamalarda ihtiyaç duyulan müşteri gereksinimleri belirlenmiştir. Bu gereksinimler detaylandırılarak atölye grubu ile birlikte Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi uygulanmıştır. Bilgi paylaşımı ve iletişim, dashboard yönetimi ve raporlama, ürün iş listesi(backlog) yönetimi, sprint planlama ve iş takibi ve entegrasyon müşteri ana gereksinimleri ile bu ana gereksinimlerin tüm alt gereksinimleri bir araya getirilmiş ve hiyerarşi oluşturulmuştur. Ardından, belirtilmiş olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi aşamaları ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi uygulanarak her bir kriterin önem değeri hesaplanmış ve önem değerine göre sıralama yapılmıştır. Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Bulanık entegrasyonu uygulamalarının ardından, finans ve finans bilişim sektöründe çevik yönetim araçlarını kullanan farklı profildeki kişiler ile bir anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiş olup, Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ile belirlenen öncelik derecelerinin bu anket yoluyla da doğrulanması hedeflenmiştir. Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi'nin uygulanması sonucunda, tarihsel veri kaydı en öncelikli kriter iken kişi veya gruba task atama en az öncelikli kriterdir. 152 katılımcı ile yapılan anketin sonucunda kriterlerin öncelik sıralamaları benzer şekildedir. Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi uygulanmasının ardından bir atölye çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu atölye çalışmasında, finans bilişim sektöründe çalışan uzmanlar ile birlikte önem değerleri belirlenen kriterler baz alınarak, ilgili firmanın kendi iç çevik uygulaması ile satın alma süreçlerini yürütmekte oldukları farklı bir dış uygulama arasında karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, finans ve finans bilişim sektöründe bulunan firmalarda, çevik proje araçlarının geliştirilmesi veya satın almadaki seçim sürecinde bu kriter önem değerleri kullanılarak karar verme süreci tamamlanabilir ve bu firmalar için en uygun çevik yönetim araç belirlenebilir.
Corporate innovation and intrapreneurship structuring: An exploratory research

(Graduate School, 2023-05-03) İnsel, Rabia ; Çebi, Ferhan ; 507191026 ; Management Engineering

Today, change has accelerated all over the world and has become multi-dimensional. The rapid and interactive process of change in political, social, cultural, and economic fields comes to the fore as processes such as quick action in business management, quick decision making, and providing a dynamic and more flexible structure to management. The word strategy is a war term and comes from the Greek word "strategia". In recent years, worldwide businesses have had to think more strategically, and give more importance to strategic planning and decision-making in the face of intense competition arising from reasons such as globalization and rapid technological developments. The main purpose of today's world businesses is to develop strategies and methods and reach the goals and objectives of the business by ensuring that the best service and product are delivered to customers in an efficient and effective way. In order for businesses to keep up with these changes, they must have a long-term vision and include innovation in this vision. Innovation is derived from the Latin word "innovatus". Innovation is defined by the European Commission in 1995 as a marketable, new or improved product, method or service introduced at the end of the transformation process. According to world-renowned management scientist Peter F. Drucker, innovation is a transformation tool. Innovation is the basis for developing and changing a product, production, idea or need. It is the development of new products, the conversion of new ideas into money, the meeting of the needs of the market, the provision of human resources, and the creation of a management process for the institution that proceeds in parallel with science-technology-R&D. The need for rapid access to information with changing and developing technology draw attention to the importance of innovative approach and innovative corporate culture. While providing a competitive advantage in the market, it also provides the emergence of a business model. Firms that want to gain permanent competitive advantage need process improvement and service innovation. All these requirements show the need for companies for an innovation strategy. The innovation strategy enables the organization to structure innovation to optimize and gives innovation a system within the organization. It sets out a roadmap for the future the company aims for. Companies without an innovation strategy run the risk of losing their market edge over time. In the innovation strategy, which is a part of the corporate strategy, the challenges are determined and innovation areas are defined according to the needs of the institution. Intrapreneurship is also part of this strategy. Intrapreneurship is the generation of ideas and projects within a certain corporate organization without leaving the institution they work voluntarily. It is a fairly new concept, but it has developed rapidly and has entered thousands of organizations and economies around the world. It encourages employees to think outside the box while keeping their ideas safe within the organization. While not all new ideas have potential, the organization can motivate its employees to think innovatively. Thus, the culture instilled in employees can have a tremendous impact on the growth and perhaps a revival of a particular business. In this study, the relationship between corporate strategy, corporate innovation, and intrapreneurship structuring was questioned and exploratory research was conducted. To gather data, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 innovation professionals in different sectors and positions. To ensure the impartiality of the study the Text Summarization Algorithm is utilized. Then, each answer summary was explained accordingly and overall responses were extracted. Furthermore, The word frequency table was constructed and illustrated to yield a comprehensive picture of the study.
Finding more prominent leadership traits to achieve a sustainable organization using the AHP method

(Graduate School, 2023-05-16) Aluç, Muhammet Abdullah ; Akdağ Camgöz, Hatice ; 507201084 ; Management Engineering

Prioritizing the enhancement of people's quality of life and environmental concerns have become crucial issues for organizations who want to survive into the twenty-first century. Social, political, environmental, and technological paradigms are constantly changing and these unstable contexts have deeply affected organizations. Overcoming political unrest, social inequalities, and inexorable exploitation of natural resources, have forced organizations to require new thoughts and actions; organizations can only remain in existence if they prioritize being environmentally and socially aware. This awareness acquired by organizations has been created thanks to the United Nations' considerable efforts, namely, the Stockholm Conference, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Bruntland Commission, The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Earth Summits and lastly Paris Climate Agreement-Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) over the years. Miscellaneous standards and initiatives that comprise environmental, social, and governance (ESG) topics have been created for organizations to be more conscious. The most fundamental standard is the ISO 9001 Quality Management System (QMS), which provides a blueprint for organizations to meet their quality requirements, paving the way for all of the ESG topics to be covered. The ISO 9001 QMS has fundamental principles that are closely related to sustainability issues like 'engagement of people', 'improvement', 'process approach', and 'leadership'. Moreover, experts, scholars, and researchers have deemed that endorsement and leadership of top managers are crucial in QMS, and leaders who have 'transformational leadership' traits will thrive leading sustainability topics. Within the scope of this thesis, we have scrutinized transformational leadership traits as criteria and its' 16 subcriteria. We have developed an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model regarding transformational leadership traits and its sub-criteria that was appraised by 10 respondents. The respondents group has incorporated sustainability consultants, experts, and managers and they have wanted to find pre-eminent manager traits for their organization. Respondents evaluated that survey which asked, "Which of the leadership traits is considered more important and how much more?". We expected to find the relative importance of the criteria and sub-criteria by the respondents during the finding prominent leadership traits process. At the end of the AHP model calculation, we ordered the weights made by the respondents based on how significant they were. According to the survey results and the AHP model calculations we have provided, 'inspirational motivation' has more importance with 55% value than the other leadership traits. Furthermore, as being sub-criteria 'cultivating a creative work environment', 'articulating followers' vision', and 'using motivational concepts' leadership traits were distinguished behavioral components of leaders. This thesis aimed to find leaders' prominent attitudes by asking selected respondents 'which behavioral components of transformational leadership take a prominent place in achieving a sustainable organization.
The effects of loyalty programs on customer loyalty in automotive industry

(Graduate School, 2023-06-23) Erdemoğlu, Aslınur ; Karaosmanoğlu, Elif ; 507191006 ; Management Engineering

The fundamental concepts of customer satisfaction, brand loyalty, and brand association serve as the cornerstones of the companies' marketing strategies. To ensure to have those concepts in their businesses, companies need to place the customer into the center, and implement their marketing strategy with considering these cornerstones effectively. Understanding and assessing the demands, actions, and qualities of the customer is the first step for putting customer into the focus. By gathering, examining, and utilizing the behavioral and characteristic data, brands can enhance their performance. One of the important strategies to implement customer data management within the operations, is customer loyalty program. With loyalty programs, the companies can increase their sales revenues and utilization or purchasing of the products and services. Various businesses such as airlines, retailers and banks develop loyalty programs in order to keep the customer loyal to their brands. One of the key players in the market, automotive companies, also integrate loyalty programs within their strategy. However, there is not sufficient amount of research in the literature that mentions the usage of car brand loyalty programs and clearly demonstrates the impacts of loyalty programs on customer loyalty by taking customer satisfaction into account. In this dissertation, the impacts of the car brand loyalty programs on customer loyalty were assessed with a survey and previous literature-based research. There were a total of 331 people answered the survey. To fully comprehend the impact of loyalty programs on customer satisfaction, the three main benefits of the programs -utilitarian, symbolic, and hedonic-were initially grouped. After doing so, the relation between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty were examined to figure out the main goal of the study. The studies of the data revealed a favorable relationship between customer satisfaction and the utilitarian, symbolic, and hedonistic advantages of the loyalty program. Additionally, the study demonstrated that customer loyalty grows as customer satisfaction does. The additional variables (gender, age, education level, income group, job, owned car brand, car ownership period and service visit frequency of the customers) were also tested to observe whether they have an impact of the research model. The results showed that customer loyalty differs according to the car ownership period and job of the customer. Besides these, there was not any other significant difference amongst the variables. During the research, the reasons for not participating in a car brand loyalty program and the preferences of non-members for loyalty program features were also discovered. Lack of information, a lack of perceived need for a loyalty program, the absence of any existing loyalty programs, and the absence of any appealing offers that attract customers are the most frequent excuses given for not enrolling in a loyalty program. Additionally, non-member clients prefer to sign up for a loyalty program that allows for easy registration, benefits for regular use, and point collection.
Sustainable purchasing criteria importance rank determination with fuzzy cognitive mapping and max diff analysis

(Graduate School, 2023-08-23) Ercan, Furkan ; Ülengin, Kemal Burç ; 507181012 ; Management Engineering

Sustainability has emerged as a paramount concern in contemporary business and supply chain management, necessitating the adoption of sustainable practices throughout the procurement process. Sustainable purchasing involves integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations into procurement decisions, with the aim of minimizing negative impacts on the environment and society while maximizing value for the organization and its stakeholders. The development and implementation of sustainable purchasing criteria are crucial for guiding procurement decisions and promoting sustainability within supply chains. These criteria encompass various factors, including but not limited to energy efficiency, waste reduction, fair labor practices, supplier diversity, and the use of environmentally friendly materials. By incorporating these criteria, organizations can prioritize sustainability goals and contribute to broader sustainable development objectives. Determining the importance ranks of sustainable purchasing criteria is essential for effective decision-making and resource allocation. Several methods, such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), can be employed to assess the relative significance of different criteria. Ranking sustainable purchasing criteria allows organizations to identify priority areas and make informed procurement decisions that align with their sustainability objectives. Moreover, it facilitates the implementation of sustainability initiatives, enabling organizations to reduce their ecological footprint and foster responsible business practices. In this paper, sustainable purchasing criteria will be examined under three main headings: economic, environmental and social. There are seven criteria under these main headings. Sustainable purchasing criteria will be ranked according to their importance with Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) and Max Diff Analysis methods. With this study, it is aimed to determine the importance levels of sustainable purchasing criteria, obtained by the participation of surveys of expert buyers in Turkey, by FCM and Max-Diff Analysis. A web-based survey was conducted to start these analyses. The data was obtained through the survey. It was desired to obtain meaningful quantitative information with the help of qualitative data and analyzes obtained by the questionnaire. With the Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping method, the criteria under each subheading were ranked according to their importance. It was requested from the participants to enter the effect of each criterion on the other criteria with the help of matrices, and with the help of iteration with the activation matrix, the importance levels of the criteria were determined according to the effect relations with each other. In Max Diff analysis, on the other hand, the participants were asked to choose the sustainable purchasing criteria as the least effective - the most effective in groups among themselves, and the importance levels of these criteria were determined accordingly. According to analyses, importance ranks are given below: For economic criteria, in both analyses, E2 – Quality of Service/Products is the most important criteria among other economic criteria, E1 – Competitive Price follows it. Rank results are very parallel. For environmental criteria, in both analyses, EN1 – Environmental Management System Compliance is the most important criteria among other environmental criteria. In Max Diff analysis, EN2 – Production Input Management Competency Level comes second where in Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping, EN3 – Recycling Management Competency Level follows EN1. For Social Criteria, in Max Diff Analysis, S3 – Product/Service Responsibility Level is the most important and S5 – Compliance with Ethical Issues is the second most important criteria. In Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping, S5 – Compliance with Ethical Issues is the most important where S2 – Human Rights Compliance Level is the second important criteria. In the future, all large, medium and small sized companies will need to adapt to sustainable purchasing criteria. And with this study, in the period when the concept of sustainability gains importance in the future, it is tried to determine how the importance levels of purchasing criteria are relative to each other.
Global goals, local voices: A multinational comparative sentiment and topic analysis of public transportation in the context of SDGs

(Graduate School, 2024-05-28) Aksan, Aslıgül ; Akdağ Camgöz, Hatice ; 507201065 ; Management Engineering

In the contemporary world, public transportation emerges as a fundamental component of societal infrastructure and becomes a critical driver of economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equity. The increasing demand for public transportation, population growth, and urbanization underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of public sentiment toward these services. Such insights are crucial for governments to align service offerings with public expectations and optimize resource allocation. This thesis delves into the exploration and analysis of public opinion on public transportation in five culturally and geographically diverse countries, using data collected from Twitter. By applying advanced techniques in natural language processing, specifically sentiment analysis and topic modeling, the study aims to examine public perception, identifying areas of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. This analysis not only promises to offer valuable insights for enhancing transportation services but also aims to contribute to the broader discourse on sustainable development, aligning with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The use of social media data in this research underscores the potential of digital platforms as rich sources of public opinion, offering a novel approach through which urban planning and policy-making can be informed and enriched. This thesis builds upon key theories and models of sentiment analysis, topic modeling, and public transportation research. A significant research gap identified is the application of NLP techniques, to understand public opinions on public transportation systems. The thesis aims to bridge this gap by analyzing public sentiment and issues related to public transportation, thereby contributing to the understanding of public perception and its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals. This approach challenges the current scope of sentiment analysis and topic modeling applications by extending them into the domain of public transportation. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative insights. It focuses on sentiment analysis and topic modeling of tweets to determine public opinions about public transportation in the UK, USA, India, South Africa, and Australia. Data collection involved gathering 406,005 tweets via the Twitter API from January 1, 2021, to March 31, 2023, focusing on the terms 'public transportation' and 'public transport.' These tweets, characterized by their dates, user locations, and text content, underwent preprocessing, including cleaning and normalization steps like removing URLs, emojis, and stop words and applying stemming and lemmatization. The study then utilized the RoBERTa language model for sentiment analysis and Latent Dirichlet Allocation for topic modeling. The outcome of this analysis was then paired with relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets to assess progress and perceptions in five different countries towards sustainable public transportation. The key findings reveal significant public concerns about transportation costs, infrastructure quality, safety, and service quality across the studied nations: the UK, USA, India, South Africa, and Australia. Notably, in the UK and Australia, mandatory use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic received mixed reactions, indicating varying public perceptions of health safety measures in public transport. The study also uncovered specific challenges like women's safety in public transport in India and South Africa, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. Furthermore, the adoption of electric buses in India reflects a significant shift towards sustainable transportation. These findings have profound implications for policymakers and stakeholders in the transportation sector. They underscore the need for inclusive, equitable, and sustainable transportation policies that address public concerns and align with Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in ensuring safety, affordability, and accessibility in public transportation. The thesis offers pivotal insights into public perceptions of public transportation, uncovering the diverse impacts of geographic, cultural, and policy factors. Key findings reveal significant regional variations in sentiment and priorities, with safety, infrastructure, and costs emerging as universal concerns. The study's novel approach in pairing public sentiment with specific Sustainable Development Goals highlights the role of public transportation in achieving broader societal objectives, including gender equality, education, and public health. This work significantly contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive, data-driven understanding of public transportation issues across various contexts, enhancing our grasp of how different factors play in shaping public opinion. The research lays the groundwork for future explorations into a broader, multi-lingual analysis of public transportation, extending to other service sectors and evolving user behaviors.
A simulation-based staff scheduling analysis for call centersin cargo industry

(Graduate School, 2024-06-07) Kandaz, Ömer Faruk ; Özcan, Tuncay ; 507201060 ; Management Engineering

Call center staff scheduling problems have been studied frequently on a regular basis for many years. Call centers generally conduct their business on customers by delivering service. Problems occur especially when the density of queues is high, causing long waiting times. In terms of customer satisfaction, this outcome is undesirable. One of the reasons that causes this outcome is the inefficient personnel/job scheduling. In call centers, most of the time, the demand of service is inhomogeneous. Therefore, the incoming number of calls varies depending on the time interval of the day, in which the firm operates. The aim of this thesis is to understand appropriately how a call center operates and generate effective and efficient solutions by employing simulation. The raw data regarding the call center operations were first acquired which contained several important aspects that are beneficial to capture the behavior of the system and propose a better alternative to it. Gathered raw data had incoming call dates and several other statistical records that were kept. Firstly, this data was analyzed using MATLAB. Subsequent calculations on Matlab made it possible to put the resulting data that illustrate different aspects of the queue to the ARENA simulation program as inputs. To achieve effective and efficient scheduling, the incoming calls were categorized based on different time intervals by taking the density of calls into account across a day for 27 days. Afterward, input analysis was conducted on the ARENA Input Analyzer tool to get the best-fit distributions that were necessary in order to create a successful simulation analysis. After processes were clearly defined and mapped on ARENA, several simulation parameters were calculated and considered before conducting the analysis, one of which stands for huge importance in terms of reliability and accuracy of the outcomes, which was determining the appropriate number of replications. The results showed that there was insufficient number of employees working at that time. Additionally, employee scheduling was not conducted in an efficient way. These were the main reasons why bottlenecks occurred in the first place. In order to reinforce the solutions, a scenario analysis was conducted. Additional three scenarios were included in the simulation program and all of the scenarios were compared against each other in terms of KPIs. Finally, results showed that the simulation conducted appeared to be appropriate, and represented the overall system successfully. The scenario analysis illustrated thatrelaxing the bottleneck could be achieved when effective and efficient job scheduling is conducted. Moreover, the outcomes also indicated that customer satisfaction could be achieved by improving the existing system according to the simulation results presented. In the first section, an entry to the call center staff scheduling problem has been made. In section 2, a literature study was conducted in order to see the span and spread of techniques employed to solve the problem. A comprehensive study was conducted to see the blindspots in literature. These studies were heavily analyzed, and the outcomes were clearly illustrated. It was deducted from these studies that the use of simulation would be appropriate, specifically, discrete-event simulation. In Section 3, the methodology is proposed. After determining which technique to employ in order to solve the problem, related academic books were analyzed to come up with a fine approach to the problem. In Section 4, after creating the framework to follow, the simulation application was conducted. Firstly, the raw data was pre-processed and analyzed in Matlab, the descriptive statistics were presented, and the results were given to the ARENA simulation program to conduct input analysis. Input analysis included conducting data analysis, and determining best-fit distributions. Data analysis and finding best-fit distributions are crucially important because the ultimate aim when conducting a simulation analysis is to create an artificial system that perfectly reflects the original one. Because the raw data acquired showed seasonality and, therefore needed to be more carefully analyzed. Best-fit distributions were found for the five main data categories which were call durations, interarrival times, waiting time for missed calls, assignment time to the queue, and connection waiting time from the queue to the operator. The application chapter also included creating a process flow chart. After the system is conceptualized and input analysis is conducted, the process flow chart, which also reflects the actual simulation model that needs to be built, was drawn. Subsequently, the ARENA model was created. In the ARENA model, along with several other aspects, one main parameter was to define the minimum necessary number of replications. In order to do that, some statistical calculations and comparisons were made, and the minimum necessary number of replications was found. Finally, output and scenario analysis were conducted to better capture the the effects of changes made in order to improve the overall system. Important KPIs were collected and run for four scenarios. It seemed that waiting time in queues was caused by the insufficient number of employees working without an appropriate schedule. Additionally, this caused the problem of long waiting times in queues, in other words, bottlenecks, which also decreased the customer satisfaction level. Scenario analysis pointed out the existing system and proposed better alternatives in the subsequent scenarios in terms of KPIs. According to the results of the scenario analysis, the firm needs to hire more personnel and schedule those effectively and efficiently, as illustrated in this thesis to improve the overall call center operations. All the necessary figures and tables regarding the simulation application were given in Section 4. Additionally, in Section 5, the results of this thesis were presented and suggestions for future studies were given.
Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri performansının değerlendirilmesinde SCOR modelinin incelenmesi

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-06-24) Çalışır, Ceyda ; Çelebi, Dilay ; 507211044 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Günümüzde değişen teknolojik, ekonomik, sosyal, yasal, politik ve çevresel değişiklikler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda; maliyetlerin yönetilmesi, rekabet avantajının sağlanması, müşteri memnuniyetinin arttırılması gibi etmenler değerlendirildiğinde tedarik zinciri yönetimi giderek önem kazanmaktadır. SCOR Modeli, tedarik zinciri yönetiminde kritik rol oynayan ve endüstri standardı olma özelliği taşıyan bir referans modeldir. İşletmelerin tedarik zinciri faaliyetlerini ölçmelerine, analiz etmelerine ve iyi uygulama örneklerini referans alarak iyileştirmeler yapmalarına olanak tanıyan bu model tedarik zincirlerinin karmaşıklığını yönetmek, süreçleri standartlaştırmak ve performansı ölçmek için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde tedarik zinciri yönetiminde sürdürülebilirlik kavramı kritik bir rol oynamaya başlamıştır. Tedarik zincirlerinde çevresel etkilerin azaltılması, sosyal sorumluluğun sürdürülmesi ve ekonomik olarak sürdürülebilir iş modellerinin oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, SCOR modelinin sürdürülebilirlik ilkelerini bünyesine katması, tedarik zinciri yönetiminde uzun süreli başarının elde edilmesinde yüksek öneme sahiptir. SCOR modelinin güncel 12. sürümü sürdürülebilirlik kavramını da kapsayacak şekilde düzenlenmiştir. SCOR modelinin mevcut ölçütleri incelendiğinde, genellikle çevresel ve ekonomik boyutları kapsadığı fakat sosyal ölçütleri yeteri kadar içermediği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, SCOR Modeli'nin güncel sürümünün sürdürülebilirlik unsurlarını ne ölçüde kapsadığını eleştirel bir şekilde değerlendirerek, çevresel ve ekonomik boyutların yanında sosyal boyutların da güçlendirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında literatür taraması ve eleştirel analizler yapılarak çelik yaprak yay üretimi yapan otomotiv yan sanayi şirketinde vaka analizi çalışması gerçekleştirilmiş ve sürdürülebilirliğin sosyal boyutuna ilişkin ölçüt önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. Vaka analizi çalışmasında değerlendirilen "sosyal sürdürülebilirlik" maddeleri GRI 400'deki sosyal konulara ilişkin beyanlar referans alınarak yapılmıştır. Sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin maddeleri vaka analizi yapılan firmadaki sürdürülebilirlik komitesine bulunduğu sektörü göz önünde bulunduracak şekilde önem ve öncelik durumuna göre sıralandırılmıştır. Pareto analizi yapılarak en yüksek önem sıralamasına sahip maddeler tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, SCOR modelinin sürdürülebilirlik yönlerine dair kapsamlı bir eleştirel değerlendirme sunarak, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetimi literatürünü genişletmekte ve sosyal boyutların SCOR Modeli ile bütünleştirilmesine yönelik teorik bir çerçeve önermektedir. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda şirketlerin tedarik zinciri faaliyetlerini sürdürülebilir bir şekilde iyileştirmelerine yardımcı olacak somut ölçütler sağlayarak, sürdürülebilirlik ilkelerinin tedarik zincirleri performans yönetimi uygulamaları ile bütünleştirilmesi için pratik bir yol haritası sunmayı hedeflemektedir.

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