LEE- Mimari Tasarım-Doktora
Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI
Gözat
Son Başvurular
1 - 5 / 9
-
ÖgeThe effects of environmental factors on social interaction in outdoor spaces: The multiple case of children's villages(Graduate School, 2022-02-01)Family with its changing structure in today's world is still the unique natural environment of children's development. The family is the main institution that the first socialization occurs in a person's lifetime. As effecting the subsequent steps of socialization and the whole social development, the first stage of the socializing process takes an important role in a person's lifetime. Therefore, the absence of the family in the early years of childhood, causes problems in various aspects, particularly in the social and psychological development of the children. For the children without parental care, who are mentioned as children in need of protection (CNP) in this study, the relationship system which ordinarily occurs in a family, generally occurs between other actors (such as the attendants, volunteers and other CNP etc.) and takes place in children's villages instead of a family environment, in Turkey conditions. For this reason, analyzing the children's villages in terms of social interaction becomes crucial for these children's social development; as the main context of basic social relations of CNP. In this study, an answer is searched for the question: "How do environmental factors affect the social interaction of children in need of protection (CNP) in outdoor spaces in village-type settlements?" The study fills a significant research gap by focusing on CNPs, as a special user group that has not been studied extensively; and associating the phenomenon of social interaction with CNP, which is predominantly studied with adults in the literature. Also, focusing on the outdoor living conditions of CNP in a specific village-type settlement is another unique dimension of this study. It is important to analyze the children's villages as the mainstream care environment of CNP in Turkey in terms of the social interaction phenomenon; since these villages are expected to recoup the basic intrafamilial social relations. In this context, a historical search for the CNP care strategies was realized to contextualize the actual strategies. The conceptual framework of the study is structured based on previous works about social interaction and the factors effective on the interaction behavior. The holistic approach of the study including various environmental factors based on an extensive literature review is a noteworthy contribution to the research field. Ecological Psychology, in which behavior is handled interactively with both the social and physical context inherently and therefore the situation is examined in its natural environment, is considered as the base for the research approach. In this study, an elaborated observation technique was suggested to determine social interaction levels based on multiple observable indicators, as another important contribution. The technique was tested firstly on the pilot study in Bolluca Children's Village, and then in two study areas; Adana and Bursa Sırameşeler Children's Village's. The visual and written materials were reviewed for gathering spatial data; and the behaviors of CNP living in these children's villages were systematically observed. The relation between the spatial findings and the observational findings were analyzed in all case areas, the results of studies were obtained and discussed in comparative analysis. The results showed that it is important for CNP care institutions to provide opportunities similar to those provided by a family environment. Context and selection of the living environment is important for ensuring both security and social interaction with other socio-demographic groups; and thus, social inclusion of CNP. A pedestrianized large site and green low-density living environment is a supportive strategy for triggering social interaction behavior in outdoor living spaces. As for the layout pattern of the residential area, several strategies are found beneficial for triggering social interaction in the residential area; spreading residential functions throughout the settlement to multiple small-scale buildings instead of gathering into a single large-scale building; clustering these buildings and designing common shared spaces in between; specializing and furnishing spaces for playing and/or sitting functions; creating semi-public and semi-private spaces between the public and private spaces for disintegrating these spaces, and thus, creating a gradual transition. As for the population density and the structural density, a clear relation was not encountered. However, in the case areas that were found successful in terms of social interaction, the highest number of persons and buildings per area was calculated. The evaluation of the factors at singular-space scale revealed that all factors that are analyzed had a substantial effect on social interaction in the outdoor living spaces of CNP. A high level of visual connectedness and a high proximity to play contributed to higher social interaction levels. However, a high proximity to residential buildings contributed more to low and medium interaction levels, unless these effects are managed and directed by enhancing spatial hierarchy and functioning the common shared spaces with several playing and sitting furnishings. Also, it is revealed that the hardscaped and furnished spaces hosted more social interaction than the natural spaces, and higher quality furnishings promotes this effect. Furnishing spaces with seating units, especially arranging the controllable ones, and providing an increased level of enclosure in a space by top and/or side protections also contributed to social interaction. The spaces designed primarily for social functions are more beneficial for triggering social interaction, including the spaces designed for playing, sitting and gathering functions. Low functional connectedness and high functional variety in a space were found beneficial for high interaction levels. Further research that focuses on different user group(s), or utilizes various case studies with different characteristics and/or different contexts is required to support the conclusions of study. In addition, further contribution to the subject can be made by follow-up researches proposing methodologies based on different data gathering techniques. The subject of study can also be expanded with studies in which the effects of personal and socio-environmental factors are discussed, or the studies that lead to a comparison based on these factors such as a comparison between different age/gender groups or CNP and other children undeprived of a family environment etc. Nevertheless, this study is remarkable for revealing the potential of environmental factors to support the social interaction and the healthy development of these future adults for both their good and the good of society as a whole.
-
ÖgePlânlı konut yerleşimlerinde açık mekân kurgusu ile ilişkili yaşantı potansiyellerinin incelenmesi: Ataköy örneği(Graduate School, 2021-08-25)Endüstri Devrimi ile başlayan süreçte artan nüfus yoğunluğu ve kullanım çeşitliliği sorunlarını barındıran kentsel alanlar, kitlelerin barınma ihtiyacına cevap verecek yeni konut çevrelerinin üretimine ihtiyaç duymuştur. Geleneksel üretimlerin sahip olduğu çok katmanlı yapılanmanın aksine; plânlı konut yerleşimlerinin üretiminde yerleşim düzeni, kümelenme sistemi, dolaşım ağı gibi kullanım sürecini etkileyecek kararların en baştan alınması gerekmiştir. Bu süreçte, tasarlanan mekânsal ilişkiler ağının aynı zamanda içerisinde barındırdığı toplumsal kümelenmeye ilişkin sosyal ilişkileri de tariflediği görülmektedir. Fiziksel, sosyal ve kültürel anlamlarda çeşitlilikler barındıran bu yapılanmalar, kullanıcıların birbirleriyle olan etkileşimleri ve iletişimleri üzerinden toplumsal yapının gelişimini desteklemekte ve yerleşim kültürünün oluşumunu sağlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, kullanıcıların birbirleriyle en doğal yollardan ilişki kurabilecekleri zemini meydana getiren açık mekânlar, sağladıkları kentsel yaşantı potansiyelleri etkisinde ortak yaşantının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, düzenin amacı yalnızca fiziksel parçaların bir araya gelmesi ile oluşturulan kümelenmeden öte; mekânsal olarak tanımlanmış bir alanı paylaşan bireyler arasında toplumsal ilişkiler bütünü oluşturma çabası olarak ifade edilebilmektedir. Plânlı konut yerleşimleri, sahip oldukları açık mekân kurgularına bağlı olarak yaşantı potansiyellerini ve ortak yaşantının organizasyonunu biçimlendirmektedir. Oluşturulan düzenin; sosyal yapının ve insan davranışlarının şekillenmesinde önemli bir etken olduğu görülmektedir. Bu süreçte, yapıyı meydana getiren birimlerin oran ilişkileri ve buna bağlı gelişen yoğunluk durumları, düzeni etkileyen unsurlardan birini meydana getirmekte iken; birimler arası ilişkiler ve bu örüntülere bağlı olarak gelişen sosyal yapı diğer boyutu meydana getirmektedir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, plânlı konut yerleşimlerindeki çeşitli yoğunluk durumları ve mekânsal düzenlemeler ile sosyal organizasyonun zenginliği arasındaki bağıntıyı anlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu kapsamda, plânlı konut yerleşimlerindeki açık mekân organizasyonu ile ilişkili yaşantı potansiyelleri, çevreyi oluşturan iki alt bileşen üzerinden 'fiziksel' ve 'toplumsal' yapı üzerinden irdelenmektedir. Fiziksel mekânın insan davranışlarının şekillenmesinde önemli bir etken olduğu görüşü, çalışmanın temel değişkenlerini de belirlemektedir. Fiziksel çevreyi meydana getiren örüntü kurguları ve konut birimlerinin oluşturduğu kümelenme sistemleri ile birlikte değişken olarak konut birimi miktarına ve yoğunluk durumlarına bağlı olarak farklılaşan ve aynılaşan yerleşim düzenlerinin incelenmesi, çalışmanın faaliyet alanlarından birini meydana getirmektedir. Yerleşimlerdeki ortak yaşantının biçimlenişini etkileyen mekânsal ve toplumsal etkileşimlerin incelenmesi ise çalışmanın bir diğer sorunsal boyutunu ortaya koymaktadır. Tez çalışması kapsamında öncelikle plânlı konut yerleşimlerinin boyut ve kapsamını belirleyen bir değişken olarak yoğunluk ve ilişkili mekânsal etkileşimleri tartışılmıştır. Kavrama ilişkin değerler ve değişkenlerin tanımlanmış; uluslararası ve ulusal literatürdeki karşılıkları incelenmiştir. Açık mekânların etkin bir biçimde tariflenmesini sağlayacak yoğunluk değişkenleri değerlendirilmiş ve farklılaşan yoğunluk değerlerine bağlı olarak yerleşim düzeni ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Ölçüm yöntemi haricinde kavramın sahip olduğu potansiyeller göz önünde bulundurularak kullanıcıların yoğunluk algılarını meydana getiren kurulumlar incelenerek kavramın kentsel yaşantı potansiyelleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Tez çalışmasının üçüncü bölümünde, mekânsal örgütlenme ilişkileri çerçevesinde konut çevrelerindeki yerleşim düzenleri analiz edilmiştir. Konut birimlerinin bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu eklemlenme mantıkları tanımlanmış, kümelenme sistemini ortaya koyan yerleşim düzeni ile komşuluk örüntüleri arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda, plânlı konut yerleşimlerindeki birimler arası örüntü ilişkilerinin yerleşim düzenini yapılandırıcı gücü irdelenmiştir. Kümelenme sistemine bağlı olarak açık mekânların organizasyonu ve kullanıcıların yerleşimdeki konumları kurgulanmakta iken; bu sistem içerisinde kullanıcıların hareket kabiliyetlerinin ve diğer kullanıcılarla kurdukları ilişkilerin anlaşılabilmesi için erişim prensipleri incelenmiştir. Kullanıcının yerleşim içerisinde konut birimine nasıl eriştiği ve komşuluk örüntüleri sonucu tanımlanan fiziksel ve sosyal çevreye ilişkin yaklaşımları 'dolaşım ağı' kapsamında araştırılmıştır. Tariflenen bütün doğrultusunda kullanıcıların kamusal ve özel yaşantı çevrelerinin etkileşimleri incelenerek sosyal yapının biçimlenişini etkileyen yerleşim düzeni kaynaklı mekânsal ilişkiler değerlendirilmiştir. Tezin dördüncü bölümünde, konut yerleşimlerindeki gündelik yaşantı pratikleri etkisinde mekânsal ve toplumsal etkileşimlerin kurulumları araştırılmıştır. Açık mekânlardaki temel insan davranışları irdelenerek alansal davranış pratiğinin örgütlenmesine ilişkin incelemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kavramın literatürdeki yeri ve gelişimi değerlendirilmiş, konut yerleşimlerindeki davranışsal boyut ile birincil ve ikincil kullanım çevrelerinin kurulumu araştırılmıştır. Yerleşimlerdeki gruplar ile kullanım süreçlerine bağlı olarak ortak yaşantı kurguları ve sahiplenme düzeyleri ele alınmış, sosyo-mekânsal düzeni etkileyen unsurlar irdelenmiştir. Tez çalışmasının beşinci bölümünde konut yerleşimlerindeki açık mekân kurgusu ile ilişkili yaşantı potansiyellerinin değerlendirilebilmesi için oluşturulan kavramsal model, çoklu araştırma metodlarını kapsayan bir alan çalışması üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Emlâk Kredi Bankası bünyesinde üretilen, ulusal bağlamda irdelendiğinde mimari, mekânsal ve toplumsal anlamlarda önemli bir örnek ortaya koyan Ataköy Plânlı Konut Yerleşimleri, bu kapsamda ele alınmıştır. Öncelikle alan çalışmasının amacı ve yöntemi aktarılmış, yerleşim seçimine ilişkin unsurlar tartışılarak Ataköy'ün literatürdeki yeri ve incelemenin çalışmaya sağlayacağı faydalar irdelenmiştir. Yerleşim bütününü oluşturan mahalleler incelenerek mekânsal karakteristiklerin analizi kapsamında yerleşim düzeni, açık mekân kurgusu ve kullanım ilişkileri ile üretim süreçlerindeki değerler aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen incelemeler ile mahallelere ilişkin verilerin analiz ve sentezi yapılmış, alan çalışmasının uygulanması için mahallelerin ve alt bölgelerin taşıdığı değerler ele alınmıştır. Yerleşim içerisinde seçilen bölgeler çalışma kapsamında irdelenen kavram setleri üzerinden çalışılmıştır. Bölgelerdeki yoğunluğa temel oluşturan sayısal veriler incelenmiş, doğal ve sistemli gözlemler yoluyla kullanım süreçleri ile yapılı çevreyi meydana getiren mekânsal ve toplumsal boyutlar anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Aynı alandan çoklu araştırma metodları kullanılarak elde edilen farklı verilerin bir arada örgütlenmesi amacıyla temelde kullanıcı davranışlarını anlamayı hedefleyen davranış haritalaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen inceleme ile mekânsal örüntüler ve sergilenen davranış biçimlerinin üst üste çakıştırılmış, alt bölgelerdeki kullanıcı davranışları ve sahiplenme düzeyleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonraki aşamasında bölgelerde ikâmet eden kullanıcıları odak grubuna alan anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kullanıcıların yerleşime olan tepkilerinin ve etkileşim boyutlarının ölçülmesini hedefleyen anket çalışması kapsamında kullanıcılara açık ve kapalı uçlu sorulardan oluşan karma sorular sorulmuştur. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirilerek tez çalışması kapsamında önemli olan bağıntıların kurulması sağlanmıştır. Tez çalışmasının sonuç ve değerlendirme bölümünde alan çalışmasından elde edilen sonuçlar, kuramsal veriden çıkarımlar ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçların genel olarak araştırma hipotezini doğrulayacak biçimde olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında kurulan kuramsal çerçeve ve gerçekleştirilen alan çalışmasından elde edilen sonuçlar, açık mekân kurgularının plânlı konut yerleşimlerindeki mekânsal ve toplumsal yapıların biçimlenmesine etki ettiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmanın önemli bulgularından biri; sayısal ve algısal yoğunluk değerleri, yerleşim düzeni, komşuluk örüntüleri ve dolaşım ağı biçimlenişleri arasında bütüncül bir ilişki olduğudur. Mekânsal ve sosyal yaşantının zenginliğinin sağlanabilmesinin; bu değerlerin etkileşimli bir biçimde ele alınması ile mümkün olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Mekânsal örgütlenme ilkelerinin fiziksel çevre ile birlikte, sosyo-mekânsal düzenin kurulumunu etkileyerek ortak kullanım alanlarındaki gündelik yaşantıyı, alansal davranış pratiklerini ve sosyal ilişki ağlarını biçimlendirdiği izlenmektedir. Plânlı konut yerleşimlerinin üretimlerindeki en önemli amaçlardan biri, kullanıcıların dengeli bir insan-çevre organizasyonu içerisinde yaşayabilecekleri konut çevrelerinin üretilmesidir. Tez çalışması, açık mekânların bu olguya sağladığı katkıların incelenmesi ve ulusal bağlamda önemli bir örnek oluşturan Ataköy Plânlı Konut Yerleşimleri'nin bu bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır.
-
ÖgeReclaiming autonomy: Architectural design's core and engagement of researchers and practitioners (Iranian case)(Graduate School, 2021-09-02)Architecture is an ambiguous discipline. Although Alberti emphasized the autonomy of architecture in his prominent treatise, various scientific paradigms defined an interdisciplinary character for architecture in the postmodern era. Defining the marginal responsibilities for architecture as its intrinsic duties in the postmodern period led to the attenuation of the autonomy of architecture and architects' critical power in human society. Nonetheless, again, the importance of architecture autonomy was raised in the late 1990s. At that time, a transdisciplinary approach to knowledge production had already emerged in academia, primarily underscoring the disciplinary perfection and then the fusion of the disciplines to deal with the world's ongoing complexities. This approach provided an exceptional opportunity for architecture in the 2000s to turn back to itself and be prepared for generating a new type of knowledge. However, the prerequisite of that in architecture was to strengthen its internal disciplinary forces. According to very recent studies, combining theory and practice with powerful institutional support can strengthen architecture and reclaim its autonomy. Concerning the centrality of design in architecture, a similar investigation has been conducted on architectural design in the current thesis. Here, the attempt has been made to identify the discipline-specific and autonomous theoretical core for architectural design by searching the body of the existing literature. Also, the contribution of expert Academic Researchers (ARs) and expert Professional Practitioners (PPs) is examined through a case study in Iran. ARs and PPs, here, are the agents who are most capable of contributing to disciplinary development. This research, thus, seeks to answer: 'what is the theoretical content of architecture's core in relation to architectural design, and how do architectural researchers and professional practitioners help the shaping this theoretical content and contribute to the disciplinary autonomy?'. Accordingly, this study, first, aims to identify the main themes that have been fundamental in architectural design theory (i.e., the themes in the core of architectural design). Then, the research's objective is to find out the theoretical stance of ARs and PPs in architectural design, their commonalities and differences, and their role and engagement in the core of architectural design. The research began with a review of the existing literature. Based on the theoretical framework of the study, three trajectories in the disciplinary development of architectural design were identified, which were hypothesized as the theoretical core of architectural design. These trajectories are Architecture Culture, Design Thinking, and Knowledge Production in Architecture. These trajectories are the leading resources in the present thesis, and, in addition to the core, the case study is organized based on them. Due to the expanded territory of the research, there has not been a unified methodology for the investigation. Gathering the data and their analysis was performed with two sets of methodologies for the core and the case. In both sets, an assistant software, namely NVivo, was used to facilitate the research process and increase the precision. The analysis method was also adopted from the 'thematic content analysis' with regard to the objectives. In relation to the core, first, based on specific criteria, the relevant written materials (e.g., treatises, books, journal papers, etc.) were collected. All materials were then imported to NVivo and analyzed, and the most emphatic words were extracted. Eventually, the obtained list was processed, and the included themes in each trajectory emerged. In relation to the case, two sets of criteria were initially formulated to select the AR and PP participants. Then, an experiment was designed to gather data from the case. The experiment has three major sections: in-depth interview, design session, and document review. The first two sections were planned to be conducted in a single interview session. And the last one, which pertains to the participants' own documents, was dealt with via email. Once the required data were gathered from the case, the analysis started transcribing the interview protocols. They were then imported to NVivo, coded based on the thematic content analysis instructions, and finally, were analyzed to bring the relevant themes into sight. It should be stated that three ARs and three PPs participated in this study. The participants are outstanding experts in their fields, and they are recognized figures in Iran. In the core, the analysis of almost 92000 pages from the literature revealed fifteen themes in Architecture Culture and ten themes in either Design Thinking and Knowledge Production in Architecture. For instance, in Architecture Culture, 'novelty and newness' is the first and foremost theme representing a massive desire for pure innovative creation and touching the unexperienced forms, methods, meaning, etc. In Design Thinking, 'novelty and newness' is in the first place to show the importance of innovation in its associated models, methods, visual experiences, products, etc. Also, Knowledge Production in Architecture highlights either relationship or integration of 'design and research' as its most prominent engagement. One should notice that these themes are not newly invented themes, but they are extracted from the vast body of theories that have pushed the discipline forward over the centuries. These themes provided a new definition for the trinary in this study. In the case, the analysis gave out a set of themes for each participant, including their interview themes and design task themes and sketches. Also, the analysis of their documents (books, papers, reports, etc.) revealed ten themes for each participant. Finally, all achieved themes were aggregated, merged (in case of repetition), and organized into two groups of ARs and PPs. Indeed, these overall themes could clearly reflect the main thinking patterns and contents in each group. The study results showed that the architectural design's core includes the basic and internal themes through which the theory integrated architectural design ideas can come to emerge. These themes extracted from the three aforementioned trajectories imply various characteristics with regard to their own context. The included themes in Design Thinking and Knowledge Production in Architecture highlight objectivity concerning their scientific nature. However, in Architecture Culture, the themes strikingly render the subjectivity and abstract nature of design. Since the involved themes in Architecture Culture have a moderating role, they can intrigue discipline-specific theories for architectural design ideas due to their relevancy to history and theory of architecture. However, Design Thinking and Knowledge Production in Architecture can support architectural design ideas in more practical and material aspects. Based on the results, Iranian ARs and PPs, due to their drastic discrepancies in their aims, thoughts, and tendencies, negatively affect the core of architectural design. This study's details revealed that ARs mainly focus on 'developing' architectural design ideas, while PPs are concentrated on 'generating' architectural design ideas. ARs are very focused on buildings, using concrete ideas; PPs, however, try to focus on architectural design, using abstract ideas. The results reflect the problem that, on the one hand, academia does not pay attention to architectural ideas in a correct way, and consequently, the architectural ideas cannot be investigated and developed in academia. On the other hand, PPs, due to the lack of academia's support, are in a bewildering situation and cannot generate their own design ideas and theories in a very effective way. Also, it can be concluded that disregarding the subjective and abstract topics in the academic research projects and concretizing the ideas, methods, and thinking modes in academia have not been fully congruent with architectural design's nature. Accordingly, by providing discipline-specific theories, methods, and knowledge, academia could positively impact the disciplinary evolution, enrichment, and autonomy and, here, on the architectural design core. Moreover, PPs can contribute to disciplinary development in a controlled and effective way in such a condition. These results have been acquired through a case study in Iran, and applying this research's methods to other contexts may bring about new outcomes.
-
ÖgeCorrelations between composition attributes of architecture and music(Graduate School, 2021-02-17)"I call architecture frozen music" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe vividly expresses the great linkage between architecture and music. The architects applying music in building design are increasing in numbers, and interrelated projects are getting progressively widespread. Interestingly, most of the interrelation between architecture and music, in various scales, are formed by some assumed correlated parameters regardless of the feeling arousal of the attribute to the listeners and observers, which are mostly based on the subjective artists' opinion or rooted in more-objective scientific issues. For instance, 'interval' in music has been arguably understood as 'proportion' in architecture; accordingly, the harmonic musical interval applied in architectural ratio with the hope of acquiring pleasant architectural proportion. But is there any correlation between the preferences of satisfactory musical intervals and their transformation into architectural proportions? From this perspective, this research aims to explore the correlations between the preferences of architectural and musical attributes from the subjective people's point of view rather than the artist's opinion or merely through an objective perspective. Thus, this study aims to answer the following questions. • Is there any correlation between the preferred architectural and musical attributes of people? What are the most frequently correlated attributes? • More specifically, on a small scale, which musical instruments preferences correlate with architectural material preferences? On a large scale, which musical attribute preferences correlate with architectural attributes preferences in general? At first, a pilot study has been conducted to examine the methodology through exploring the correlation between architectural attributes and musical attributes across limited demographic classes (S. F. Tayyebi & Demir, 2020). By learning from it, two other studies find an answer to the questions. The first study, as a small-scale investigation, has explored the preference correlations between the attributes related to architecture material and musical instruments. Another study, as a large-scale investigation, has scrutinized the correlation between the general attribute preferences of architecture and music across a wide range of demographic classes. Despite some tiny differences, the methodologies of the three papers have an identical structure. The methodology has three phases presented in Figure 4.1. The first phase provides a clear list of the considered attributes, based on two studies conducted during the dissertation progress (S. F. Tayyebi & Demir, 2019) (S. F. Tayyebi et al., 2020), though they can also be seen as part of the limitations of the dissertation. After examining eight different methods and discovering the most reliable method to extract the personal preferences of architectural attributes (Tayyebi & Demir, 2020), a survey is then prepared and distributed worldwide on the QuestionPro platform to collect the individual's demographic information, the musical attribute preferences, and architectural attribute satisfaction. In the second phase, the participants' responses were analyzed, and the unreliable responses were filtered to provide a complete set of attribute preferences of valid participants. Finally, in the third phase, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis examined the correlations between every single attribute within different demographic categories. The outcomes of the analysis were then filtered by the correlation p-value, to skip the statistically invalid correlations. The second and third studies also integrated with Bonferroni correction, as a second filtering technique, to skim off the utmost reliable correlations. Clustering method has also applied to the third study to summarize the correlated attributes provide a holistic understanding of the correlation trends. As the first outcome, all the studies confirm the importance of demographic classes in the correlations exploration between the preferences of architectural and musical attributes. Not only the trace of age and gender apparently exists in the discovered correlations, the large-scale study considering the participants' education shows that even education more than age and gender impacts on the discovered correlations. It reinforces the importance of the three demographics. Along the same line, some demographic classes, attribute categories, and the attributes themselves reflect higher number of correlations. For example, females more than males, material color and material qualities more than material reflection and texture, symmetry more than indentation and stress, and genre more than psychological attributes of music show correlation. Furthermore, within genre category, rap and jazz, and within the psychological attributes of music, sophisticated and poetic/deep have higher number of correlation and thus may reflect better the preferences of some attributes in another field. Regarding the aim of the paper, Pearson's analysis results of the two main studies in small and large scale are indeed the outcome of the study, and thus presented in appendices. For example, the first study, concerning architectural material and musical instrument correlations, shows that preferences of cello for mature females reflect higher satisfaction for brick, full of texture materials, aluminum, reflective, and light-colored material. The results of the large-scale study show male musicians, mature musicians, and even architect-musicians who are interested in sophisticated music tend to prefer sophisticated architectural forms. Rock follower musicians are less satisfied with complicated architectural forms. Preferences for sad music for female architects tend to have a preference for horizontality in building forms. The outcomes of the large-scale study, exploring a large number of correlations, are also clustered to provide a holistic understanding of the correlations. On its basis, those who prefer Complicated music seems to have more positive opinions about Complicated architectural forms. There are strong correlations, albeit very few in number, that shows those who like Dance music seem to prefer Rhythmic and complicated buildings. Among the Mellow music followers, in general, Simple architectural forms were found more satisfactory. Joyful music followers seem to tend towards regular patterns in architecture. Those who enjoy Rap have a preference for either regular or irregular patterns that exude a sense of repetition in the formal structure. Finally, this explorative study confirms the existence of numerous correlations between architectural and musical attributes, thereby proving the potentials of applying the resulting insights into future building design and further investigations.
-
ÖgeWomen's use of space in Tehran modern houses constructed between 1960-1980(Graduate School, 2021-02-16)The main objective of this thesis is the exploration and detailed examination of the women's use of space in modern dwellings constructed between the years 1960-1980 in Tehran, Iran, by considering political, economic and socio-cultural dynamics. The research is based on theories of the use of space, gender and domesticity which are supported by studies in culture, spatial behavior and modernity. Furthermore, factors such as the social, economic and political transformation of the country were studied. In addition, Iran's modern architecture and domestic life evolution were investigated to achieve an image of modern Iran and its residential situation in the period in question. Finally, cases of modern domesticity and women users were studied and analyzed to develop the discussion and the results. Iran's modernization process began from the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century with political and economic reforms that were followed by socio-spatial reforms. The state's policy of modernization intensified following the White Revolution of the 1960s and the economic boom of the 1970s. Tehran was the capital of the modernization and a ground pattern for socio-spatial transformation in the country. The images of modern living spaces and modern society with a focus on women as agents of change and discontinuity were imported from the west. Modern socio-spatial ideas were in confrontation with the traditional and the local ways of life, but these ideas transformed and adapted the status quo. Although the imported patterns of the modernism are similar in non-western countries, Iran had a radical approach to it as a result of the state's top-down modernity policies. Modern domesticity was idealized, and the image of the modern woman emerged as a result of the state's modernization aspiration and the social opportunities with a growing number of middle-class educated women with financial independence. The concepts of "modern home, life, and woman" were promoted by Euro-American models. The state dominated economical and international structures had significant roles in socio-spatial reforms in Iran. The constitutional revolution (1906) was seen as the propulsion engine of the socio-cultural reforms in the early century. The pace of the reforms was accelerated after WWII due to social, political and economic transformations. The outcome of the reforms was a modern society made up of educated and useful individuals which was placed at the center of socio-political identity. The modern reforms lead to the modern taste and lifestyle. The core of the new lifestyle and new cultural practices manifested themselves in domestic life and in other fields. The years between 1920-1980 (first and second Pahlavi period) witnessed many reforms and changes in housing and residential neighborhoods. The government's housing policies affected the building process. Extending social life in houses to the public, producing a modern middle-class as a result of educational reforms constituted new steps to change and transformation. Economic transformation as a result of the oil industry and the relevant events such as its extraction, raising the prices, and its nationalization all affected the housing sector. Many residential neighborhoods were constructed with the cooperation of foreign architectural firms and consultants. Moreover, constructing residential neighborhoods in oil cities by 1920, the establishment of home-economics schools by President Truman's Point 4 program, introducing home appliances (imported-montage-local), post-WWII modernization, the oil boom and increase in the ability of consumers to buy goods, resulted in new concepts of taste, beauty, gender, class, consumption, religious and national identity taking shape in the domestic realm. Modernization became the government's first plan for the country and the capital. The accelerated urbanization and industrialization were followed by the social changes such as the growth of the young generation, the growth rate in the urban middle-class families, and the rise of immigration to big cities. Moreover, the oil industry and the economic growth resulting from it supported the state's plans. Consequently, the construction of residential complexes and towers accelerated in this period to address the needs of the new and educated middle-class families. Modern domestic life and women as an integral part of the modernization process became a focal point of the government. Public and private boundaries broke down, gender roles and duties inside and outside home were redefined. New domestic spaces replaced traditional gender-based spatial divisions. The housekeeping taught to women through different programs came to be rationalized, standardized and sanitized. The instructions focused on minimizing the women's use of energy in order to enable them to carry out more tasks related to home, family and society. They were educated as modern mothers and wives of the home and at the same time participated in the public economic and socio-cultural activities of the nation. The research question focused on the women's use of space in Tehran modern houses constructed in the last two decades of the Pahlavi period (1960-1980); their everyday life, modification, and alteration of the space. The study had a historic approach to both the domestic evolution and the women's use of space. Therefore, the impact of political, social, and economic circumstances and their consequences in housing and women's family, social, and private life was considered. The modern history of Iran is divided into four periods including pre-Pahlavi, first and second Pahlavi, post-revolutionary. Iran's modernization process accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s due to economic and social changes. Housing construction developed with people flooding from small cities and villages to Tehran. Low and high-rise apartments, row houses, and residential complexes were planned by the state and private sector to cope with the housing problem. Modern housing improved the standard of living for the vast majority of the population. However, being modern in a traditional society with strict cultural values took another shape. Spaces were modern but users did not know how to reconcile past and present, modern and traditional, Iranian and foreign. There was coexistence between religious, traditional, and modern ways of life. In this framework, analyzing women's use of space includes studies of the effects of the modernization, adoption, and adaptation process and how political, economic, and socio-cultural systems influence that process and how women used and modified space during that time. In this sense, the role of the state, different western programs, and the press aimed to shape the new image of women inside and outside the home. The focus of this study was on the everyday life of women and spatial connections. The methodology of this research was a qualitative method and narrative inquiry that includes archival research, memories, photographs, and in-depth interviews. Twenty women aged 38-72 from six different settlements participated in the study. These settlements were constructed during the process of modernization of the capital between the years 1960-1980 and promoted new and modern lifestyles for the newly emerged modern middle-class. The participants were asked through an in-depth interview to tell the story related to their home. The interviews took 60-120 minutes and were conducted in two different periods, October 2016, and November 2017. The data was analyzed through narrative content analysis using Atlas. ti 8.0 qualitative software package. The stories are interpreted through exploring codes, writing comments and comparing them. Searching common subjects in the narratives led to the identification of themes and sub-themes. The results showed that the factors that affected the use of space and adjustments were manifold with several links between socio-cultural norms, women's everyday life, and use of space. Some of these connections represented demographic and economic sources, whereas others had physical, environmental, and socio-political sources. These were categorized into three domains, in accordance with user profile, dwelling unit, and settlement. Use and alterations of space in the user profile domain are internal and were related to the demographic and economic issues of the households such as changes in the life stages of the family and their economic situations. These included changes in age or structure of the family. The economic condition of the family is significant in the use and alterations in space in two aspects: the current situation and women's contribution to the economy of the family. Overload of different uses or rooms without use, and allocating some parts of the living room, kitchen, or bedrooms for doing outside work are some of the main changes in special organization and modifications. In the dwelling unit domain, study results show that women's everyday life, time-space activities and socio-cultural norms have a direct impact on the use of spaces. The different families show different uses and adaptations in the same domestic space resulting from their way of life. Modern homes aimed to liberate women from participating in society and public life. In reality, the everyday life of women, and socio-spatial divisions had separated the women from the outside world. Dwelling units changed to a place for integrating different activities related to housework and wage work. Furthermore, socio-cultural concepts such as privacy, cleaning, and traditions gave meaning to the use of space. Segregation of the domestic spaces using curtains, decorative walls, or furniture had emphasized the significance of private/public, back/front, presentable/unpresentable, pure/ impure (najis) spaces of the home. The settlement domain included external factors that affected women's use of space such as the characteristics of the surrounding neighborhood or socio-political factors. These are constraints or extensions of the domestic space to the public and vice versa. For example, results show how women domesticate the public spaces, or how the public spaces of the settlement provide more uses for women's activities, such as bicycle riding or walking dogs and parties that normally are unacceptable in the society. Moreover, the physical characteristics of the settlements such as accessibility to bazaar, family, security, comfort, fame, gardens, and children's playing grounds are significant in making them desirable or undesirable living spaces for women. Transformations in social and political values affected the use of space most of the time. These included losing previous functionality, replacing it with new ones, residential dissatisfaction and emerging preservative/secular, public/private life dichotomies. In this framework, analyzing women's use of space through the concepts of gender and domestic life provides further studies of the effects of the modernization, adoption and adaptation process and how political, economic and socio-cultural systems influenced that process and how women used and modified space during that time. Using qualitative and narrative research methodology, the focus of this study was on the everyday life of women and their spatial connections. Investigating the post WWII domestic life from women users' point of view provide further sensitivity to architectural design and evolution. The study of gender and space relationship represent new perspectives in housing quality and residential satisfaction