LEE- Şehir Planlama-Yüksek Lisans
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ÖgeKültür ekonomisi: Bir kentin mirasının değerlendirilmesi, Diyarbakır örneği(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-07-02)Çağdaş kentsel gelişim politikaları yerel dinamikler, özgün kaynaklar ve değerlere odaklanırken, rasyonel kentsel politikalar üretmek kentsel gelişimin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Küreselleşen dünya ve hızlıca değişen dinamiklerin etkileriyle kültürün yerel kalkınmadaki payı önem kazanarak artmaktadır (Dünya Bankası,2011; Kagan ve diğ,2018).Yeni ekonomik coğrafyada kentsel gelişimin yeniden kavramsallaştığı alanlardan biri olan kültür ekonomisini anlamak (Gibson ve Kong,2005),kültürden katma değer üretmek, kültürü kentin gelişimine entegre edebilmek kritik öneme sahiptir. Böylelikle kültür ve ekonomi iç içe geçmekte kentsel, bölgesel ve ulusal ölçeklerde kentsel ekonomik gelişime olanak tanıyan üretim girdisine dönüşmektedir (KEA,2006). Kentsel politikalara dahil olan somut ve somut olmayan miras varlıkları salt koruma algısından uzaklaşarak ekonomik katma değer üreten potansiyeller olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır (Perry ve diğ,2018).Bu çalışma tarih boyunca stratejik konumu sebebiyle etnik, toplumsal, politik, idari ve ekonomik açılardan önemli bir kent olan Diyarbakır'ın yerel kültürel kaynaklarını kültür ekonomisi perspektifinden değerlendirmektedir. Kent pek çok medeniyetin izlerini barındıran, kentsel kimlik için önemli somut miras varlıklarıyla ve somut olmayan mirasından sinema, edebiyat, geleneksel zanaatlar, festivaller, müzik ve gastronomisiyle kültürel açıdan oldukça güçlüdür. Bu çalışmada kültürün ekonomik katkı sağlaması ve kentin doğrudan miras potansiyelinden faydalanabilmesi için kültür temelli kentsel gelişim senaryoları ile kamu kurum kuruluşları, sivil toplum örgütleri, akademi, özel sektör, meslek odaları, yatırımcılar ve yerel için yol haritası oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma bütününde kentin edebiyat, sinema, geleneksel zanaatlar (çinicilik, çömlekçilik, bakırcılık, gümüşçülük, kuyumculuk, demircilik, dokumacılık),yerel festivaller/bayramlar, müzik ve gastronomisi ekonomik katkı sağlama potansiyelleri nedeniyle incelenmektedir. Kültürün bölge ve kentsel gelişme politikalarındaki rolü, kültür yaklaşımlarının sektörel ilişki biçimleri, ekonomik kalkınma politikalarında ve eylem planlarındaki kültürün işlevi, kentsel gelişim politikaları üreten kurumların kültürün ekonomik katkısına yaklaşım biçimleri, kararların uygulanma süreçlerindeki etkin iş birlikleri, ana ve kilit aktörlerin mirasın ekonomik potansiyeline yönelik farkındalığı kültür ekonomisi ekseninde incelenip ilişkili kamu kurum kuruluşları, sivil toplum örgütleri, akademi, meslek odaları gruplarıyla 23 adet aktör görüşmeleri yapılarak kentin en etkili kültür mirasının ne olduğu, sürdürülebilirlikle ilişkisi, konuya yönelik problemler/potansiyeller/öneriler nelerdir sorularına yanıtlar aranmıştır. En temeldeki sorunlar kültür odaklı ekonomik strateji, konuya ilişkin farkındalık, iş birliği ortamı, nitelikli iş gücü ve etkin çözüm eksikliği; ekonomik engeller, kent vizyonunun yenilikten uzak oluşu iken temeldeki fırsatlar; kültür ekosistemiyle özgün kentin varlığı, geleneksel uygulamaların sürdürülmeye çalışılması ve güncel kültürel projelerin planlanması olarak tespit edilip Diyarbakır için kültürün kentsel gelişimdeki ekonomik katkısını ortaya çıkaran kültür eksenli kentsel gelişim stratejiler geliştirilmiştir.
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ÖgeOptimization in spatial planning from generative design approach: The application for Göktürk, Istanbul(Graduate School, 2023-06-07)Cities, especially with the rapid industrialization period, are facing many problems today. Generating solutions to the needs of cities that are constantly and rapidly changing, unpredictable, influenced by many different systems, and affecting them is challenging for urban planners. While providing fast solutions to the rapidly changing problems of the complex urban system is almost impossible with human power alone, today, with the help of new technological tools such as geographic information systems, artificial intelligence, and computational design, it has become easier for urban planners to manage this chaotic process. These tools assist decision-makers in various stages of the planning process. Still, due to the need to respond quickly to the rapidly changing city, alternative creation stage is often skipped in a long traditional planning process, and decisions are usually made based on a single outcome. Therefore, this thesis aims to provide a framework that facilitates scenario development and alternative selection, often skipped in traditional planning. In addition, this framework aims to enable decision-makers to manage the unpredictable and rapidly changing complexity efficiently. In this study, generative design, one of the subheadings of computational design, was used as the primary work tool. It was selected due to it can focus on the entire process rather than the output product, and it can quickly reach the desired result by making changes within the process when the expected output is not achieved. This feature prevents the urban planner from returning to the planning process's beginning and wasting time. Instead, the urban planner becomes a manager of the whole process rather than the person producing the final product. With these features, the rapidly changing needs of the complex urban system can be responded to quickly within the long conventional planning process, providing time and cost savings. In addition to reacting rapidly, generative design can generate far more alternatives in a short period than human power can handle and helps urban planners make ideal choices among these possibilities. Göktürk neighbourhood of Eyüpsultan county, Istanbul, was selected to implement this tool as the case study area. Göktürk, where demand is increasing rapidly, has both gated communities and rural characteristics. Although, at first, it may seem that the gated communities in this area provide adequate facilities, they do not respond to the needs of the rapidly changing city due to the privatization of services. Therefore, Göktürk, chosen due to its complexity, was first analyzed to see how much it meets the demands. In the first part, a population projection was made for the year 2041, and it was investigated how adequate it will be in 2041, assuming the current land use has not changed at all. The Spatial Plan Legislation (2014) determines the minimum area requirements and walking distances that were also the limit for the analysis. The results show that all the kindergarten, primary school, secondary school, high school, health areas, sociocultural areas and worship areas are below the standards regarding the area size. In addition, accessibility ratios are also lower than the ideal, except for high school (98,9%). For the second part, the same analyses were made for plan decisions, and it was seen that land use decisions don't meet the standards like in the current situation. In the second part of the case study, three basic scenarios were primarily determined to support the urban planner's decision-making process for Göktürk. The first scenario was made to fill the gaps in the current situation; the second was also made to fill the gaps between the ideal situation and plan decisions; the third scenario was made to see the area's full potential, assuming that there was no defined land-use decision before. For this purpose, the Rhino Grasshopper plug-in was used as a generative design interface to create the design algorithm. For the algorithm, random parcel selection within limits determined for kindergarten, primary school, secondary school, high school, children's playground, health area and religious areas were parametrically introduced. These aims defined 14 fitness objectives of the algorithm as minimizing the difference between ideal and existing area size and maximizing the accessible housing parcels for kindergarten, primary school, secondary school, high school, children's playground, health area and religious area. In total, 15000 solutions were generated and after, these solutions were optimized by using NSGA-2(non-sorted genetic algorithm 2), 2835 of them located on the Pareto front. Finally, to narrow the selection space, the fittest solutions of each fitness objective and the average fitness rank = 0 of each scenario were represented to the decision-maker. To sum up, this new framework attempted to adapt to the rapidly changing city's need and control the planning process with multiple alternatives within the limits of Turkish planning standards for areal adequacy and accessibility. It is believed that this tool will start further discussions about a collaboration of urban planning and new technological decision support tools, their implementation at municipal levels, and their contributions to participation in decision-making by representing the alternatives and helping to select via optimizing.
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ÖgeTomorrow's İstanbul: Adaptive urban flood mitigation planning for climate change-induced hydro- meteorological hazards(Graduate School, 2024-07-28)The urban flooding hazard occurrences increasing around cities worldwide, which directly affects infrastructure, economies, and inhabitants. The large number of people exposed to flood risks, 1.81 billion directly facing the threat of 1-in-100-year flood events (Jafino et al., 2023). This reality highlights the urgency of proactive intervention, demanding both mitigation strategies and adaptive approaches to weather the urban flooding. Climate change stands as a main contributor in this growing crisis. Its influence alters precipitation patterns, intensifies extreme weather events like hurricanes and cyclones, and pushes sea levels ever higher (IPCC, 2022). The hydro-meteorological hazards resulting from climate change have concrete consequences on several aspects in our lives and can have negative impacts on inhabited locations. The study materials have assessed research on urban flooding at worldwide, regional, and national levels. An aspect of the study focused on the varying dispositions of countries in different geographical regions towards urban flooding. In this analysis, the criteria of the nations were evaluated based on legal, administrative, and planning principles. This study's findings will provide insight into urban flood risk mitigation strategies that focus on building-level through adaptive urban planning. Adaptive urban flood mitigation planning (ad-UFMP) is the method of using adaptive spatial planning as a tool for lessening the impacts of extreme climatic conditions creates major floods in urban areas more frequently. Two stages of analyses evaluated for detecting most vulnerable urban flooding areas for ad-UFMP. In first stage, the urban vulnerability levels find outs then spatial environmental indicator uses for superposing to designate the case area. After detecting the surface situation in terms of permeability ad-UFMP suggest nature-based solutions in spatial level. The thesis examines the escalating risk of urban flooding in Istanbul and emphasizes the necessity of adopting a comprehensive strategy to mitigate the impacts of enhanced rainfall, rising sea levels, and inadequate drainage capacity. The proposed approach emphasizes a multifaceted response, encompassing vulnerability assessments, flood risk management strategies, adaptive spatial planning, and community engagement. This dissertation aims to address the complex issues of climate change, hydro-meteorological hazards, and adaptive urban planning in order to develop strategies for making implementation area more robust and flexible in terms of adaptability. The goal is to ensure that the city is well-prepared to withstand any future challenges. This framework, with its potential for wider application, will be used in Istanbul. As the tide of urban flooding rises due to human-induced climate change altered hydro-meteorological hazards, this research urges us to build not just seawalls, but resilient communities, capable of not just mitigating the floods, but adapting to thrive in the face of a changing climate externalities. The thesis study focuses on hydro-meteorological investigations of Istanbul to choose a suitable sample region. By systematically analyzing various datasets, certain regions were identified inside the provincial boundary. These findings, when applied to the planning areas of Istanbul, will aid in mitigating urban risk by implementing ad-UFMP method with adaptive spatial planning across many scales, ranging from the macro level to the micro level.
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ÖgeUrban dynamics of İstanbul: Exploring urban complexity via the spatial distribution of activities(Graduate School, 2024-06-17)Urban dynamics form a complex tapestry woven from the interplay of physical structures, socio-economic elements, and human activity patterns. With its rich history and evolving spatial landscape, Istanbul presents a compelling case for exploring these dynamics. Despite valuable insights, challenges remain in fully understanding Istanbul's complexity. The city's continuous population growth, polycentric development, and uneven distribution complicate the evaluation of segregation patterns. These challenges highlight the need for innovative methods to interpret diversity within Istanbul's evolving urban landscape. Using these innovative methods in the research keeps the reader engaged and opens up new avenues for understanding and interpreting urban dynamics. On the other hand, technological advancements have transformed urban studies, introducing methods such as mobile phone data and Points of Interest (POI) data to analyze human activities and land use dynamics. This research explores the spatial distribution of activities in Istanbul, aiming to unravel the city's complexity using big data. It addresses the following questions: How does the dispersion of activities across Istanbul contribute to the city's overall complexity? How does the dispersion of activity in different areas of Istanbul impact the character and dynamics of those regions? This study stands out in its approach, leveraging theoretical insights from the literature review and diversity and intensity indices findings to address the research queries. By examining activity distribution within different neighborhoods or districts, we gain insight into each region's unique characteristics and evolving nature, shedding light on the socio-economic, cultural, and spatial dynamics shaping Istanbul's urban landscape. The study's use of advanced spatial analysis tools and a comprehensive dataset enhances its robustness. By leveraging data from Foursquare, the research offers a detailed examination of human activities and their spatial distribution. Integrating multiple diversity indices allows for a nuanced analysis of activity patterns, capturing both the richness and evenness of activities across different regions of Istanbul. This multifaceted approach ensures the study provides a holistic view of the city's urban dynamics. The research also addresses the challenges of using big data in urban studies. While VGI-based POIs offer significant potential, data completeness, and accuracy issues must be carefully managed. The study's reliance on an official POI dataset ensures higher data reliability, setting a precedent for future research in urban studies. The methodological rigor of this research contributes to its credibility and potential impact on urban planning practices. The dataset, provided by Professor Dingqi Yang, is a comprehensive collection of long-term check-in data from Foursquare, spanning April 2012 to January 2014. This dataset, which includes over 33 million check-ins from approximately 267,000 users at more than 3.6 million venues across 415 cities in 77 countries, provides a robust foundation for analyzing urban dynamics. The study employs ecological methods to analyze activity diversity inspired by species counting in a forest. Diversity indices such as Simpson's Index and the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index gauge the number and distribution of activities, while Pielou's Evenness Index measures activity distribution uniformity. The study also explores alpha, beta, and gamma diversity scales to assess activity diversity at local and citywide levels. Kernel Density Estimation is utilized to visualize activity intensity, highlighting high-concentration areas. This comprehensive dataset ensures the validity and reliability of the research, instilling confidence in the reader about the robustness of the study's findings. Istanbul, a city steeped in history and brimming with modern vibrancy, is a microcosm of urban complexity. This complexity is not simply due to its rich cultural heritage or geographic location spanning two continents but also because of the diverse array of activities across its varied neighborhoods. The intricate distribution of activities, encompassing their variety and intensity, weaves a complex tapestry that shapes Istanbul's unique character and contributes to its dynamism. The variety of activities throughout Istanbul is a testament to the city's multifaceted identity. From the vibrant commercial centers of Eminönü and Karaköy, where the echoes of centuries-old trade routes still resonate, to the modern art galleries and performance spaces of Beyoğlu, Istanbul offers a diverse array of experiences. Historical sites like the Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace stand alongside bustling bazaars and tranquil parks, creating a rich urban environment that caters to a wide range of interests and preferences. This diversity of activities, each with unique charm and appeal, will intrigue and fascinate the reader, providing a deeper understanding of Istanbul's urban landscape. A striking observation from the maps is the uneven distribution of activities across Istanbul. Central districts like Beyoğlu, Şişli, and Beşiktaş emerge as vibrant hubs, boasting a high concentration of diverse activities, including entertainment, culture, retail, dining, health services, and government institutions. This concentration aligns with Istanbul's historical core and its ongoing role as a significant cultural and economic center. However, as we move from the city center, the density and variety of activities decrease. Suburban areas like Kadıköy and Üsküdar offer a more moderate mix of amenities. At the same time, outer districts like Esenyurt and Avcılar exhibit a sparser distribution, particularly in sports and recreation, entertainment, and health categories. This unevenness reflects the complex interplay of historical development, socio-economic factors, and urban planning decisions that have shaped Istanbul's landscape over time. The intensity of activities in specific areas of Istanbul is another critical factor in understanding its complexity. Business districts like Levent and Maslak pulsate with activity during the workweek, while tourist hotspots like Sultanahmet and the Bosphorus shores experience a constant influx of visitors. Residential neighborhoods have their unique rhythms, with cafes, restaurants, and markets bustling with activity at different times of the day. This varying intensity creates a dynamic urban landscape, where the pace of life shifts from one neighborhood to the next. The contrast between the Princes' Islands' tranquil atmosphere and Taksim Square's frenetic energy exemplifies this diversity. Understanding the intensity of activities is crucial for urban planners and policymakers, as it can reveal areas that may require additional infrastructure or resources to support their demands. Moreover, the intensity of activities can also have social and cultural implications. High-density areas foster a greater sense of community and belonging, while lower-intensity areas may offer more opportunities for individual expression and creativity. This underscores the importance of urban planners and policymakers in managing and shaping the urban intensity, making the reader feel empowered and responsible for the city's development. Policies should focus on increasing activity diversity in more homogeneous regions like Esenyurt and Kagithane. Encouraging a mix of commercial, cultural, and residential developments can foster more dynamic and resilient urban environments. Conversely, ensuring adequate infrastructure and services in high-intensity areas such as Fatih and Şişli is crucial. These districts require continuous investment to support their dense activity concentrations and maintain their roles as critical urban centers. Ultimately, urban planning should aim to balance development across Istanbul, addressing disparities in activity intensity and diversity. This includes promoting equitable economic opportunities and improving amenities in peripheral areas like Tuzla and Şile to enhance their attractiveness and functionality. Moreover, incorporating green spaces and ecological elements in urban planning can enhance biodiversity and improve quality of life. This approach aligns with the theoretical emphasis on integrating natural elements into urban environments to support sustainability and resilience. Future research should build on the findings of this study to further explore the complexities of urban dynamics. Enhancing data quality and addressing the limitations associated with VGI-based POIs are critical steps for advancing urban studies. Comparative studies with other cities can validate the findings and identify contextual variations in urban dynamics. Temporal analysis can provide a dynamic perspective on the evolution of urban complexity, capturing trends and changes over time. Integrating diverse data sources, such as satellite imagery and transportation data, can enrich the comprehensiveness of urban analysis. Incorporating demographic data, such as age and nationality, can offer deeper insights into the patterns of activity dispersion and specialization across different neighborhoods. Matching activity data with land use information is another important avenue for future research. Understanding how different land uses correlate with activity diversity and intensity can provide a more holistic view of urban dynamics. Researchers can identify land-use types contributing to high activity diversity and intensity by overlaying activity data with land-use maps. This information can inform urban planning decisions, helping to create more vibrant and functional urban spaces. Investigating the factors influencing sustainable development within metropolitan areas is crucial for future research. Analyzing how activity diversity and intensity relate to environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic viability can help develop strategies to promote sustainable urban growth. Understanding the impact of diverse activities on sustainability can guide policymakers in creating balanced development plans supporting economic growth and environmental preservation. In conclusion, this research comprehensively analyzes Istanbul's urban dynamics, focusing on the spatial distribution of activities and their impact on urban complexity. The study highlights the importance of activity diversity and intensity in shaping the urban landscape, offering valuable insights for urban planning and development.
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ÖgeGuiding place-based plans with local participation to address urban inequality: The case of İstanbul city council and its katilim kafe initiative(Graduate School, 2024-07-08)Place-based plans are one of the established approaches of different sectors of governments in deprived neighborhoods. These plans can create tangible, fast, and low-cost solutions compared to, for instance, national or regional initiatives by central governments for education or housing. Although implementing place-based plans is controversial among scholars and practitioners due to their ineffectiveness in the long run to structural problems that are rooted in regional or national scales, such as unemployment, their potential to address contextual issues by emphasizing participatory planning promotes their implementation. In addition, local participation in planning processes can reflect inequalities that are (re)produced by urban spaces. This thesis refers to these contextual inequalities as urban inequality, which leads to unequal access to urban services and opportunities based on location. By facilitating place-based plans with participatory planning, there is a significant opportunity to guide place-based solutions and address urban inequality based on the knowledge, experience, and opinions of citizens. City Councils with an advisory role have been one of the formal governance mechanisms in Türkiye since the early 2000s. They act as a bridge between local governments, civil society organizations, citizens, and other stakeholders, pursuing the democratic participation of citizens in the framework of sustainable development. While some districts of Istanbul had already established City Councils, on the metropolitan scale, Istanbul City Council (ICC) was only established in 2019. This study aims to find out if place-based plans through participatory planning have been able to address urban inequality in the context of Istanbul by changing the physical development plans, which are prepared by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) and district municipalities. To this end, a qualitative case study on ICC and outputs of its district-scale participatory planning initiative named Katılım Kafe, including the action plan of this initiative in line with the action plan of Istanbul Vision 2050 prepared by the Istanbul Planning Agency under IMM has been conducted through 10 semi-structured in-depth interviews and content analysis of reports and documents. This thesis offers a deep understanding of ICC's capability to affect place-based plans through participatory planning methods to address urban inequalities, based on both its institutional capacities and the outcomes of the Katılım Kafe Initiative (KKI). Although the initial recommendations of citizens through KKI meetings and in the action plan of its outcomes show promising and valuable insights coming from local participants in these meetings and the potential of such a platform to reflect urban inequality, their incorporation into short-term development plans of Istanbul by IMM or district municipalities faces many obstacles. Some of these challenges lie in the institutional aspects of ICC including its relationship with the municipality, its limited resources and funding, and its low recognition among citizens of Istanbul. Moreover, the institutional obstacles also affect the quality and quantity of KKI meetings, leading to limited input from the main local stakeholders. By addressing the limitations and obstacles of both ICC and KKI in the future, with the support of local and central governments, place-based planning guided by local participation can effectively offer more enhanced and contextual solutions for the issues regarding urban inequality.
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