LEE- İşletme Mühendisliği Lisansüstü Programı

Bu topluluk için Kalıcı Uri

http://hdl.handle.net/11527/19309

Gözat

A decision modeling study with fuzzy cognitive mapping method on customers' brand preferences criteria in telecommunications industry

(Graduate School, 2022-06-13) İskender, Fatih ; Akdağ Camgöz, Hatice ; 507191015 ; Management Engineering

Today, businesses need to consider many factors in order to survive in a competitive environment and to stand out from the competition. While some of these are factors such as cost advantage, way of doing business, organizational structure and culture, adaptation to the environment, etc., one of the most important points is the customer. Many customer-related factors are critical to the survival of businesses. Areas such as customer acquisition, promotion, satisfaction, meeting their needs and new sales opportunities are some of the issues that companies focus on. The perspectives and strategies that businesses develop towards customers can change in terms of their sectors. For example, the customer perspective of a business in the FMCG sector and the perspective of a business in the banking industry towards the customer will differ in many respects. On the other hand, the telecom sector stands out as a sector with its own dynamics in terms of both being very dynamic and competitive and progressing with a system based on subscription in general. The needs and expectations of consumers are changing and their demands from companies differ day by day. Both increasing population and technological developments affect the behavior patterns of consumers. This pushes companies to better analyze customer expectations, to be intertwined with customers, and to offer them the most appropriate products and services. The aim of this study is to determine which areas the companies operating in the telecommunications sector should focus on according to customer expectations and criteria for brand preference by using the Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) method. In addition to the strategies of the enterprises, the expectations of each customer from the enterprises may differ, and it may be necessary to find special solutions for each customer group. From this point of view, in addition to customer acquisition/retention strategies, it has become inevitable for businesses to keep the pulse of the customer very well, analyze their expectations very well and offer solutions. Expectations of consumers from companies can be affected by demographic reasons such as age, gender, education level, as well as by psychological or socio-cultural reasons. As a result of this, each consumer buys products or services by evaluating companies with their specific needs and expectations. In addition, each consumer pays attention to features of the product or service they need while purchasing. For example, a customer who wants to buy a television decides on the television she/he will buy by evaluating many points such as screen size, brightness, warranty period, price, etc. This situation is the same for the telecom industry. At this point, businesses operating in the telecom industry are making decisions about the future of the brand and trying to offer solutions suitable for customer needs by doing research on customer preferences. Data is collected from many sources by methods such as measuring general customer feelings and expectations with the support of research companies, identifying needs by collecting feedback from dealer channels, identifying experienced or potential problems through analyzes made from conversations in call centers. Customer experience is tried to be improved by doing action plans according to these results. Generating meaningful and useful results from such a large pool of information and turning it into action is one of the biggest problems encountered for businesses. Although it makes it easier for businesses to manage this process in a similar way with years of experience and knowledge and to make inferences based on the results of previous actions, efficient and focused methods are always sought for businesses to make more accurate decisions and find solutions in a more cost-effective way. The FCM method is one of the most effective methods in terms of both creating a meaningful relationship map according to the results of the researches and helping businesses to make decisions more cost-effectively. For this reason, it was decided to use FCM method to solve the problem in this study. From this point of view, it has been researched which areas the customers in the telecommunications sector care and which dynamics these areas affect in the business in this study. As a result of this research, it is aimed to determine which areas the enterprises operating in the telecommunications sector should focus on and to facilitate their decision making by using FCM modeling. Firstly, a detailed literature review was made the issues that customers pay the most attention to the choice of telecom operator were determined as follows. 1.Price 2.Coverage Area 3.Network quality / Speed 4.Service quality 5.Variety of services 6.Use/suggestion by family and friends 7.Image / Emotional bond 8.Advertising / Communication 9.Trust The criteria determined in the literature studies were evaluated by experts who are experienced and have strong knowledge in the sector in order to map the relationship between them and analyze with the FCM method. Iteration steps of the FCM method were applied with the help of the relationship map and weighted matrix obtained by the questionnaire applied to these experts. FCMappers application was used in the application of the FCM method in terms of providing both time and an easy excel format. After the weighted matrix values are entered into the FCMappers application, the results are listed. As a result of the iteration steps, the most critical criteria for the system were found as follows, respectively. 1.Image / Emotional bond 2.Trust 3.Use/suggestion by family and friends 4.Advertising / Communication 5.Variety of services 6.Service quality 7.Coverage Area 8.Network quality / Speed 9.Price Considering the result, the criteria of 'Image / Emotional bond', 'Trust' and 'Use/suggestion by family and friends' came to the fore as the most important criteria. In the light of these results, the following recommendations are presented for companies operating in the telecom sector. •Companies should establish an emotional bond with their customers and should not be a brand that only serves them. •Firms should pay attention to their image in front of their customers and present an image that is compatible with the demographic, psychological and sociological structure of the society. •Companies should give confidence to their customers, keep their promises and fulfill their commitments. They should avoid actions that may surprise customers. •Companies should pay close attention to their customers' relationships with family and friends. They should develop special actions for people's relatives according to their own strategies. •Companies should carry out their communication activities in line with their own strategies in order to create a brand image and establish a bond with customers and to make their voices heard. •Companies should also care about infrastructure developments in order to respond to the final requests of customers. Although it is very important to touch, connect and stay in touch with customers, companies should also focus on infrastructure investments as it affects the product used by customers and therefore many factors that the customer cares about.
A simulation-based staff scheduling analysis for call centersin cargo industry

(Graduate School, 2024-06-07) Kandaz, Ömer Faruk ; Özcan, Tuncay ; 507201060 ; Management Engineering

Call center staff scheduling problems have been studied frequently on a regular basis for many years. Call centers generally conduct their business on customers by delivering service. Problems occur especially when the density of queues is high, causing long waiting times. In terms of customer satisfaction, this outcome is undesirable. One of the reasons that causes this outcome is the inefficient personnel/job scheduling. In call centers, most of the time, the demand of service is inhomogeneous. Therefore, the incoming number of calls varies depending on the time interval of the day, in which the firm operates. The aim of this thesis is to understand appropriately how a call center operates and generate effective and efficient solutions by employing simulation. The raw data regarding the call center operations were first acquired which contained several important aspects that are beneficial to capture the behavior of the system and propose a better alternative to it. Gathered raw data had incoming call dates and several other statistical records that were kept. Firstly, this data was analyzed using MATLAB. Subsequent calculations on Matlab made it possible to put the resulting data that illustrate different aspects of the queue to the ARENA simulation program as inputs. To achieve effective and efficient scheduling, the incoming calls were categorized based on different time intervals by taking the density of calls into account across a day for 27 days. Afterward, input analysis was conducted on the ARENA Input Analyzer tool to get the best-fit distributions that were necessary in order to create a successful simulation analysis. After processes were clearly defined and mapped on ARENA, several simulation parameters were calculated and considered before conducting the analysis, one of which stands for huge importance in terms of reliability and accuracy of the outcomes, which was determining the appropriate number of replications. The results showed that there was insufficient number of employees working at that time. Additionally, employee scheduling was not conducted in an efficient way. These were the main reasons why bottlenecks occurred in the first place. In order to reinforce the solutions, a scenario analysis was conducted. Additional three scenarios were included in the simulation program and all of the scenarios were compared against each other in terms of KPIs. Finally, results showed that the simulation conducted appeared to be appropriate, and represented the overall system successfully. The scenario analysis illustrated thatrelaxing the bottleneck could be achieved when effective and efficient job scheduling is conducted. Moreover, the outcomes also indicated that customer satisfaction could be achieved by improving the existing system according to the simulation results presented. In the first section, an entry to the call center staff scheduling problem has been made. In section 2, a literature study was conducted in order to see the span and spread of techniques employed to solve the problem. A comprehensive study was conducted to see the blindspots in literature. These studies were heavily analyzed, and the outcomes were clearly illustrated. It was deducted from these studies that the use of simulation would be appropriate, specifically, discrete-event simulation. In Section 3, the methodology is proposed. After determining which technique to employ in order to solve the problem, related academic books were analyzed to come up with a fine approach to the problem. In Section 4, after creating the framework to follow, the simulation application was conducted. Firstly, the raw data was pre-processed and analyzed in Matlab, the descriptive statistics were presented, and the results were given to the ARENA simulation program to conduct input analysis. Input analysis included conducting data analysis, and determining best-fit distributions. Data analysis and finding best-fit distributions are crucially important because the ultimate aim when conducting a simulation analysis is to create an artificial system that perfectly reflects the original one. Because the raw data acquired showed seasonality and, therefore needed to be more carefully analyzed. Best-fit distributions were found for the five main data categories which were call durations, interarrival times, waiting time for missed calls, assignment time to the queue, and connection waiting time from the queue to the operator. The application chapter also included creating a process flow chart. After the system is conceptualized and input analysis is conducted, the process flow chart, which also reflects the actual simulation model that needs to be built, was drawn. Subsequently, the ARENA model was created. In the ARENA model, along with several other aspects, one main parameter was to define the minimum necessary number of replications. In order to do that, some statistical calculations and comparisons were made, and the minimum necessary number of replications was found. Finally, output and scenario analysis were conducted to better capture the the effects of changes made in order to improve the overall system. Important KPIs were collected and run for four scenarios. It seemed that waiting time in queues was caused by the insufficient number of employees working without an appropriate schedule. Additionally, this caused the problem of long waiting times in queues, in other words, bottlenecks, which also decreased the customer satisfaction level. Scenario analysis pointed out the existing system and proposed better alternatives in the subsequent scenarios in terms of KPIs. According to the results of the scenario analysis, the firm needs to hire more personnel and schedule those effectively and efficiently, as illustrated in this thesis to improve the overall call center operations. All the necessary figures and tables regarding the simulation application were given in Section 4. Additionally, in Section 5, the results of this thesis were presented and suggestions for future studies were given.
An artificial intelligence approach for breast cancer treatment

(Graduate School, 2024-04-30) Beldek, Tuğçe ; Camgöz Akdağ, Hatice ; 507152003 ; Management Engineering

Breast cancer is a pressing health concern that demands comprehensive research to understand its risk factors and improve patient outcomes. In this thesis, we undertake a multidimensional analysis to explore the relationship between women's properties and breast cancer occurrence. Leveraging a dataset collected from a reputable clinic, we employ advanced machine learning techniques to identify significant risk factors and develop predictive models. The ultimate goal is to enhance our understanding of breast cancer etiology and contribute to the development of targeted interventions. The thesis begins with a thorough review of existing literature on breast cancer risk factors, epidemiology, and the application of machine learning in the field. This review provides a theoretical foundation for our research and identifies gaps in knowledge, setting the stage for our investigation. We start by collecting a comprehensive dataset from the clinic, comprising anonymized patient records. The dataset encompasses a wide range of variables, including demographic information, lifestyle factors, genetic markers, and medical history. Proper data preprocessing and feature engineering techniques are applied to ensure the integrity and quality of the analysis. Next, we employ advanced machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, decision trees and neural networks to develop predictive models. These models utilize the dataset to identify patterns and accurately predict the likelihood of breast cancer occurrence. To interpret the results and assess the significance of women's properties, we conduct in-depth analyses and comparisons with existing knowledge. The findings shed light on the influential risk factors associated with breast cancer occurrence, providing valuable insights for preventive strategies, early detection, and targeted interventions. In addition to the analysis of breast cancer risk factors, we incorporate a case study on value stream mapping in a radiology department. Value stream mapping, a lean management technique, is applied to identify bottlenecks, eliminate waste, and optimize processes in the radiology department. The case study highlights the practical application of value stream mapping in improving efficiency and patient flow, ultimately enhancing the overall quality of care in the radiology department. Through this comprehensive research, we aim to advance our understanding of breast cancer etiology, improve risk assessment models, and facilitate the development of personalized prevention and treatment approaches. Furthermore, by incorporating a case study on value stream mapping, we demonstrate the practical applicability of lean management techniques in healthcare settings. The insights gained from this thesis have implications for breast cancer research, clinical practice, and healthcare management. The identification of significant risk factors can inform targeted screening programs, early detection strategies, and personalized interventions. Additionally, the application of value stream mapping techniques can enhance operational efficiency, optimize resource allocation, and improve patient care in radiology departments and other healthcare settings. In conclusion, this thesis represents a comprehensive investigation into the relationship between women's properties and breast cancer occurrence. Through the utilization of machine learning techniques and the inclusion of a value stream mapping case study, we contribute to the growing body of knowledge in breast cancer research and healthcare management. It is our hope that this work will make a meaningful impact in the fight against breast cancer and drive advancements in patient care and outcomes.
An intelligent system for ranking e-commerce customer reviews to boost engagement

(Graduate School, 2024-06-26) Yücel, Ertuğrul ; Kaya, Tolga ; 507211050 ; Management Engineering

This study introduces an innovative framework employing learning algorithms to effectively rank customer reviews on e-commerce platforms. The approach addresses the inherent ambiguity and subjectivity in customer feedback by leveraging an extensive dataset and sophisticated feature engineering techniques. Central to the methodology is the introduction of an original target variable, the adjusted action rate, which, along with advanced training methods, helps mitigate the prevalent position bias. This is crucial for accurately reflecting the nuances of user behavior and the dynamics of review interaction, ensuring that the most relevant feedback is highlighted for prospective buyers. The framework utilizes Learning to Rank methods specifically designed to tackle the unique challenges of review ranking. These methods prioritize user feedback based on its relevance and helpfulness, enhancing the precision of review rankings. By using advanced machine learning techniques, the framework can discern subtle patterns in user interactions and preferences, providing a more personalized and efficient ranking system. The effectiveness of this approach is evaluated using the Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain metric, which measures the correlation between user reviews and the AAR. This metric ensures that the ranking system not only improves user satisfaction but also drives engagement performance. The incorporation of regression and classification models further strengthens the framework's ability to handle diverse review data. Regression models predict the adjusted action rate by analyzing various features derived from the reviews, such as length, sentiment, and user credibility. Classification models, on the other hand, help categorize reviews based on their relevance, ensuring that the most significant feedback is prioritized. These models collectively enhance the accuracy and reliability of the review ranking system, making it more robust and adaptive to different user needs. Validation demonstrates significant improvements in user interaction and decision-making efficiency, enhancing the shopping experience by enabling customers to access the most relevant reviews. Detailed analysis reveals substantial increases in key engagement metrics, confirming the model's robustness and reliability. The framework successfully addresses the complexities of review ranking, benefiting both users and vendors. Its ability to adapt to evolving user preferences by continuously learning from new data ensures that the most current and relevant reviews are highlighted, keeping the platform dynamic and user-centric. This adaptability enhances user satisfaction and fosters greater trust in the e-commerce platform, providing accurate and helpful feedback consistently.
Araştırma & geliştirme (Ar-Ge) yatırımlarının hisse fiyatları üzerine etkisi

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-07-18) Arık, Üveys ; Göncü, Ahmet ; 507201064 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Şirketlerin gerçekleştirmiş oldukları Araştırma ve Geliştirme (Ar-Ge) yatırımlarının hisse senedi fiyatları üzerindeki etkisine odaklanan çalışma, şirketlerin Ar-Ge harcamaları ile hisse senedi fiyatları arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyecektir. Çalışmada, Ar-Ge harcamalarının şirketlerin hisse senedi fiyatları üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek için Borsa İstanbul'da işlem gören çeşitli sektörlerden ve iş alanlarından firmaların Ar-Ge yatırım ve hisse senedi verileri kullanılacaktır. Çalışmada farklı sektör ve iş alanlarından firmaların nicel verilerinin kullanılması, çalışma sonucunda elde edilecek bulguların güvenilirliğinin ve tutarlılığının artmasına olanak sağlayacak ve aynı zamanda farklı sektörlerdeki firmaların sektörel bazda Ar-Ge yatırımlarının hisse senedi fiyat performansı üzerindeki etkilerinin anlaşılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Araştırma nicel bir bakış açısı ile gerçekleştirilecek olup yapılacak olan analizler panel veri analizi yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilecektir. Çalışmada Ar-Ge harcamalarının şirketlerin finansal performansı üzerindeki etkisi, hisse senedi değerlemelerindeki rolü, yatırımcı davranışları üzerindeki etkileri ve şirket imajı ve müşteri güveni üzerine etkisi gibi konulara odaklanılacaktır. Ayrıca, Ar-Ge harcamalarının hisse senedi fiyatları üzerindeki etkisinin sektörel farklılıkları da firmalar bazında detaylı bir şekilde incelenecektir. Veri analizi sürecinde, bulguların güvenilirliğini ve anlamlılığını değerlendirmek için panel veri analizi yöntemi kullanılacaktır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, literatürdeki mevcut bilginin derinleşmesine katkıda bulunacak ve Ar-Ge harcamalarının şirketlerin hisse senedi fiyatları üzerindeki etkisinin de daha ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışma, Ar-Ge harcamalarının firmaların hisse senedi fiyatları üzerindeki etkisinin derinlemesine bir analizini ortaya koymaya amaçlamaktadır. Literatürde mevcut olan sınırlı ve kısıtlı bilgiyi daha da derinleştirmek ve Ar-Ge harcamalarının hisse senedi fiyatları üzerindeki etkisini daha iyi anlamak için 2016-2023 yılları arasında Borsa İstanbul'da işlem gören farklı sektör ve iş alanlarından firmaların verileri kullanılacaktır. Yapılacak olan analizlerden elde edilecek bulgular, şirketlerin Ar-Ge stratejilerini şekillendirmede ve yatırımcıların yatırım kararı alma süreçlerine ışık tutma açısından da önemli bir rol oynayacaktır. Bu çalışma, Ar-Ge harcamalarının şirketlerin hisse senedi fiyatları üzerindeki etkisine dair daha derinlemesine ve detaylı bir çalışma geliştirmek isteyen araştırmacılar, iş dünyası profesyonelleri ve yatırımcılar için değerli bir kaynak olacaktır.
Bankacılık sektöründe dış kaynak çalışan yönetiminin iyileştirilmesinde bilgi teknolojileri kullanımına yönelik bir uygulama

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-06-27) Akbaba, Seren ; Yıldırım, Nihan ; 507171032 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Günümüzde işletmeler temel faaliyetlerine odaklanmak, teknolojik değişimlere adapte olabilmek, esnek iş gücünü arttırmak veya personel ve işletme maliyetlerini düşürmek gibi ekonomik, stratejik ve teknolojik sebeplerle dış kaynak firmalardan ürün veya hizmet temin etmektedir. Dış kaynak kullanımı, kimi zaman iş süreçlerinin dış firmaya devredilmesiyle, kimi zaman dış firmadan anahtar teslim proje satın alınmasıyla, kimi zaman da tedarikçi firmadan satın alınan hizmeti gerçekleştirecek dış kaynak çalışanların müşteri firma içerisinde hizmet vermesiyle gerçekleşmektedir. Dış kaynak kullanımının, şirketlere sağladığı avantajların yanı sıra bazı dezavantajlar da söz konusudur. Yanlış firma seçimiyle birlikte prestij kaybı, tahmin edilemeyen gizli maliyetler, bilgi birikimi ve yetkinlik problemleri, çalışanlar ve firma üzerinde kontrol kaybı, inovasyon kaybı, iletişim ve çalışan problemleri bunlar arasında gösterilebilir. Bunları da kapsayan genel zorluklardan biri ise, dış kaynak çalışanların müşteri firma içerisindeki yönetimidir. Dış kaynak çalışan bulunduran müşteri firmalarda, bilgi güvenliği, erişim, izleme, eğitim ve oryantasyon, iletişim, performans ve ölçümleme, kaynak takibi ve kontrolü, izin veya çalışma takibi, operasyonel işlemler gibi bazı zorluklar ve takip edilmesi gereken konular ortaya çıkmaktadır. 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan COVID-19 salgınıyla birlikte, dış kaynak hizmetlere ulaşım daha da kolaylaşmış ve şirketler dış kaynak kullanımını arttırmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar, küresel kriz anlarında dış kaynak kullanımının arttığını göstermektedir. Dış kaynak kullanımıyla birlikte ortaya çıkan en önemli zorluklardan biri de, bilgi güvenliği ve erişimlerle ilgili problemlerdir. 2020 yılında bankacılık, elektronik ve haberleşme sektörlerinde yapılan yasal düzenlemeler, dış kaynak kullanımındaki güvenlik konusuna dikkat çekmiş ve ülkeler bu kapsamda yönetmeliklerini düzenlemiştir. Pandemi sürecinde, Türkiye'deki 23 mevduat, kalkınma ve yatırım bankasına ait veriler incelendiğinde, bankaların çağrı merkezlerindeki dış kaynak çalışan sayılarının 2020 Mart ayından 2021 Aralık ayına %60 arttığı görülmüştür. İngiltere'de yapılan bir araştırma da, bu süreçte bankalarda makine öğrenmesi ve veri bilimi alanında dış kaynak hizmetlerin arttığını göstermektedir. 2021 yılında, 45 ülkede, farklı sektörlerdeki liderlerle yapılan araştırma ise, bordro, müşteri iletişim merkezi (çağrı merkezi), gayrimenkul yönetimi, bilgi teknolojileri ve finans alanında dış kaynak kullanımının 2019 yılına göre arttığını ve bu alanlarda süreçlerin %60'ından fazlasında dış kaynak kullanıldığını göstermektedir. Tüm bu veriler, pek çok sektörde dış kaynak hizmetlerin sayısında artış olduğunu göstermektedir. Dış kaynak çalışan sayısının artmasıyla birlikte, müşteri firmalarda çalışan yönetimine ayrılan zaman da artacak ve dış kaynak çalışan yönetimindeki zorlukların giderilmesi amacıyla iyi pratiklerin edinilmesini gerektirecektir. Özellikle, bankacılık ve finans sektöründe dış kaynak hizmetlerin artışı, bilgi güvenliği kapsamındaki riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bankacılık ve finans sektöründe, dış kaynak kullanımına dair yasal mevzuatlar söz konusudur ve dış kaynak kullanan firmaların, bu mevzuatlara uyması beklenmektedir. Literatürden derlenen, dış kaynak çalışanların yönetiminde ortaya çıkan güvenlik, gizlilik, kontrol gibi problemlerin, yüksek seviyede güvenlik ve denetim kontrolleri gerektiren bankalar için daha kritik olması ve bu sektörlerde dış kaynak kullanımının artması ile birlikte, tez kapsamı bankacılık, finans sektörü olacak şekilde daraltılmıştır. Literatürde, dış kaynak çalışanların yönetiminde müşteri firmada ortaya çıkan zorlukların giderilebilmesi amacıyla, dış kaynak çalışanlar için yazılım uygulamalarından faydalanılması gerektiğine dair öneriler yer almaktadır. Şirketler, elektronik insan kaynakları yönetimi (e-İKY) uygulamalarını kullanarak, yönetimsel ve operasyonel işlem maliyetlerini düşürebilir ve bilgilere daha hızlı bir şekilde erişebilir. İnsan kaynakları açısından, dış kaynak çalışanlar, şirket içi çalışanlardan farklı özelliklere sahip olduğu için, yazılım uygulamalarının da farklı özelliklere sahip olması gerekmektedir. Literatürden derlenen öneriler neticesinde, dış kaynak çalışanların takibini kolaylaştırmak adına kullanılacak yazılım uygulamalarında, veri bütünlüğü, kimlik doğrulama, veri gizliliği, self servis işlemleri ve proje takibi, eğitim, performans, geri bildirim ve kontrol, raporlama, izleme ve çalışma süresi takibi, izin ve devamsızlık takibi, bilgilere kolay erişim, kontrollü erişim, erişimin otomatik sonlandırılması ve veri görselleştirme araçlarına yer verilebilir. Tüm bu çalışmalar neticesinde, bankacılık ve bankacılık sektörüne hizmet veren finans veya teknoloji kuruluşlarında kullanılabilecek referans bir yazılım uygulaması önerisi geliştirilmiştir. Dünyada, dış kaynak çalışanların takip edildiği çeşitli yazılım uygulamaları bulunmaktadır ancak bu uygulamaların dış kaynak çalışanların yönetimini iyileştirdiğine ve ihtiyacı ne ölçüde karşıladığına yönelik detaylı bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bazı araştırmacılar, bu uygulamaların veri bütünlüğü, raporlama gibi fonksiyonlarının yetersiz olduğu yönünde görüşler sunmuş ve dış kaynak yönetiminin iyileştirilmesi için kullanılacak yazılım uygulamalarında gerekli analitik, raporlama fonksiyonlarına yer verilmesi ve veri bütünlüğünün sağlanması için gerekli çalışmaların yapılması gerektiğine değinmiştir. Ek olarak, literatürde, dış kaynak çalışan yönetiminde hazır yazılım paketi kullanmak istemeyen veya kendi iç yazılımını kullanmak isteyen firmalara yönelik referans bir uygulama tasarımı da yer almamaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, ilk olarak bankacılık, finans ve bilişim sektöründen farklı şirketlerdeki alanında uzman katılımcılarla literatürden derlenen problemler ve öneriler incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma neticesinde, uygulamanın müşteri ihtiyaçları (iş gereksinimleri) oluşturulmuş ve bu ihtiyaçlar katılımcılarla birlikte Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (Analytical Hierarchy Process) yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Uygulamanın yasal mevzuata uyum, raporlama, kaynak takibi ve kontrolü, operasyonel işlemlerin otomasyonu ve kullanıcı dostu arayüzü ana gereksinimleri ve bunlara bağlı alt gereksinimleri belirlenerek hiyerarşi ağacı çizilmiştir. Ardından, tüm AHP aşamaları uygulanarak ana gereksinimler ve alt gereksinimler için hesaplamalar yapılmış ve müşteri ihtiyaçlarının öncelik değerleri belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, AHP yöntemiyle öncelik değerleri belirlenen iş gereksinimlerine karşılık gelecek teknik gereksinimler, bilişim sektöründe uzman katılımcılardan oluşan Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi (KFG) proje grubuyla atölye çalışmaları yapılarak belirlenmiş ve teknik gereksinim listesi oluşturulmuştur. Belirlenen teknik gereksinimlerin müşteri ihtiyaçlarını ne ölçüde karşıladığını doğrulayabilmek içinse Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi yöntemi uygulanarak kalite evi oluşturulmuştur. Teknik gereksinim önceliklerinin müşteri ihtiyaçlarıyla paralel olması, uygulama tasarımını netleştirmeye yardımcı olmuştur. Ayrıca müşteri ihtiyaçlarının önceliklerinde herhangi bir değişiklik olması durumunda, teknik gereksinimlerin ne şekilde etkilendiğinin belirlenebilmesi için duyarlılık analizi de yapılmıştır. Süreç tasarımında ise, teknik gereksinimler ve müşteri gereksinimlerini içerecek şekilde, uygulama fonksiyonları gruplandırılmış ve yapılması gerekenler netleştirilmiştir. Uygulamanın süreç analizi aşamasında, Birleşik Modelleme Dili (Unified Modeling Language) diyagramları kullanılarak, süreç senaryoları ve veri akışı çizilmiştir. Süreç senaryolarının ardından, örnek veri tabanı tasarımı ve örnek mimari tasarım yapılmış; örnek arayüz tasarımları hazırlanmış ve üretime geçiş öncesi gerekli örnek test senaryoları oluşturulmuştur. Veri gizliliği sebebiyle, önerilen uygulama için maliyet hesaplamaları yapılamamış ancak örnek verilerle hesaplama yöntemine yer verilmiştir. Uygulamanın üretime geçiş stratejisi ise, ihtiyaçların öncelik derecelerine göre belirlenmiş ve MVP (minimum viable product) yaklaşımıyla oluşturulmuştur. Önerilen uygulama, veri gizliliği sebebiyle isimleri paylaşılamayacak bankacılık, finans ve bilişim alanlarında faaliyet gösteren 4 farklı şirkete kullandırtılmış ve bu şirketlerde yaklaşık 1,5 yıl sonra uygulamanın sağladığı katkıları ölçmek amacıyla bir anket yapılmıştır. Anket sonuçları, önerilen yazılım uygulamasının, yazılım uygulaması kullanılmayan döneme kıyasla pek çok alanda şirketlere fayda sağlayabileceğini göstermekte ve uygulamayı doğrulamaktadır. Literatürde, AHP ve KFG'nin entegre olduğu çalışmalar yer almaktadır; ancak bankacılık sektöründe dış kaynak kullanımına yönelik bir yazılım uygulamasının gereksinimlerinin belirlenip uygulama tasarımının yapılmasıyla ilgili bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Gelecek çalışmalar içerisinde, önerilen uygulamanın farklı uygulamalarla rekabet analizi yapılabilir, bankacılık sektörüyle karşılaştırarak haberleşme ve telekomünikasyon sektöründeki dış kaynak kullanımı incelenebilir. Ayrıca, çalışma kapsamında AHP ve KFG kombinasyonu kullanılmıştır, gelecek çalışmalarda yapısal yorumlayıcı modelleme gibi farklı teknikler kullanılarak karşılaştırması yapılabilir. Bu çalışma özgündür; çünkü bir bilgi sistemi tasarımında çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden olan AHP metodu ile birer tasarım bileşeni olan uygulama yazılımının fonksiyonları için önceliklendirme çalışması yapılmıştır. Çok kriterli karar verme teknikleri içerisinde AHP oldukça popülerdir ve farklı alanlarda kullanımı bulunmaktadır. Ek olarak, genellikle donanım ve fiziksel ürün geliştirmede kullanılan KFG yaklaşımıyla teknik gereksinimler ve kullanıcı ihtiyaçları eşleştirmesi yapılmıştır. AHP ve KFG'nin birlikte bilgi teknolojileri alanında sistem tasarımında kullanımı ise oldukça nadirdir. Bu iki teknik, işletme mühendisliği çerçevelerinde yer alan fiziksel ve soyut ürün tasarımı yaklaşımlarına örnek teşkil etmektedir. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, gereksinim mühendisliği yaklaşımı da sunmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, gereksinim mühendisliğinin ilgilendiği yazılım sisteminin hedefleri ve fonksiyonları belirlenmiş ve bunlar arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Bu açılardan bakıldığında, literatüre katkı sağlayabilecek ve gelecek çalışmalara referans olabilecek niteliktedir. Özetlemek gerekirse, tezin ilk bölümünde, ele alınan kavramlarla ilgili literatür araştırması sunulmuştur. Sonraki bölümlerde metodoloji ve araştırma adımları ile kullanılan teknikler açıklanmıştır. Analiz metodları ile elde edilen veriler ise üçüncü bölümde sunulmuştur. Son bölümde tartışma ve sonuçlara yer verilmiştir.
Birleşme ve satın almaların değişim yönetimi açısından incelenmesi: Bir banka örneği

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-06-29) Pekcan, Burak ; Akdoğan Küskü, Fatma ; 507112001 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Örgütler, bir çevrede faaliyet gösteren, temelinde kar elde etme amacı ile kurulmuş fiziki ve beşeri unsurlardan meydana gelen sistemlerdir. Temelinde yaşamlarını sürdürme amacı güden örgütler için, içerisinde bulundukları çevre, bir yandan ihtiyaç duydukları kaynakları elde etmelerini sağlamakta, diğer yandan bir belirsizlik kaynağı yaratmaktadır. Örgütler bir yandan içerisinde bulundukları çevrede güçlenmeye ve rekabetçi üstünlük elde etmeye çabalarken, bir yandan da çevrenin getirdiği belirsizlikleri ve tehlikeleri azaltmaya çalışırlar. Birleşme ve satın almalar, örgütlerin önemli kaynaklara erişebilmeleri, dış çevrede kendilerine rekabetçi üstünlük elde edebilmeleri ve yaşamlarını sürdürebilmeleri açısından önemli bir stratejik seçim unsuru olmaktadır. Kaynakların heterojen dağıldığı, faaliyet gösterilen çevre içerisinde rekabetin arttığı ve büyük ölçekli örgütlerin pazara giderek hâkim olduğu bir dış çevre içerisinde birleşme ve satın alma hamleleri örgütlere rekabetçi üstünlük sağlamaktadır. Birleşme ve satın almalarda hem satın alan hem de satın alınan örgütlerde çeşitli değişimler yaşanmakta, bu değişimler örgüt yapılarını da doğrudan etkilemektedir. Bu araştırmada, bankacılık sektöründe faaliyet gösteren ve yurtdışı merkezli bir grup tarafından satın alınan bir firma incelenmiştir. Örgüt kuramları ve birleşme ve satın alma yazınından temellerini alan bu çalışmada, satın alım sonrasında örgütsel uyumun yapı, işleyiş ve kültürel boyutlarda sağlanması için gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar vaka araştırması yöntemi ile incelenmektedir. Açıklayıcı araştırma tasarımı kullanılan bu çalışmada veriler birincil (örgütün yönetiminde söz sahibi olan ve satın alım sonrası dönemi yaşamış olan kişiler ile yapılan görüşmeler ve gözlemler) ve ikincil (basılı doküman incelemeleri) veri kaynaklarından yararlanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, Kaynak Bağımlılığı Kuramı ve Birleşme ve Satın Alma yazını çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Birleşme ve Satın almalar, beraberinde uyum sağlama gerekliliğini de getirmektedir. Örgütlerin yapılarında, işleyişlerinde ve kültüründe (insan kaynaklarında) çeşitli değişimlere yol açmaktadır. Ancak bu değişimin yoğunluğu, örgütün tüm birimlerinde aynı olmadığı gibi, aynı zaman diliminde de gerçekleşmeyebilmektedir. Değişimin örgütün yapı, işleyiş ve kültürel unsurlarında ne derece gerçekleşeceği yine örgütün bu unsurlarda ne derece yapılanmış ve kuvvetli olduğuyla ters orantılı olduğu kadar, satın alan kuruluşun da bu unsurları değiştirme isteği ile doğru orantılı olmaktadır. Birleşme ve satın alma sonrası entegrasyon sürecinin başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilebilmesi için, görevlerin ve kültürlerin benzer derecede uyumlaştırılması önemli olmaktadır. Araştırılan vakada da iki örgütün görev ve kültürlerinin uyumlaştırılabilmesi için görev entegrasyonu ve kültürel entegrasyon yöntemlerinin birlikte kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak da örgüt yapıları ve işleyiş şekilleri birbirine yakınlaşmış, ayrıca insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları da benzer hale gelmiştir. Örgütsel değişimin gerçekleşebilmesi ve uyumun sağlanabilmesi için uygulanan uyum mekanizmalarının uygulanış biçimleri de değişebilmektedir. Yapısal uyumun sağlanması için uygulanan uyum mekanizmalarının, çoğunlukla yazında da değinilen yöntemler ile gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, örgütsel uyumun gerçekleştirilebilmesi için uygulanan insan kaynakları ve görev entegrasyonu mekanizmalarının uygulanış biçimlerinin, bu vakada yazında aktarıldığı biçiminden bir miktar farklılaştığı görülmektedir.
Can hyperloop technology take Turkish logistics industry to a next level? A preliminary analysis

(Graduate School, 2022) Kerem, Görkem ; Gonidis Çelebi , Dilay ; 719271 ; Department of Management Engineering

Our goal in this thesis is to get a deeper knowledge and understanding about Turkish Logistics Industry, see the trends towards the new technologies such as Hyperloop, which we discussed in this thesis, and searched for most appropriate way to implement such technologies within the industry. Elon Musk come up with the idea of Hyperloop in 2013, which can be explained as a mixture of railway and airway, travel across within tubes that specifically made for Hyperloop. From that day, it has been started to discuss about many different ways. Musk's idea was considering human transportation via Hyperloop, but as time progressed, cargo transportation started to be considered via Hyperloop. With all these development, many companies have shown interest in cargo transportation via Hyeprloop. Huge investments happened in countries such as UAE, India, Germany etc. In our thesis, we aimed to show whether such investment in Turkey is possible, if so what are the main challenges would be and how we can overcome of these challenges? In addition these, we also tried to determine cargo types that can be carried via Hyperloop, and possible routes accordingly, since Hardt Global, a Netherlands based Hyperloop company, has interest in investment in Turkey. Firstly, we conducted a literature review about new trends in LI and the major factors affecting the modal choice in LI. Due to Hyperloop being a new technology, we learned the details from Hardt Global. With respect to literature we also expand our research wih market and gathered some data to take the next step. Our idea was collecting data of economical indicators and logistics within Turkey, compare it to the knowledge we gained through literature review and set up a Semi-Structured Interview (SSI) accordingly. Hence, our methodology in this thesis was SSI we conducted with market drivers and prospects in Turkish LI. With SSI, we aimed to get more deep knowledge of the industry, learn some of the major problems that the industry faces, as well as introduce Hyperloop to get ideas about correct way of implementation in Turkey.
Corporate innovation and intrapreneurship structuring: An exploratory research

(Graduate School, 2023-05-03) İnsel, Rabia ; Çebi, Ferhan ; 507191026 ; Management Engineering

Today, change has accelerated all over the world and has become multi-dimensional. The rapid and interactive process of change in political, social, cultural, and economic fields comes to the fore as processes such as quick action in business management, quick decision making, and providing a dynamic and more flexible structure to management. The word strategy is a war term and comes from the Greek word "strategia". In recent years, worldwide businesses have had to think more strategically, and give more importance to strategic planning and decision-making in the face of intense competition arising from reasons such as globalization and rapid technological developments. The main purpose of today's world businesses is to develop strategies and methods and reach the goals and objectives of the business by ensuring that the best service and product are delivered to customers in an efficient and effective way. In order for businesses to keep up with these changes, they must have a long-term vision and include innovation in this vision. Innovation is derived from the Latin word "innovatus". Innovation is defined by the European Commission in 1995 as a marketable, new or improved product, method or service introduced at the end of the transformation process. According to world-renowned management scientist Peter F. Drucker, innovation is a transformation tool. Innovation is the basis for developing and changing a product, production, idea or need. It is the development of new products, the conversion of new ideas into money, the meeting of the needs of the market, the provision of human resources, and the creation of a management process for the institution that proceeds in parallel with science-technology-R&D. The need for rapid access to information with changing and developing technology draw attention to the importance of innovative approach and innovative corporate culture. While providing a competitive advantage in the market, it also provides the emergence of a business model. Firms that want to gain permanent competitive advantage need process improvement and service innovation. All these requirements show the need for companies for an innovation strategy. The innovation strategy enables the organization to structure innovation to optimize and gives innovation a system within the organization. It sets out a roadmap for the future the company aims for. Companies without an innovation strategy run the risk of losing their market edge over time. In the innovation strategy, which is a part of the corporate strategy, the challenges are determined and innovation areas are defined according to the needs of the institution. Intrapreneurship is also part of this strategy. Intrapreneurship is the generation of ideas and projects within a certain corporate organization without leaving the institution they work voluntarily. It is a fairly new concept, but it has developed rapidly and has entered thousands of organizations and economies around the world. It encourages employees to think outside the box while keeping their ideas safe within the organization. While not all new ideas have potential, the organization can motivate its employees to think innovatively. Thus, the culture instilled in employees can have a tremendous impact on the growth and perhaps a revival of a particular business. In this study, the relationship between corporate strategy, corporate innovation, and intrapreneurship structuring was questioned and exploratory research was conducted. To gather data, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 innovation professionals in different sectors and positions. To ensure the impartiality of the study the Text Summarization Algorithm is utilized. Then, each answer summary was explained accordingly and overall responses were extracted. Furthermore, The word frequency table was constructed and illustrated to yield a comprehensive picture of the study.
Designing business model framework for public bus transportation authorities: A fuzzy approach

(Graduate School, 2023-02-22) Buran, Büşra ; Erçek, Mehmet ; 507162010 ; Management Engineering

Covid-19, which has taken the world under its influence, has also deeply affected the public transportation sector. While public transportation is sustainable with subsidies, the gap between expenses and incomes has grown with the effect of Covid-19. The sector, which meets the majority of its revenues from tickets, decreased by ninety percent during the days of curfews during the pandemic period. Expenses such as disinfection, mask, etc. increased with the addition of additional items. Despite all the difficulties, public transportation continued to serve without stopping during the pandemic period. For this reason, public transportation is seen as a backbone for the cities. Especially in developed and developing countries, it plays a critical role to overcome traffic jams. To achieve this, the service quality of public transportation is seen as a key point. The service quality of public transportation depends on different factors such as operation, repair and maintenance, audit, and management. From the management side, the business model provides a holistic perspective due to taking into account activity, value, and financial status. Business models represent a critical tool for strategic management. It provides managers with an integrated perspective to shape business operations regarding the activity, value, and finance dimensions. When activity composes of key partners, key resources, and key activities, value includes value proposition, customer segments, channels, and customer relationships. Lastly, the finance block comprises revenue streams and costs from Business Model Canvas (BMC) perspective. It serves to understand, communicate, share, change, measure, simulate, and learn more about the different aspects of the firms. According to the type of organization, the business model can be varied such as profit-based or social-based. This thesis presents a business model canvas framework for public transportation organizations including impact factors and their external environment. Impact factor includes social and environmental issues for public bus transportation such as elderly people, disabled people, electric buses, and green transportation. From an external view, PESTEL analysis is taken into account which is political, economical, social, technological, legal, and environmental. Taking into account impact factors and the external environment provides managers or policymakers with a holistic perspective to manage effectively. The main and sub-criteria of the model are designed according to the literature under three hierarchical levels. While the first level of the model is the main criteria which are internal and external environment criteria, the second level comprises sub-criteria of internal and external environment criteria which are business model canvas and PESTEL analysis. Finally, the third level is related to the sub-criteria of the business model and PESTEL analysis. In addition, this thesis aims to query the viability of a new strategic action tool specifically geared to the interests of public bus transportation authorities (PBTAs) around the globe and explore the degree of homogeneity in their responses as well as their possible drivers of them. To answer its research question, the study first offers a generic business model design for a PBTA, which integrates an extended version of the business model canvas with external environmental factors in order to enhance its sustainability. Subsequently, the importance attributions of international transportation experts to different model components are evaluated by using the Spherical and Intuitionistic Fuzzy AHP method. The proposed model is evaluated by experts from four continents: America, Asia, Australia, and Europe. International experts are selected according to their experience. They are selected from different departments which are planning, operation, innovation, strategy development, and finance with more than ten years of experience. There are different methods in the literature such as Multi-Attribute Utility Theory, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Analytic Network Process (ANP), Fuzzy Set Theory, Case-Based Reasoning, Data Envelopment Analysis, Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique, Goal Programming, Elimination and Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE), Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), Simple Additive Weighting, Multicriteria Optimization and Com promise Solution (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje-VIKOR), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and The Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS). Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is mostly used method due to its ease of application, flexibility, applicable to many subjects. But in some circumstances such as vagueness, complexity fuzzy logic is preferred to classical AHP. In fuzzy logic, there are different fuzzy sets. Some of those are Ordinary, Interval-Valued, Intuitionistic, Neutrosophic, Nonstationary, Hesitant, and Spherical. In this problem, fuzzy logic is applied to the model with two extensions which are Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) and Spherical Fuzzy Sets (SFS) to evaluate the proposed model. A solution set is also provided with a traditional AHP in order to check the robustness of the former methods. According to the results, the internal environment is ranked as the most important criterion at the first level for all methods. Whereas the activity element is ranked first at the second level, key partners are ranked first at the third level for all methods. The relative similarity of the results obtained by the traditional and Intuitionistic Fuzzy AHP model suggests that the Spherical Fuzzy AHP model may have better potential to handle the vagueness of the business modeling problems. Sensitivity analyses show that the model is sensitive to expert judgments. From the convergence-divergence perspective, the expert opinions tend to converge more on the internal components of the model and diverge on the external components, especially regarding economic and technological factors. A strategic response action set is also designed to facilitate the adoption of the model by PBTAs. The strategic responses include short and long terms actions, separately. When unexpected conditions such as pandemics trigger short-run responses, the long-run term is mobilized by the planning process. Innovation of the business model is important as designing it. Changing political, economical, social, technological, and legal conditions, the business models can be needed to redesign to survive in the business ecosystem. Development of the proposed business model can be tracked using defined performance indicators time by time. This study contributes to the works of both academicians and practitioners in terms of designing and evaluating public transportation business models. The study not only extends the research on the strategic management of the public bus transportation domain but also contributes to the convergence and divergence debate by offering a reconciliatory duality perspective.
Disposition bias for different investor categories in Borsa Istanbul

(Graduate School, 2022-10-18) Kahya, Evrim Hilal ; Ekinci, Cumhur Enis ; 507102007 ; Management Engineering

Financial theory based many of its theoretical models on the rationality of investors which was challenged by behavioral finance since two decades. Disposition bias is among the many biases that investors face with and behaving against rationality assumption. Having its base from Tsversky and Kahneman (1979) prospect theory, in which the individuals are assumed to be loss averse, Shefrin and Statman (1985) named this loss aversion as "Disposition bias" for the behaviors of the investors, basically refer to the tendency to sell the investment held for a loss at a slower rate than the investment held for a gain. Related with our study, it is important to explain the human psychology on positive and negative outcomes. It is found that we approach positive occurrences differently from negative ones. One way or another we overweigh the positive circumstances and underweigh the negative ones and shape our daily choices based on this subjective evaluation. This discrepancy leads to irrational choices and behaviors which is the main issue in coping mechanisms of human beings. This irrational behavior finds its projection on finance through disposition bias. If an investor is exposed to disposition bias, she behaves differently when faced with loser portfolio compared to winner portfolio. The psychology of this two different choices was analyzed by Shefrin and Statman (1986) with prospect theory of Kahneman and Tversky (1979). This theory suggested that investors are risk takers when a loss is occurred and refrain from risk when a gain is certain. Weber and Camerer (1998), Anaert et al. (2008), and Lee et al. (2008) checked it through either experiments, simulations and other kinds of statistical analysis and found statistically significant results favoring the prospect theory, whereas Odean (1998), Jiao (2017), and Barberis and Xiong (2009) found mixed results in favoring this theory and many other such as Kaustica (2010), Hens and Vlcek (2011), Ben-David and Hirshleifer (2012), and Kubinska et al. (2012) found no statistically significant results favoring prospect theory. Other than prospect theory, the disposition bias was tried to be explained through mental accounting and regret aversion by Brown et al. (2006), Dhar and Zhu (2006), Kaustica (2010), Goo et al. (2010), and Rau (2015), Self-attribution Bias by Barber et al. (2007), Direct Causal Effect of Emotions by Summers and Duxbury (2012), Aspara and Hoffmann (2015), Garling et al. (2016), and Chang et al. (2016) but again the results from all these studies are mixed. The main results for the disposition bias analysis was that investors are mainly less willing to realize losses than gains. Disposition bias not only was analyzed with respect to general investor groups, it has been analyzed with many aspects from different investors types, different cultures, to the effects of the disposition bias on the stock prices, wealth of investors, and other behavioral biases. In studying disposition on different behaviors of investor groups, it was hypothesized that when one can find the difference among groups, then one can come up with a better explanatory idea on the reasoning behind the DB. Grindblatt and Keloharju (2001), Shu et al. (2005), Lehenkari and Perttunen (2005), Barbet et al. (2007)., Chen et al. (2007), Boolell-Gunesh (2009), Goo et al. (2010), and Frino et al. (2014) and many others analyzed the effect of gender and/or age on DB, Shapira and Venezia (2001), Shu et al. (2005), Lehenkari and Perttunen (2004) Dhar and Zhu (2006), Weber and Welfens (2008), Boolell-Gunesh (2009), Choe and Eom (2010), and others analyzed the effect of sophistication on DB. However, even if there are many studies on DB the results are mixed and neither the literature could come up with a definite result on the reasoning behind the disposition bias nor the effects of the disposition bias on different groups. Seeing this gap in the literature in our paper we constructed a methodology on analyzing disposition bias through subgroups of investors with newly defined proxies. Our aim is to understand the reasoning behind the differences of the size of disposition bias. For example, we know from literature that not all women or men are exposed to disposition bias but we do not know the determinant of this difference. We know that institutional investors are less exposed to DB but we cannot generalize this to all institutional investors. If we can understand the reasoning behind this difference we can come up with important policy recommendation to reduce this bias, and reduce the wealth reduction effect of DB on investors. Motivated by the above arguments, we perform an analysis on the existence and equivalence of disposition bias across investors. Our main research questions are as follows. Do investors have a disposition bias when grouped in terms of their type, i.e. their gender or status (male, female and legal person); size (small, medium sized and large) and trading frequency (infrequently, occasionally and frequently trading)? Is the disposition effect the same across different groups as well as subgroups, i.e. when their different features are jointly considered? To answer those questions we used an improved methodology on the classification of the subgroups. This was an important gap in disposition bias literature, because there were different proxies on trading size and trading frequency. For instance, when classifying for size, many researchers such as Grindblatt and Keloharju (2001), Brown et al. (2006), Dhar and Zhu (2006), Weber and Welfens (2008) refer to investors' overall portfolio value or asset value (i.e., the value of their portfolio at an instant or an average portfolio value over a time period). Yet, these overall or average values have some limitations in capturing the true size of investors. Similarly, trading frequency is usually measured with average number of trades for a time period as of Lehenkari and Perttunen (2005), Dhar and Zhu (2006), Chen et al. (2007) and others. Indeed, if an investor trades actively at some period but less in others, this means that he/she always keeps a potential to trade actively. An average number, therefore, does not necessarily reflect his/her attitude. Based on this idea we developed new proxies for both trading size and trading frequency benefiting from the intraday investor base data. We calculated the disposition effect both base on numbers and values as of Barber et al. (2007) where many other studies preferred to make their analysis based on number of DB's. Last but not least we are the first paper which makes the comparative analysis of the group of investors through ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Our study contributes to the literature in the following ways. Most studies consider a single characteristic of investors in terms of gender, size or trading frequency (e.g., female, small or frequently trading) neglecting joint features such as 'frequently trading small female' investor. To fill this gap we run base-, two- and three-level analyses, i.e. by combining all the investor features (type, size and trading frequency). To the best of our knowledge, such an analysis is unique in the literature and helps shed more light on the disposition bias in investor subcategories. Moreover, we propose better proxies for investor size and trading frequency that seek capturing investor sophistication at an intraday setting (detailed in the Methodology section). Furthermore, our calculation of disposition effect is based on both the 'value' and the 'number' of paper gains and losses. Last but not least; although behavioral biases, and in particular disposition bias, have been widely studied worldwide, a detailed investigation on Turkish market is still missing, the reason presumably being the lack of investor level data for research. An exception includes Tekçe et al. (2016) that examines the determinants of various biases of individual investors such as age, gender, experience, wealth and location. Our dataset encompasses the whole investor base in the country (we start with a sample of 462,488 investors and end up with 283,913, after extracting noisy data). Hence, we can catch a large portion of investor activity. In addition, the descriptive statistics obtained on a large dataset reflects the distribution and general characteristics of investors in terms of gender or status, size and trading frequency in Borsa Istanbul.
Effects of internal and external factors on green (environmental) consumer behavior

(Graduate School, 2023) Özdemir, Ezgi ; Burnaz, Şebnem ; 798402 ; Management Engineering Programme

In this study, it was aimed to analyze green (environmental) user behaviors by separating them into purchasing, recycling and using parameters and to determine the parameters affecting these behaviors. A comprehensive literature search was conducted and similar studies were examined.
Evolutionary mechanisms of imprinting in business clusters

(Graduate School, 2021-03-10) Ekşi, Emre ; Erçek, Mehmet ; 507102006 ; Management Engineering ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Discussions on regional economic development, specifically on industrial districts and business clusters, since Marshall's (1920) seminal work has surged in numbers, especially after the popularization of cluster studies with Porter (1990), who assigns a prominent role to clusters in microeconomics of competition and competitive advantage of regions and nations. On the other hand, the geographic distribution of resources and potentials for development are shaped by historical factors and regions can be understood through the mechanisms by which geographical landscape evolves over time. In this sense 'Evolutionary turn' is both promising as a new way of thinking about uneven geographical development and presenting an opportunity for linking different concepts and theoretical approaches from different schools of thoughts. Aim of this thesis is to reveal how clusters evolve and in which conditions environmental forces leave their mark on the evolution pattern of business clusters. Instead of employing a nurturist view, this study explores how nature of the cluster firms and nurturing of the environment interact during the variations observed in environments and tries to explain the dynamics of the imprinting processes. Even though spatial evolution of business clusters has been studied in business history and economic geography domains, coherent and holistic view of the phenomenon is still far from formulation. Contribution of this study is to bring an evolutionary model by extending multi-level imprinting theory (MLIT) with a selectionist view and to explain how particular features of business clusters are acquired under the influences of environmental forces. The study, in so doing, synthesizes MLIT and General Darwinism, which are built over analogies between evolutionary biology and evolutionary economic geography and lay the foundation of the basic evolutionary engine as variation, selection and retention processes. The thesis consists of seven sections. In the first section, aim and scope of the thesis is presented, and the flow of the thesis is framed. In the second section, theoretical perspectives on location, regional growth and local development are discussed, theoretical background of business clusters is summarized. In the third section the importance of 'Evolutionary turn' is highlighted, the concepts of evolutionary analysis within the economic landscape are discussed and imprinting theory is presented. In the fourth section, the conceptual model, explaining evolutionary mechanisms of imprinting and how environmental influencers work with evolutionary engine is described, evidences from the empirical literature are presented. In the fifth section, research design is explained, selection of sites and how data are collected and analyzed is justified. In the sixth section, findings related to footwear industry and footwear production clusters in Izmir and Konya are presented. In the last section findings are discussed in the light of conceptual model, how evolutionary mechanisms and engine explain the imprinting success or failure is presented, and new research opportunities for developing the model are offered. The proposed conceptual model aims to contribute to the evolutionary economic geography by extending MLIT in many ways; (i) exploring influence of heredity factors governing access to resources and legitimization forces, (ii) defining how "window of imprintability" works through evolutionary mechanisms, (iii) explaining emulation of imprints through retention process and the role of secondhand imprinting, (iv) describing the role of pioneering firms in the creating founder effect and lastly, (v) clarifying the role of institutional order within group of firms as a constraining factor with its implications on the imprinting process. This study follows a historical case study research which is suitable for exploring the cluster as a contextually bounded system over time. The research setting planned for this study is footwear clusters which is a traditional industry, geographically agglomerated and based on apprenticeship. Before preparing the research questions a preliminary site research is conducted and discussions with highly experienced professionals are made. This also enabled the researcher to be more informed about the research sites in Konya and Izmir. Interview questions were determined after the preliminary site research and compiled in accordance with the conceptual model and its constructs. Data collected by open-ended interviews are triangulated with other secondary data sources like sectoral reports, journals, academic papers and studies, archival records, photograph archives, direct observation and physical artifacts. In the study, data analysis is conducted in four stages. In the first stage background of shoe production in Turkey is explained and current context is clarified with historical facts and figures. In the second stage, sensitive periods related to major economical, technological and institutional changes are investigated. In the third stage, selected areas to be analyzed are justified. In the last stage, imprinting process and their action mechanisms are deeply investigated. Possible imprints on specialization, division of work and cooperation are analyzed, and findings are interpreted according to the conceptual approach. Findings towards specialization showed that the specialization of Izmir footwear cluster in women shoes was affiliated with Westernization efforts in which shoe consumption habits were shaped by liberalized clothing, social life and attendance of women in work life. On the other hand, this WOI did not turn automatically into an imprint. The environmental fit of producers shaped by the local demand enabled them to seize this opportunity and retention was mainly characterized by apprenticeship and spin-offs, which pushed the imprints to stamp a critical mass of the population. Findings in division of work uncovered three cases for deeper analysis. In the case of stitcheries, small stitching workshops found to be sustained since the traditional production era despite the change in the economic conditions. These workshops persisted and attempts to replace this model failed due to unregistered work practices and traditionalization forces of within group fitness, characterized by irregular working hours, seasonality and underdeveloped managerial capacities. These findings showed the importance of both environmental fitness and within group fitness in the imprinting process. The case of Sumerbank was an example of Wrightian-drift. During state led industrialization period, Turkish Republic founded Sumerbank and consolidated all state production facilities including the shoe factory in Beykoz, which was a vertical production giant of its time. The favorable selection niche created by the government did not breed into new mass production facilities and transform into a successful imprint on the industry. The barriers blocking diffusion of vertical production model seems not only to indicate the lack of capital accumulation of producers but also presence of a parallel fit in the crossing niche and lack of physical proximity disabling knowledge dissemination. Moreover, the sensitive period characterized by state led development logic closed in less than two decades. Therefore, retention mechanism did not work, and imprinting attempt was failed. On the contrarily, the socialist imprint in Timişoara footwear cluster which was coeval with the Sumerbank initiative had successfully persisted even after the firms were privatized. This points attention to the importance of retention mechanism and reaching a critical threshold for solidification and persistence of the imprint. Lastly, findings on the Ottoman guilds and their Akhsim roots, which are mostly referred in the discussions of collaboration efforts in Konya, showed that both functions and values possessed by the ancestor of modern collaboration institutions have been mostly vanished. In this sense three sensitive periods are analyzed, foundation period, industrialization and mechanization with liberalization. The evidence supports the view that with the upsurge in competition, individualistic behavior has intensified, and individual fit became more important than group fit after the liberalization and mechanization period. Our conceptual model supports us to propose that liberalization changed the course of social norms and relations and this may lead to an imprint in the future. These findings contributed to the imprinting theory by highlighting the importance of the nature of business clusters, incorporation of a selectionist view and evolutionary mechanisms. The accumulated heredity factors and window of imprintability operating in the imprinting process are both conceptually and empirically explained. Sensitive periods do not automatically result in the evolution of a cluster. Instead, the model affirms that during a sensitive period, the operations in the variation-selection-retention engine, overcoming the pressures of within group fitness and reaching a critical mass in the local populations are prerequisites for successful imprinting.
Finans sektöründe çevik proje yönetimini iyileştirmede kullanılan araç seçim kararına yönelik bir uygulama

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023-02-27) Harputlu, Kenan Can ; Aşıcı, Ahmet Atıl ; 507161036 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Ürün ve yazılım gelişmeleri, teknolojinin ve rekabetin de artışı ile birlikte ilerlemektedir. Firmaların; bu ilerleyişe bağlı olarak, ürün değişkenliklerini daha hızlı adapte edebilme, proje takım üyelerinin proje yönetimi ve takibini kolaylaştırma, verimliliği, ürün kalitesini ve müşteri memnuniyetini arttırma ve maliyet yapılarını daha aza indirgeme gibi ihtiyaçları ortaya çıkmaktadır. COVID-19 pandemisi, üretimlerin devamlılığı için şirketlerin ve ekiplerin organizasyon ve çalışma yapılarında değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Binlerce katılımcı arasında yapılan araştırmalar, özellikle bilişim teknolojileri alanında çalışan ekiplerin küçük bir kısmının ofise geri dönüş sağladığını, kalanların ise uzaktan ya da hibrit olarak çalışmalarını yürüttüğünü göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla firmalarda çalışan dağıtık ekiplerin oranı gitgide artmaktadır. Gün geçtikçe daha fazla organizasyon bu çalışma modeli değişikliği ve bahsedilen bu ihtiyaçlar karşısında çevik metodolojileri benimsemektedir. Yalnızca bilişim teknolojileri alanlarında değil donanım geliştirme, inşaat ve gayrimenkul, eğitim ve hizmet sektörü, imalat sektörü, sinema, müzik, mobil içerik ve video oyunları gibi yaratıcı endüstriler, tedarik zinciri yönetimi, üst-düzey yönetim, endüstriyel dizayn, ürün tasarımı, simülasyon modelleme gibi farklı alanlarda da çevik metolodojiler benimsenmektedir. Operasyon, pazarlama, insan kaynakları ve satış gibi farklı birimlerin de çevik metodolojileri benimsediği gözlemlenmektedir. Çevik metodolojilerin benimsenmesi ile gelen birçok fayda bulunmaktadır. Proje ekiplerinin dahili ve harici belirsizliklere karşı daha hızlı aksiyon almaları, ekiplerin gelişim ve değişimlere daha hızlı yanıt verebilmeleri ve projelerin sürekli olarak planlanıp geliştirilebilmesi bunlardan bazılarıdır. Öte yandan, dağıtık ekiplerin yönetimi, ekip içi işbirliğinin artması ve ekiplerin daha etkin bir şekilde organize olabilmeleri, ekip içi çıkar çatışmalarının azalması diğer faydalar olarak belirtilebilir. Öte yandan, dağıtık ekiplerin yönetimi, ekip içi iş birliğinin artması ve ekiplerin daha etkin bir şekilde organize olabilmeleri, ekip içi çıkar çatışmalarının azalması diğer faydalar olarak belirtilebilir. Müşteri memnuniyeti ve çıktı kalitesi açısından, paydaşlar arası işbirliğinin ve müşteri memnuniyetinin artması, kısa aralıklı ve daha sık yapılan testler ile ürün kalitesinde iyileşme sağlanır. Hızlı adaptasyonlar ile yeniden çalışmaların ortadan kaldırılması ve daha az kaynak kullanımı ile proje maliyetlerinin azaltılmasına katkı sağlanır. Projelerin zamanında teslim edilmesine, minimum dokümantasyon ile proje ekibinin zamandan tasarruf etmesine ve ürünlerin en kısa sürede teslim edilebilmesine olanak sağlanır. Ek olarak, her döngü sonrası yapılan durum değerlendirme toplanları ve müşteri geri bildirimleri sayesinde proje ekiplerinin performans değerlendirmeleri ve performans görünürlüğünün artması gibi faydaları bulunmaktadır. Son olarak, proje görünürlüğünün artması, bireysel ekip üyelerinin proje uygulamalarında sorumluluk almaya teşvik edilmesi, ekip üyelerinin kişisel gelişimlerini desteklemesi gibi birçok faydadan bahsedilmektedir. Çevik metodolojilerin kullanımında bazı dezavantajların olduğu belirtilmiştir. Dokümantasyonun azlığı sebebiyle ekiplerde bilgi birikimi yetersizliği oluşmaktadır. Bu durum, edinilen bilgilerin firma içerisindeki transferini zorlaştırırken, ilerleyen süreçlerde ekibe katılan kişiler açısından geliştirme için izlenen asıl yöntemi anlamaları açısından zorlayıcı olabilir. Geleneksel veya bürokratik yöntemleri benimsemiş firmalar için, paydaşlar arasındaki ve ekip içi iş birliğinin ve iletişimin benimsenmesi zorlayıcı olabilmektedir. Ayrıca, finansal kuruluşlardaki denetimler sebebiyle dokümantasyon ve bilgi varlığının dijital bir ortamda korunması, izlenebilir olması önemlidir. Kuruluşların önce kendi yapılarını, kültürlerini, sistemlerini ini hazır hale getirmeleri gerekmektedir. Bazı sektörler özelinde uygulanacak değişikliklerin test aşamalarının daha zor olabileceği, etkilerinin daha büyük ve maliyet değişikliğinin daha çok olabileceği belirtilmektedir, dolayısıyla çevik metodolojilerin uygulanabilmesi için doğru sektör ve uygulamanın seçilmesi de önemlidir. Çevik metotlarla yürütülmüş proje tecrübesi eksikliği, yetersiz eğitim ve alıştırma gibi konular da yine ekiplerin ve firmaların çevik metodolojileri uygulamasında ve benimsemesinde zorluklar meydana getirmektedir. Bu avantajların ya da dezavantajların iyileştirilmesi için bazı çevik proje yönetim araçlarından faydalanılmaktadır. Bu çevik araçlar sayesinde, ekiplerin performans ölçümlenmesi yapılabilir ve ekipler kendi iş takiplerini yapabilecekleri günlük aktivitelerini yönetebilirler. Yöneticiler bu araçlar sayesinde, geliştirme belgeleri olmadan dahi proje ilerleyişini ve ürün kalitesini takip edebilirler. Bilgileri hızlı ve verimli şekilde yöneterek bilgi paylaşımı yapabilme, raporlama yapabilme, proje statü takibi, sprint planlama, ürün iş listesindeki öğelerin ihtiyaca göre önceliklendirilmesi sağlanır. Task bazlı işlerin tamamlanma veya devam durumlarına göre statü takibi, dashboardlar sayesinde takım üyelerine ve yöneticilerine proje özetine kolay erişim sağlama, yöneticiler tarafından ekiplerin yaptıkları iş özelinde şeffaf takibini yapabilmesi sağlanır. Hata izleme, zaman takibi, ihtiyaç duyulan bilgileri daha hızlı bulabilme imkanı sağlaması, tarihsel veri tabanı oluşturabilmesi proje portföyüne hızlı erişim gibi olanaklar sağlar. Geri bildirim alabilme, gereksinimleri hızlı filtreleyebilme, önemli figürlerin otomatik oluşturulması, tahminleme yapabilmesi, kart duvarı, kullanıcı hikayelerine dayalı uygulamara destek sağlaması gibi ihtiyaca yönelik birçok özelliği sayesinde çevik araçların kullanımı önem kazanmakta ve gün geçtikçe daha da benimsenmektedir. Literatürde çevik yönetim araçlarının kullanıldığı sektör ya da uygulamalara yönelik çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Ek olarak, hazır çözüm çevik araçların karşılaştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar bulunmaktadır; fakat bu çevik araçlarda hangi kriterlerin olması gerektiğine dair yapılmış bir Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi çalışması bulunmamaktadır. Finans sektörünün, regülasyonlara tabi tutulması ve rekabete dayalı bir sektör olması sebebiyle özelleştirilmiş ve iyi analiz edilmiş kriterlere sahip çevik proje araçlarına ihtiyacı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Literatürde yapılan araştırmalar neticesinde finans veya finans bilişim sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmalar için çevik proje yönetim araçlarının kriterleri üzerine yapılmış bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma ile hem literatüre bu anlamda katkı sağlamak hem de sürekli rekabet halinde olan finans veya finans bilişim sektöründeki firmaların çevik proje geliştirme süreçlerine yardımcı olacak en uygun aracı seçmelerindeki çok kriterli karar problemine yardımcı olunması hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda öncelikle çevik proje yönetimi kavramları, tanımı, tarihçesi, avantajları ve dezavantajları ile ilgili literatür taranmıştır. Geleneksel yaklaşımlar ile çevik yaklaşımlar karşılaştırılmış ve çevik proje yaklaşımın tercih edilme sebepleri incelenmiştir. Finans ve finans bilişim sektöründeki firmalarda bu metodolojinin yaygın olarak kullanıldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bunun neticesinde çalışma daraltılarak, finans sektöründe çevik proje yönetim araçlarının kullanılma nedenleri araştırılmıştır. Literatürde, finans ve finansa hizmet sağlayan bilişim sektöründeki firmaların yoğun denetimlere tabi tutulması, yasal gereksinimler ve sıfır kesinti (7/24 hizmet) politikası sebebiyle çevik proje yönetim araçlarına yöneldiği ve bilgi varlığını korumaya çalıştığı belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca, firmaların çevik proje araçlarına doğru yatırım yapmasıyla kurumlardaki riskin minimize edilebileceği, iyi dokümantasyon ile sağlıklı bir veri tabanının oluşturulabileceği ve takımların birbirleri ile daha iyi iletişim kurarak hızlı çıktı sağlayabileceğine yönelik öneriler yer almaktadır. Bu öneriler değerlendirilerek, finans ve finans bilişim sektöründeki firmalar için en uygun çevik proje yönetim aracını seçebilmek adına bir çalışma grubu oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışma grubunda finans ve finans bilişim sektöründe alanında uzman katılımcılar yer almaktadır. Yapılan atölye çalışmaları kapsamında, çevik metodoloji zorlukları ve kullanım nedenleri incelenerek uygulamalarda ihtiyaç duyulan müşteri gereksinimleri belirlenmiştir. Bu gereksinimler detaylandırılarak atölye grubu ile birlikte Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi uygulanmıştır. Bilgi paylaşımı ve iletişim, dashboard yönetimi ve raporlama, ürün iş listesi(backlog) yönetimi, sprint planlama ve iş takibi ve entegrasyon müşteri ana gereksinimleri ile bu ana gereksinimlerin tüm alt gereksinimleri bir araya getirilmiş ve hiyerarşi oluşturulmuştur. Ardından, belirtilmiş olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi aşamaları ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi uygulanarak her bir kriterin önem değeri hesaplanmış ve önem değerine göre sıralama yapılmıştır. Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Bulanık entegrasyonu uygulamalarının ardından, finans ve finans bilişim sektöründe çevik yönetim araçlarını kullanan farklı profildeki kişiler ile bir anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiş olup, Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ile belirlenen öncelik derecelerinin bu anket yoluyla da doğrulanması hedeflenmiştir. Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi'nin uygulanması sonucunda, tarihsel veri kaydı en öncelikli kriter iken kişi veya gruba task atama en az öncelikli kriterdir. 152 katılımcı ile yapılan anketin sonucunda kriterlerin öncelik sıralamaları benzer şekildedir. Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi uygulanmasının ardından bir atölye çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu atölye çalışmasında, finans bilişim sektöründe çalışan uzmanlar ile birlikte önem değerleri belirlenen kriterler baz alınarak, ilgili firmanın kendi iç çevik uygulaması ile satın alma süreçlerini yürütmekte oldukları farklı bir dış uygulama arasında karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, finans ve finans bilişim sektöründe bulunan firmalarda, çevik proje araçlarının geliştirilmesi veya satın almadaki seçim sürecinde bu kriter önem değerleri kullanılarak karar verme süreci tamamlanabilir ve bu firmalar için en uygun çevik yönetim araç belirlenebilir.
Finding more prominent leadership traits to achieve a sustainable organization using the AHP method

(Graduate School, 2023-05-16) Aluç, Muhammet Abdullah ; Akdağ Camgöz, Hatice ; 507201084 ; Management Engineering

Prioritizing the enhancement of people's quality of life and environmental concerns have become crucial issues for organizations who want to survive into the twenty-first century. Social, political, environmental, and technological paradigms are constantly changing and these unstable contexts have deeply affected organizations. Overcoming political unrest, social inequalities, and inexorable exploitation of natural resources, have forced organizations to require new thoughts and actions; organizations can only remain in existence if they prioritize being environmentally and socially aware. This awareness acquired by organizations has been created thanks to the United Nations' considerable efforts, namely, the Stockholm Conference, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Bruntland Commission, The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Earth Summits and lastly Paris Climate Agreement-Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) over the years. Miscellaneous standards and initiatives that comprise environmental, social, and governance (ESG) topics have been created for organizations to be more conscious. The most fundamental standard is the ISO 9001 Quality Management System (QMS), which provides a blueprint for organizations to meet their quality requirements, paving the way for all of the ESG topics to be covered. The ISO 9001 QMS has fundamental principles that are closely related to sustainability issues like 'engagement of people', 'improvement', 'process approach', and 'leadership'. Moreover, experts, scholars, and researchers have deemed that endorsement and leadership of top managers are crucial in QMS, and leaders who have 'transformational leadership' traits will thrive leading sustainability topics. Within the scope of this thesis, we have scrutinized transformational leadership traits as criteria and its' 16 subcriteria. We have developed an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model regarding transformational leadership traits and its sub-criteria that was appraised by 10 respondents. The respondents group has incorporated sustainability consultants, experts, and managers and they have wanted to find pre-eminent manager traits for their organization. Respondents evaluated that survey which asked, "Which of the leadership traits is considered more important and how much more?". We expected to find the relative importance of the criteria and sub-criteria by the respondents during the finding prominent leadership traits process. At the end of the AHP model calculation, we ordered the weights made by the respondents based on how significant they were. According to the survey results and the AHP model calculations we have provided, 'inspirational motivation' has more importance with 55% value than the other leadership traits. Furthermore, as being sub-criteria 'cultivating a creative work environment', 'articulating followers' vision', and 'using motivational concepts' leadership traits were distinguished behavioral components of leaders. This thesis aimed to find leaders' prominent attitudes by asking selected respondents 'which behavioral components of transformational leadership take a prominent place in achieving a sustainable organization.
Fuzzy clustering based ensemble learning approach: Applications in digital advertising

(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021) Tekin, Ahmet Tezcan ; Kaya, Tolga ; Çebi, Ferhan ; 711174 ; İşletme Mühendisliği

Although the history of machine learning algorithms is quite old, it has been popularly used in the last ten years. The main reason for this situation is that it has become possible to run these algorithms even on our personal computers with the developing computer hardware technology. In addition, the size of the data generated in the internet environment is increasing exponentially with each passing day, with digitalization and internet usage becoming more widespread. Therefore, the need for technologies such as big data and machine learning is increasing day by day. In line with the increasing demands, machine learning has become an indispensable need in academia and the private sector. Thanks to machine learning, companies make predictions about their future processes, thus aiming to eliminate future uncertain situations and create more effective process management. E.g., A company seeks to use its marketing budget more effectively by using machine learning technologies for its marketing processes and thus maximizing its profitability rate. In recent years, there have been many studies in the literature on the development of machine learning algorithms and the elimination of the weaknesses of traditional machine learning methods. Regardless of the type of problem in the prediction process, the aim is to predict with a minimum error rate. In this context, many methods have been tried. The ensemble learning approach is one of the most successful methods in the literature, proving its success for this purpose. The purpose of ensemble learning is to combine multiple algorithms to close each other's weaknesses and increase the success rate in prediction. Observations on the dataset to be estimated may be characteristically similar or very different from each other. In this case, in many studies in the literature, the clustering process is performed before applying machine learning algorithms, and then the modelling stage is started. In such approaches, hard clustering approaches are used. Hard clustering approaches assign each observation value to only one cluster due to their working principles. Therefore, the sizes of the subsets to be modelled in some cases do not reach the size of the training set required for higher prediction success to occur. Considering that an observation value contains the characteristics of more than one cluster simultaneously, it is seen that the soft clustering approach is used to eliminate this problem. Although there are many studies in the literature on the fuzzy clustering method, which is a part of the soft clustering approach, there are not many examples in the literature regarding the use of the machine learning approach as an intermediate method in terms of improving its results. In this thesis, after the fuzzy clustering approach applied to the observation set with three published essays, it is aimed to ensemble the most successful models of each cluster, taking into account the error rates and thus improving the model performances. To test the validity of this approach, different studies were carried out for both regression and classification problems with datasets obtained from different sectors. In the first study, click and sales predictions were realised using digital advertisement performance data and reservation data in metasearch engines of an online travel agency operating in Turkey. This prediction is crucial for the company's short, medium and long-term financial goals. In this study, the traditional regression method and the proposed fuzzy clustering approach were used together and the results were compared with the results of the traditional methods. Machine learning algorithms were applied directly to the dataset, which had been applied data preprocessing and feature engineering within the framework of traditional methods. Then the modelling study was carried out again after the hard clustering and soft clustering approaches were applied to the dataset. As a result, although the processing load increased due to the inclusion of the clustering approach in addition to the modelling stage, more effective results were obtained than applying machine learning algorithms directly to the dataset. At the same time, the results obtained after the hard clustering approach and fuzzy clustering approaches were compared. It was observed that the success rate of the predictions made after the fuzzy clustering approach was higher. In the second study, the approach proposed in the first article is tested for solving a different problem with different sector data. In this study, it has been tried to predict the lifetime value of the customers by using the game data and session information of the users of a mobile crossword puzzle game published in more than thirty languages and more than thirty countries. Ensemble learning algorithms, which were not used in the first article, were examined in more depth and focused on algorithms that could achieve higher prediction success rates when used together with fuzzy clustering. Different hyperparameter combinations of Catboost, Extreme Gradient Boosting and Light Gradient Boosting algorithms, which are seen in the literature to be generally more successful than traditional machine learning algorithms, were tested separately for each cluster after the clustering phase performed with the Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm. The prediction values of the three most successful of these combinations were weighted to be inversely proportional to the error rates, and the error rates of the resulting predictions were compared with the results of other model-parameter combinations. It has been determined that the model established with the proposed method has a lower error rate than other models, thus making a more efficient prediction. In the third study, customer retention rate prediction was carried out with a different dataset collected in the gaming industry. Unlike the first two studies, in this study, a classification problem was tried to be solved with the proposed method, at the same time, different cluster initial parameters and different fuzziness parameters were tested. The aim is to obtain a more optimal clustering in the Fuzzy C-Means clustering approach, and the clustering process was the most successful combination. Since the nature of the problem is a classification problem, the prediction was carried out by weighting the accuracy results instead of the error rates of the algorithms at the stage of combining the results of the algorithm-parameter combinations. As a result of this study, it has been observed that the results of the method applied on different clusters clustered with the fuzzy clustering approach produce more effective results than applying machine learning algorithms directly to the dataset. As a result, this thesis provides the opportunity to make more successful predictions in datasets with different characteristics by strengthening the concept of ensemble learning, which has an important place in developing machine learning approaches with fuzzy clustering approaches. In addition, it allows identifying observation sets that contain the characteristics of more than one cluster simultaneously and to model in separate clusters during the modelling phase to create more effective prediction results. In this constantly developing field, new studies can progress from many branches. First of all, in the fuzzy clustering stage, instead of the Fuzzy C-Means clustering method, other alternative fuzzy clustering approaches in the literature can be tried again during the modelling stage. And a different fuzzy clustering algorithm can be preferred according to the efficiency result. At the same time, it may be possible to change the weight coefficients with different methods or shapes at the stage of combining the results of the most successful models. Beyond all this, this method will enable to produce more effective results by using it together with new machine learning algorithms that will be introduced to the literature in the future.
Global goals, local voices: A multinational comparative sentiment and topic analysis of public transportation in the context of SDGs

(Graduate School, 2024-05-28) Aksan, Aslıgül ; Akdağ Camgöz, Hatice ; 507201065 ; Management Engineering

In the contemporary world, public transportation emerges as a fundamental component of societal infrastructure and becomes a critical driver of economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equity. The increasing demand for public transportation, population growth, and urbanization underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of public sentiment toward these services. Such insights are crucial for governments to align service offerings with public expectations and optimize resource allocation. This thesis delves into the exploration and analysis of public opinion on public transportation in five culturally and geographically diverse countries, using data collected from Twitter. By applying advanced techniques in natural language processing, specifically sentiment analysis and topic modeling, the study aims to examine public perception, identifying areas of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. This analysis not only promises to offer valuable insights for enhancing transportation services but also aims to contribute to the broader discourse on sustainable development, aligning with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The use of social media data in this research underscores the potential of digital platforms as rich sources of public opinion, offering a novel approach through which urban planning and policy-making can be informed and enriched. This thesis builds upon key theories and models of sentiment analysis, topic modeling, and public transportation research. A significant research gap identified is the application of NLP techniques, to understand public opinions on public transportation systems. The thesis aims to bridge this gap by analyzing public sentiment and issues related to public transportation, thereby contributing to the understanding of public perception and its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals. This approach challenges the current scope of sentiment analysis and topic modeling applications by extending them into the domain of public transportation. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative insights. It focuses on sentiment analysis and topic modeling of tweets to determine public opinions about public transportation in the UK, USA, India, South Africa, and Australia. Data collection involved gathering 406,005 tweets via the Twitter API from January 1, 2021, to March 31, 2023, focusing on the terms 'public transportation' and 'public transport.' These tweets, characterized by their dates, user locations, and text content, underwent preprocessing, including cleaning and normalization steps like removing URLs, emojis, and stop words and applying stemming and lemmatization. The study then utilized the RoBERTa language model for sentiment analysis and Latent Dirichlet Allocation for topic modeling. The outcome of this analysis was then paired with relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets to assess progress and perceptions in five different countries towards sustainable public transportation. The key findings reveal significant public concerns about transportation costs, infrastructure quality, safety, and service quality across the studied nations: the UK, USA, India, South Africa, and Australia. Notably, in the UK and Australia, mandatory use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic received mixed reactions, indicating varying public perceptions of health safety measures in public transport. The study also uncovered specific challenges like women's safety in public transport in India and South Africa, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. Furthermore, the adoption of electric buses in India reflects a significant shift towards sustainable transportation. These findings have profound implications for policymakers and stakeholders in the transportation sector. They underscore the need for inclusive, equitable, and sustainable transportation policies that address public concerns and align with Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in ensuring safety, affordability, and accessibility in public transportation. The thesis offers pivotal insights into public perceptions of public transportation, uncovering the diverse impacts of geographic, cultural, and policy factors. Key findings reveal significant regional variations in sentiment and priorities, with safety, infrastructure, and costs emerging as universal concerns. The study's novel approach in pairing public sentiment with specific Sustainable Development Goals highlights the role of public transportation in achieving broader societal objectives, including gender equality, education, and public health. This work significantly contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive, data-driven understanding of public transportation issues across various contexts, enhancing our grasp of how different factors play in shaping public opinion. The research lays the groundwork for future explorations into a broader, multi-lingual analysis of public transportation, extending to other service sectors and evolving user behaviors.
Green supply chain management practices' effect on the sustainability performance: A case study in the Turkish shipyards

(Graduate School, 2023-05-23) Tantan, Mehmet ; Akdağ Camgöz, Hatice ; 507002103 ; Management Engineering

The study in this Ph.D.thesis concerns the green supply chain management practices, their impacts on sustainability performance; environmental, economic, and social performance by conducting a case study in Turkish shipyards. The more detailed objectives are; to select the optimum green supply chain management practices to fit in shipyards, to examine the impact of green supply chain management practices on the sustainability performance of shipyards, the moderator effect of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between green supply chain and sustainability performance, the mediator effect of environmental uncertainty between green supply chain and sustainability performance and the determine the penetration level of green supply chain management practices on the Turkish shipyards. Sustainability is an essential issue in the twenty-first century regarding the environmental consequences of climate change. Green supply chain management progressively emerged to improve environmental performance. Although environmental, sustainability, green supply chain areas are popular study subjects, shipbuilding and shipyards were not examined in detail. A systematic literature review between 1980 and 2020 unveiled rare studies concerning green supply chain management sustainability in shipyards and shipbuilding. The filtered articles were categorized into shipbreaking, shipbuilding, maritime, and various. China and South Korea emerged as leading areas for research in Asia since shipbuilding is seen as a driving factor for development and growth in those economies. In Europe, Spain, Turkey, and Holland emerged as research areas. The main focus areas in the shipbuilding category are shipyard layout design according to the greenfield project, sustainable growth directions for small and medium shipyards, the ways to improve the sustainability in the shipbuilding supply chain, green shipping, and green manufacturing in the shipyard. Therefore, this thesis is the first study of the impact of green supply chain management practices on shipyards' sustainability performance. Green supply chain management is challenging to describe because of the broad concept. Many academicians reached different definitions. An increasing number of studies about the relationship between Green supply chain management practices and companies' performance have existed in the literature since 2014. These studies have categorized sustainability performance as environmental, economic, social, and operational performance. In contrast, various GSCM practices such as green purchasing, green packaging, recycling, eco-design, internal environmental management, reverse logistic, green production, green marketing, environmental collaboration with suppliers and customers have been questioned in these studies. The researchers found both negative and positive, primarily partial, relationships between GSCM practices and the company's performances. The authors reviewed all practices in the literature and considered practices directly related to the shipbuilding industry. For example, environmental training is a part of internal environmental management, and therefore these two applications converged as environmental management. Practices like green packaging and green transportation have little effect on the shipbuilding process and are omitted from the study. Consequently, green design, green purchasing, green production, green marketing, environmental management, recycling are selected as exogenous latent variables for the research model. Economic, environmental, and social performances are entered as endogenous latent variables for the research model. The environmental uncertainty (ENVR-UNCER) is embedded in the research model as either a moderator or a mediator variable. Environmental uncertainty is measured as demand, supply, and technology uncertainty. The shipbuilding industry creates substantial economic value but causes many environmental and social issues. Sustainability, environmentally driven regulations, and voluntary standards adopted in the sector have impacted shipbuilding and shipyards in the case of new design and construction standards. Major international shipbuilding companies publish yearly sustainability reports indicating sustainable development goal achievements. The survey is based on academic studies in Turkish chemical, electronical, automotive, food packaging industries. The survey consists of three main parts. The first part contains an introduction letter with a brief explanation of the study. The second part is the demographic questions like general information about the company and the quality and environmental certificates. In the third part, the survey questions are grouped to green supply chain management practices, environmental uncertainty, and sustainable performance. The understanding of scales by the applicant and time constraints were two main obstacles to accomplishing the survey completion rate. Therefore, the author summarized the scales into expressed sentences and limited them to 33 questions. The survey filling time is a critical factor. It is arranged for around 15 minutes on average because most executives claim the intense work environment and use it as an excuse not to fill the survey. The survey used a 5-Likert type, the most preferred scale in the literature. A pilot test with shipyard executives and shipyards' owners enabled improved scales and corrected the expression failures. The final survey is applied among the GISBIR members by email. The responses are stored in the VETI system and downloaded for analysis. A favorable finding of the survey is the certification outcome. All shipyards have a minimum of two certificates (ISO 9001 and ISO 14001, 30% of the answers). Only two small shipyards have a single certification, ISO 9001. A high portion of the shipyards has all three certificates (ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and ISO 45001). Those findings proved that Turkish shipyards embraced environmental issues and took necessary internal and external actions to improve their business competence. Since the Turkish shipyard quantities are limited to 68, partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is selected to eliminate the sample size constraint. The research model is defined in the SmartPLS software. To decrease the number of relationships and make the model more parsimonious and simple, authors preferred to form a hierarchical-order model, ease the calculation and simplify the research model. The disjoint two-stage approach is implemented. Green design, green purchasing, green production, green marketing, environmental management, and recycling formed the higher-order construct named GSCM. Demand uncertainty, technology uncertainty, and supply uncertainty formed the higher-order construct named ENVR-UNCER. Demand uncertainty indicator is omitted to obtain HOC reliability convergent and discriminant validity during the assessment of the measurement model. All other indicators satisfied the criteria and were kept in the model. After the structural model assessment, GSCM practices have been found to impact positively on economic and social performance, but not environmental performance. The environmental uncertainty did not have a moderating effect but mediates only the relationship between GSCM practices and social performance.
Identifying the critical success factors of an in-flight connectivity project implementation

(Graduate School, 2024-12-06) Daruğa, Duygu Selen ; Sidal, Hür Bersam ; 507201074 ; Management Engineering

Remaining connected at all times is becoming increasingly important in today's world, where communication plays a central role in lives of people and staying connected becomes a necessity rather than a luxury. This need for constant connection extends beyond the ground to include travel periods on the sea, railways and airplanes. As a result, one of the critical needs emerging in the commercial aviation industry is in-flight connectivity (IFC). The rising demand among airline passengers has led airlines to launch projects and equip their aircraft with IFC equipment to provide connectivity services to their customers and meet the demand. These projects can be undertaken by companies operating in different fields in the aviation industry, from production to communication. In addition to the companies that are already in this business, companies entering the market from certain segments of aviation continue to shape the sector. While new entrants to the industry are often not completely unfamiliar with the concept of in-flight connectivity, they may also lack experience in managing an end-to-end IFC project. Considered as corporate entrepreneurship projects, IFC projects face a multitude of complex challenges including but not limited to operational and technological issues. The diversity of players in the industry, various available and 'near future' technological infrastructure options, the effect of national and international regulators complicates IFC projects for decision makers. As much as external factors, the internal factors of both the airline and the IFC provider have an impact on project success. In this study, the factors affecting the success of an in-flight connectivity project were examined and these critical factors were identified and analysed under 5 main headings which are determined with in-depth interview with experts: technological, regulatory, operational, managerial and user-oriented elements. The identified key success factors were analysed with the fuzzy cognitive mapping modelling approach. Understanding and internalizing these key success factors is necessary to maximize the benefit in in-flight connection projects and ensure continued success. In addition, the response of the model to some possible situations was examined through scenario analysis.
Implications of NFV-SDN technology on the telecom sector in Turkey

(Graduate School, 2023-02-17) Çetin, Ahmet ; Gültekin, Derya ; Yıldırım, Nihan ; 507171001 ; Management Engineering

Network virtualization technologies are physical equipment with an ability to turn network functions running on dedicated software into any packaged software by eliminating these dependencies and running them virtually independently of the hardware. NFV (Network Function Virtualization) and SDN (Software Defined Network) concepts are architectures created for the virtualization of different network functions based on this basis. They are positioned as the technological advancements that are expected to serve as leverage for service providers to quickly deploy necessary new network functions or quickly expand their existing capacities. Moreover, there is an expectation that network virtualization technologies will have a disruptive impacts brining structural changes to telecommunication industry. With respect to the rapid response ability that is enabled by NFV and SDN technologies, Communication Service Providers (CSPs) can reduce their Operational Expenditures (OPEX). With network virtualization technologies, Telecom service providers will be able to start positioning their infrastructures to work entirely on Cloud systems, and hence to expand faster and scale more easily. By utilizing this ability, it will be possible to make configuration changes of functions that work over a common hardware pool instead of functions that are in communication with independent hardware have its own advantages. Such as automating operational needs or the inclusion of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies in the future is possible. Even more the ability to self-managing the entire network with artificial intelligence will also be possible. In light of all these effects, it is argued that NFV/SDN technologies will be positioned as a 'disruptive technology' due to the expectations on their potential for changing the entire hardware equipment market and operational activities in the Telecom sector. In this context, this thesis study aims to understand how the changes that will occur with NFV/SDN technology adoption can affect and shape the telecommunication industry in Turkey. For this aim, we first analyzed the government policies and support activities of the telecommunications industry in Turkey to understand the current position of the Turkish Telecom industry. Concerning the lack of policies and unclear support activities by the government, we focused on the possible deployment scenarios of NFV/SDN technologies and their benefits and adoption patterns. Regarding to the literature review, it was analyzed 6 scenarios' deployment possibilities and their adoption which scenarios are; Virtual network platform as a service, Virtualisation of Core network, Virtualisation of the mobile base station, Virtual network function as a service, Virtualisation of Content Delivery Networks, Network Function Virtualisation Infrastructure as a Service. Expert opinions are collected by a Delphi questionnaire that was prepared based on the literature review. Before the Delphi survey, three experts from the industry were interviewed and their opinions on the structure of the survey were taken. Before proceeding to the first phase of the questionnaire, a pre-survey was conducted with selected experts and the clarity of the questions and the suitability of the structure to the participants were analyzed. Then, the online survey was executed in two rounds and delivered to the participants via e-mails. The dataset consisted 33 and 26 cases in the first and second rounds of the questionnaire, respectively. The data were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative methods. For validity, the standard deviations between the answers were calculated as the steps of quantitative analysis, the mean values and the consensus ratios of the answers and the correlations between the answers were found. As qualitative analysis; a clustering and grouping process completed with regarding to the codes analyzed from the responses. After the Delphi survey, concerning the findings about the possible deployment scenarios in Turkey, it was analyzed possible economic opportunities. Regarding the IDATE cost breakdown model, it was analyzed if the Network Infrastructure spending is expected to move to the virtual network infrastructure and which technology type is expected to move on virtualization most. The findings revealed that that the implementation of core network virtualization through NFV/SDN utilization is the most anticipated scenario among the network virtualization scenarios in Turkey. Although it is thought that the automation and use of artificial intelligence brought by virtualization will start after 2025 with low impact, the expectation that virtual core networks will be available in at least half of the network by 2025 outweighs. Although Delphi survey did not reveal a need for much change in the current regulations, still need for policy and legislation development occurred as a requirement. According to the results; the protection of the existing trained human resources which endangered by brain-drain, and the adverse effects of the economic recession seem to be the biggest obstacles to the increase in the prevalence of network virtualization technologies.

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