LEE- Mimari Tasarım Lisansüstü Programı
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ÖgeReclaiming autonomy: Architectural design's core and engagement of researchers and practitioners (Iranian case)(Graduate School, 2021-09-02) Kharazmi Nezhad, Alireza ; Erem, Nesip Ömer ; 502122015 ; Architectural DesignArchitecture is an ambiguous discipline. Although Alberti emphasized the autonomy of architecture in his prominent treatise, various scientific paradigms defined an interdisciplinary character for architecture in the postmodern era. Defining the marginal responsibilities for architecture as its intrinsic duties in the postmodern period led to the attenuation of the autonomy of architecture and architects' critical power in human society. Nonetheless, again, the importance of architecture autonomy was raised in the late 1990s. At that time, a transdisciplinary approach to knowledge production had already emerged in academia, primarily underscoring the disciplinary perfection and then the fusion of the disciplines to deal with the world's ongoing complexities. This approach provided an exceptional opportunity for architecture in the 2000s to turn back to itself and be prepared for generating a new type of knowledge. However, the prerequisite of that in architecture was to strengthen its internal disciplinary forces. According to very recent studies, combining theory and practice with powerful institutional support can strengthen architecture and reclaim its autonomy. Concerning the centrality of design in architecture, a similar investigation has been conducted on architectural design in the current thesis. Here, the attempt has been made to identify the discipline-specific and autonomous theoretical core for architectural design by searching the body of the existing literature. Also, the contribution of expert Academic Researchers (ARs) and expert Professional Practitioners (PPs) is examined through a case study in Iran. ARs and PPs, here, are the agents who are most capable of contributing to disciplinary development. This research, thus, seeks to answer: 'what is the theoretical content of architecture's core in relation to architectural design, and how do architectural researchers and professional practitioners help the shaping this theoretical content and contribute to the disciplinary autonomy?'. Accordingly, this study, first, aims to identify the main themes that have been fundamental in architectural design theory (i.e., the themes in the core of architectural design). Then, the research's objective is to find out the theoretical stance of ARs and PPs in architectural design, their commonalities and differences, and their role and engagement in the core of architectural design. The research began with a review of the existing literature. Based on the theoretical framework of the study, three trajectories in the disciplinary development of architectural design were identified, which were hypothesized as the theoretical core of architectural design. These trajectories are Architecture Culture, Design Thinking, and Knowledge Production in Architecture. These trajectories are the leading resources in the present thesis, and, in addition to the core, the case study is organized based on them. Due to the expanded territory of the research, there has not been a unified methodology for the investigation. Gathering the data and their analysis was performed with two sets of methodologies for the core and the case. In both sets, an assistant software, namely NVivo, was used to facilitate the research process and increase the precision. The analysis method was also adopted from the 'thematic content analysis' with regard to the objectives. In relation to the core, first, based on specific criteria, the relevant written materials (e.g., treatises, books, journal papers, etc.) were collected. All materials were then imported to NVivo and analyzed, and the most emphatic words were extracted. Eventually, the obtained list was processed, and the included themes in each trajectory emerged. In relation to the case, two sets of criteria were initially formulated to select the AR and PP participants. Then, an experiment was designed to gather data from the case. The experiment has three major sections: in-depth interview, design session, and document review. The first two sections were planned to be conducted in a single interview session. And the last one, which pertains to the participants' own documents, was dealt with via email. Once the required data were gathered from the case, the analysis started transcribing the interview protocols. They were then imported to NVivo, coded based on the thematic content analysis instructions, and finally, were analyzed to bring the relevant themes into sight. It should be stated that three ARs and three PPs participated in this study. The participants are outstanding experts in their fields, and they are recognized figures in Iran. In the core, the analysis of almost 92000 pages from the literature revealed fifteen themes in Architecture Culture and ten themes in either Design Thinking and Knowledge Production in Architecture. For instance, in Architecture Culture, 'novelty and newness' is the first and foremost theme representing a massive desire for pure innovative creation and touching the unexperienced forms, methods, meaning, etc. In Design Thinking, 'novelty and newness' is in the first place to show the importance of innovation in its associated models, methods, visual experiences, products, etc. Also, Knowledge Production in Architecture highlights either relationship or integration of 'design and research' as its most prominent engagement. One should notice that these themes are not newly invented themes, but they are extracted from the vast body of theories that have pushed the discipline forward over the centuries. These themes provided a new definition for the trinary in this study. In the case, the analysis gave out a set of themes for each participant, including their interview themes and design task themes and sketches. Also, the analysis of their documents (books, papers, reports, etc.) revealed ten themes for each participant. Finally, all achieved themes were aggregated, merged (in case of repetition), and organized into two groups of ARs and PPs. Indeed, these overall themes could clearly reflect the main thinking patterns and contents in each group. The study results showed that the architectural design's core includes the basic and internal themes through which the theory integrated architectural design ideas can come to emerge. These themes extracted from the three aforementioned trajectories imply various characteristics with regard to their own context. The included themes in Design Thinking and Knowledge Production in Architecture highlight objectivity concerning their scientific nature. However, in Architecture Culture, the themes strikingly render the subjectivity and abstract nature of design. Since the involved themes in Architecture Culture have a moderating role, they can intrigue discipline-specific theories for architectural design ideas due to their relevancy to history and theory of architecture. However, Design Thinking and Knowledge Production in Architecture can support architectural design ideas in more practical and material aspects. Based on the results, Iranian ARs and PPs, due to their drastic discrepancies in their aims, thoughts, and tendencies, negatively affect the core of architectural design. This study's details revealed that ARs mainly focus on 'developing' architectural design ideas, while PPs are concentrated on 'generating' architectural design ideas. ARs are very focused on buildings, using concrete ideas; PPs, however, try to focus on architectural design, using abstract ideas. The results reflect the problem that, on the one hand, academia does not pay attention to architectural ideas in a correct way, and consequently, the architectural ideas cannot be investigated and developed in academia. On the other hand, PPs, due to the lack of academia's support, are in a bewildering situation and cannot generate their own design ideas and theories in a very effective way. Also, it can be concluded that disregarding the subjective and abstract topics in the academic research projects and concretizing the ideas, methods, and thinking modes in academia have not been fully congruent with architectural design's nature. Accordingly, by providing discipline-specific theories, methods, and knowledge, academia could positively impact the disciplinary evolution, enrichment, and autonomy and, here, on the architectural design core. Moreover, PPs can contribute to disciplinary development in a controlled and effective way in such a condition. These results have been acquired through a case study in Iran, and applying this research's methods to other contexts may bring about new outcomes.