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ÖgeRevealing the semantic and spatial evolution of historical landscapes through the mixed-method approach: a case study of Alaca Höyük(Graduate School, 2025-02-03)Landscape is a constantly changing cultural and natural environment. It holds both abstract and concrete meanings, and these meanings are redefined in different geographies and cultures. These semantic counterparts in the landscape are the result of long-term human-environment interactions, and the landscape has the capacity to become layered. Therefore, landscapes are palimpsestic environments. Understanding this multilayered structure of the landscape enables a better understanding of contemporary landscapes, ensuring that they are transferred into the future while preserving the natural and cultural codes behind them. In this context, the concept of "historic landscapes" emerged in England in the early 1990s, and it was understood that these landscapes contain traces of past societies' lives and their relationships with the environment. Therefore, uncovering these traces is essential. Following studies like LCA (Landscape Character Assessment), which have enabled the identification, archiving, and establishment of conservation-use strategies for contemporary landscape characteristics in England, the historical landscape characterization approach was developed. Parallel to the approach of the European Landscape Convention, the HLC (Historic Landscape Characterization) approach also advocates that each landscape is unique and distinct in its own right. In this sense, HLC is an essential tool for understanding the multilayered stratigraphy in landscapes and the counterparts of these layers preserved in contemporary landscapes. This approach, which attempts to understand historical character types in the landscape, is closely linked to LCA studies, which identify contemporary landscape characteristics, and both have the potential to feed into each other. Alaca Höyük is an archaeological settlement located in the Alaca district of Çorum Province, Turkey, which has been home to human settlement for approximately 6,000 years. Situated within the rural landscape of Central Anatolia, the mound is located 55 km south of Çorum, 14 km west of the town center of Alaca, and 35 km northeast of Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire (Boğazköy). As with similar examples, the modern settlement of Alaca Höyük has been shifted to just outside the mound due to scientific archaeological excavations that began in 1935. The landscape creates a dynamic view, where the typical steppe landscape is interrupted by settlement areas, archaeological sites, agricultural landscape features, and natural landscape elements. The region has agricultural fields fed by Deregeçidi Stream, a tributary of Budaközü Stream. Budaközü Stream flows into the Delice River, one of the main branches of the Kızılırmak (ancient Halys). The valleys, rivers, and underground water sources surrounded by the Kızılırmak have been irrigated, making the area fertile. Alaca Höyük is located in one of these fertile valleys. In this context, the study area holds significant ecological history with both natural and human-shaped landscape elements. Historically, Alaca Höyük and its surroundings bear the traces of various cultural periods as a palimpsest landscape. The region encompasses four main cultural layers throughout history: the Chalcolithic Period (4000-3000 BCE), Early Bronze Age (3000-2000 BCE), Late Bronze Age/Hittite Empire (1500-1200 BCE), and Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman periods (300 BCE-AD 1923). These rich historical, cultural, economic, and ecological layers provide an important research area for understanding the co-evolution of human-environment relationships in the region. Studying the multilayered structure of this landscape allows for a broader understanding of changes and human interventions in the environment over time. This study provides an analytical perspective on the capacity of contemporary landscapes to encapsulate long-term human-environment interactions, focusing on the landscape of Alaca Höyük and its environs. The primary objective of the research is to uncover this embedded capacity within the landscape, reveal the shifts in meaning created by these traces, and transform the fragmented narratives generated by mixed-method approaches into a holistic narrative. The research questions addressed are: (1) What are the long-term changes in the landscape of Alaca Höyük and its surroundings, and how can these changes be interpreted in terms of human-environment relationships? (2) How can the study's outcomes be used to understand potential changes in the landscape? (3) How can the long-term human-culture-environment relationships in the landscape of Alaca Höyük and its surroundings be translated into a visual and textual narrative? The research objectives are to identify contemporary landscape characteristics, understand historical landscape features, analyze landscape change and fragility through land cover and land use, elucidate the shifts in meaning within the landscape driven by cultural factors, and represent these transformations through a diachronic narrative approach. The preservation and transmission of historically and culturally rich landscapes are crucial today, especially with the increasing human-centered landscape changes and their increasing vulnerability. To achieve this goal, it is necessary first to identify the characteristic features of these landscapes, uncover their historical traces, and analyze the directions of the physical and semantic changes. Such an approach moves beyond viewing landscapes merely as spatial formations, revealing their qualities as areas that have been perceived as "places" by different cultures, with meaning attached to them. By uncovering the shifts in meaning within landscapes, this approach facilitates the sharing of these "meanings," which are often overlooked, with both visitors and local communities. This method enhances the understanding of these areas from a physical perspective and strengthens their connection to societal values and increases their cultural significance. For the realization of these goals, the study employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing LCA (Landscape Character Assessment), HLC (Historic Landscape Characterization), and LULCc (Land Use/Land Cover Change). LCA was used to understand the current state, HLC to explain historical landscape characteristics, and LULCc to analyze changes based on land use and cover, particularly to highlight landscape fragility in the face of global crises such as climate change. In the LCA study, parametric methods were used to combine different thematic maps, after which landscape units were defined, and results were interpreted with the help of a field visit to identify contemporary landscape character areas. Similarly, HLC was integrated with different methods in the thesis, including remote sensing techniques, least-cost analysis, site basin analysis, retrogressive analysis, and systematic literature review. This integration aimed to increase the temporal depth behind landscape characters and create alternative approaches for sites like Alaca Höyük, where historical data is insufficient. In the LULCc method, CORINE data, landscape character areas derived from LCA outputs, and expert opinions were used to determine the vulnerabilities of these areas. The results derived from these mixed-method approaches have yielded significant insights, particularly for understanding historical and cultural landscapes like Alaca Höyük and its surroundings. As the research progressed toward its conclusion, these findings unveiled the grounded theory: Landscape undergoes semantic transformations driven by temporal leaps introduced by cultural agents. This transformation derives from the political nature of the landscape, which evolves in form alongside shifts in centralized authority. The research revealed the grounded theory: Landscape undergoes semantic transformations driven by temporal leaps introduced by cultural agents. It has been developed through a diachronic narrative informed by the results of mixed-method approaches, which integrate both qualitative and quantitative methodologies in alignment with a Braudelian perspective. It demonstrates that landscapes can be better understood through methodologies that synthesize diverse research approaches. Moreover, a participatory process is recommended for future studies, including local stakeholders, decision-makers, and experts. This engagement has the potential to enhance the semantic richness embedded within landscapes, ensuring their cultural and historical significance is better preserved and interpreted. In conclusion, this thesis highlights the dynamic and palimpsest nature of landscapes, showing their capacity to embody long-term socio-ecological, economic, and political transformations. By integrating diverse methodologies, the study not only advances the understanding of Alaca Höyük and its surrounding landscape but also provides a framework for interpreting historical landscapes as evolving entities enriched with both tangible and intangible values.
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ÖgeYavaş şehirlerin peyzaj göstergeleri: Değerlendirme sistemi önerisi(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-04-18)Tez çalışmasında geleneksel yerleşmelerin belirli kriterlere uyum sağlaması ile iyileştirilmesini öngören "yaşamın kolay olduğu kentler ağı" yavaş şehir (Cittaslow International, 2023) hareketinin peyzaj göstergeleri doğrultusunda mekânsal incelemesi yapılmaktadır. Yavaş şehir hareketi günümüzde uluslararası kapsamda belirlenmiş olan 72 kritere göre dünyanın dört bir yanından üyelik almış 297 (Aralık, 2023) şehri kapsamaktadır. Bu 72 kriter çoğunlukla kentlerin kendine özgü değerlerini ön plana çıkarsa da yerleşmelerin mekânsal özelliklerinin ortaya koyulması adına yeterli olmamaktadır. Yerleşimlerin yavaş şehir unvanını alması söz konusu yerleşmelerin tanınırlıklarının artmasına ve turizm baskısı altında kalmasına yol açmaktadır. Söz konusu durum zamanla yerleşmelerin fiziksel yapılarında bozulmalara neden olmakta ve özgün değerleri üzerinde tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bahsi geçen sorunlardan yola çıkarak tez kapsamında, mevcut yavaş şehir kriterlerinin, Cittaslow olmaya aday kentler için mekânsal bir değerlendirme sunmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sorunu araştırmak için üç temel araştırma sorusu ve alt araştırma soruları geliştirilmiştir. Bahsi geçen araştırma soruları ile peyzaj göstergelerinin yavaş şehirlerle bağlantı kurması, tanımlanması, mevcut değerlendirme sisteminin gücü ve mekânsal değerler üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda tezin hipotezi; "kriterlere yönelik değerlendirmelerin objektif olabilmesi için mekânsal değerlendirmeye konu olan parametrelerin ortaya konulması ve bu parametrelerin sayısal karşılıklarının belirlenmesi gerekliliği" üzerinden şekillenmiştir. Bu hipotezden yola çıkarak tezin amacı, yavaş şehir ilan edilen yerleşmelerin peyzaj göstergelerinin tespitine yönelik bir yöntem ve mevcut kriterlere girdi oluşturabilecek yeni parametrelerin önerilmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye'deki yavaş şehirler ağına üye olan belirli yerleşmelerin peyzaj göstergeleri üzerinden fiziksel özellikleri ve mekânsal yapısı değerlendirilerek yeni peyzaj göstergelerinin belirlemesi amaçlanmaktadır. Türkiye'de yer alan ve çalışma alanı olarak belirlenen yedi yavaş şehrin mevcut durumu belirlenen peyzaj göstergeleri ile ortaya koyulmuş ve yerleşmelere yönelik morfolojik analiz ve mekânsal analizler yapılmıştır Yavaş şehir olan kentlerin mevcut mekânsal yapılarının ve olası etkilerin üzerine değerlendirme yapılabilmesi için elde edilen veriler çalışma kapsamında sayısallaştırılmıştır. Bu durumda, tez çalışması karma yöntemleri kullanarak Türkiye'deki aday şehirlerin mekânsal özelliklerini değerlendirmek için peyzaj göstergelerine (peyzajın fiziksel koşullarını değerlendirmek için kritik parametrelere) dayalı bir dizi kriter önermektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda hem Türkiye'de hem de ABD'nin Washington ve Oregon eyaletlerinde mekânsal planlama alanında çalışan uzmanların katılımı ile anket çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket sonuçlarına istatistiksel güç testi uygulanarak anketlerin gücüne göre peyzaj göstergelerinin indeks değeri belirlenmiş, ilgili peyzaj göstergeleri sayısallaştırılmıştır. İlk iki anket çalışmasında peyzaj göstergeleri Türkiye ve ABD ölçeğinde indeks değerleri ile belirlenmiş, üçüncü anket çalışmasında ise çalışma alanı olan yavaş şehirler üzerinden görsel değerlendirmeler yapılarak peyzaj göstergelerinin mekânı temsil gücü belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada hem kalitatif hem kantitatif olmak üzere karma araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Peyzaj göstergelerinin indeks değerleri ile elde edilmesi çalışmanın sayısallaştırılması açısından önemlidir. Çalışmanın karma yöntemi; kapsamlı literatür taraması, anket çalışmaları, görsel değerlendirme, mekânsal ve morfolojik analizleri içeren saha çalışmalarından oluşan analiz yöntemlerini içermektedir. Çalışmada izlenen yöntem dört aşamalıdır. İlk aşama yavaş şehir hareketi ve peyzaj göstergeleri ile ilgili literatürün irdelendiği kısımdır. İkinci aşama literatürden gelen bilgiler eşliğinde oluşturulan anket soruları ile peyzaj göstergelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, mekânsal planlama uzmanları örnekleminde anket soruları uygulamasıdır. Anketler ile tezin temel bulgularının elde edildiği veriler sayısal ortamda işlenerek peyzaj göstergeleri için ayrı ayrı indeks/katsayı değerleri elde edilmiştir. Yöntemin üçüncü aşaması, Türkiye yavaş şehirleri arasından belirlenmiş olan yedi çalışma alanının mekânsal analizlerini içermektedir. Saha çalışması kapsamında incelenen bu yedi yerleşme; Seferihisar, Gökçeada, Vize, Yalvaç, Akyaka, Taraklı ve Halfeti'dir. Bu yerleşmelerin detaylı çalışmalar kapsamında mekânsal ve morfolojik analizleri yapılmıştır. Yöntemin son aşamasında, peyzaj göstergelerinin yapılan analizler sonucunda mekânsal nitelikleri değerlendirmek için ne ölçüde yeterli olduğu tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak söz konusu kriterlere ek olarak peyzaj göstergelerini de göz önünde bulunduracak şekilde yeni parametreler önerilmiş ve kriterlerin mekâna uygulanması anlamında yerel yönetimlere yol gösteren ilkeler sunulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın özgün yönü, peyzaj göstergelerinin yavaş şehirlerle entegre edilmesi ile elde edilen mekânsal ve morfolojik analizler kapsamında elzem yeni parametrelerin Cittaslow kriterlerine eklenme önerisi ve kriterlerin mekâna uygulanması anlamında yerel yönetimlere yol gösteren altlık sunulmasıdır.
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ÖgeSustainable park model: A qualitative approach in sustainability assessment of parks(Graduate School, 2023-11-15)Public open spaces evolving towards a more sustainable state contribute to the overall sustainability of an urbanized region over time. Sustainable parks, as integral parts of the urban environment, play a crucial role in sustainable development as they provide environmental, social, cultural, and economic benefits. The sustainabilization of parks is recognized as a complex process since it embraces different, however connected, aspects. To ensure parks' sustainability, sustainability assessment tools are of great importance as they emphasize delivering positive net sustainability gains now and into the future. Internationally recognized park sustainability assessment tools are benchmarks to guide sustainability-related actions and initiatives within parks. They concentrate primarily on the environmental and economic aspects of sustainability, and they endeavor to obtain information and quantitative data from authorities to evaluate the park concerning sustainability in these dimensions. In addition, within these tools, there are criteria and indicators which focus on social and cultural aspects. The current park sustainability assessment tools are partially successful in guiding authorities and decision-makers concerning the latest sustainability implementations. However, notwithstanding their efforts to establish parks' sustainability vision, they do not follow a holistic approach; since they do not involve park users directly in the evaluation processes. That is to say, in these tools' perspective user-oriented approach to sustainability evaluation is not considered; thus, users' perceptions and preferences regarding the park are ignored. Accordingly, this study aims to open discussions specifically on how to entail park users in the sustainability assessment of parks. Therefore, the study poses a model as a complementary tool to the current ones for seeking sustainability principles and transitioning towards sustainable states within parks. Indeed, the proposed sustainable park model is a qualitative approach to the sustainability assessment of parks that focuses on the importance of including people in sustainability evaluation. Furthermore, this model emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices by including park users' preferences and perceptions, which provide long-term benefits to the environment, the local community, and the economy. Sustainability is a context-dependent and place-based phenomenon, and practices regarding sustainable placemaking are recognized as potential drivers in connecting people to places. Understanding the interrelationships between people and places is vital to realize social motivations and determining approaches toward sustainability. Moreover, sustainability is not merely about concrete/material aspects of a place; instead, it emphasizes immaterial aspects as well. Because places are not merely geographical locations; rather, they are the manifestation of human-place interaction, which consists of human values, beliefs, and bonds that they are assigned to them. Parks as places are the product of both concrete and abstract/material and immaterial dimensions and processes; parks are dynamic and under the influence of human-place relational changes. Accordingly, while discussing sustainability transformation, both outer and inner dimensions need to be considered. Sense of place is considered one of the inner dimensions of sustainability transformation. Sustainability is about fulfilling the needs and desires of people to ensure well-being and quality of life, which is feasible by meeting the people's biological, psychological, and cultural needs. Since creating a sense of place is contingent on meeting these needs, a sense of place becomes an indicator of sustainability. In addition, a sense of place is associated with the sense of belonging and participation towards a place. More explicitly, the sense of place is defined with indicators including place attachment, place identity, and place dependence; a place with its characteristics and components generates these clusters of ideas for its users. Accordingly, the study aims to explore the role of the sense of place in the context of sustainable park-making. Therefore, the study investigates the link between the sense of place and the park's physical landscape and provided services in the context of sustainable place-shaping. In this way, it better understands and integrates them into the sustainability transformation discourses. As a result, the study proposes a new conceptual framework for the evaluation of parks to be a base for sustainability transformation, which results in moving toward sustainable development of a host community. To understand the level of sense of place regarding a park and the factors influential in its creation, the study designs a model which entails a qualitative approach based on the component-based process model. For this purpose, firstly, the study mainly focuses on constituting the components and explaining the processes of the model. The model consists of two sets: interview and sense of place measurement. The interview set reveals park users' perceptions and preferences regarding the park's physical landscape and provided services. This set comprises questions' dimensions, focuses, contexts, and contents hierarchically. The dimensions are selected based on human-place interaction dimensions, including behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and demographic. The questions are classified into five primary focus categories: behaviors & experiences, opinions & values, feelings & emotions, knowledge, sensory, and background. The study determines the contexts of the questions based on criteria and indicators demonstrated by current park sustainability assessment tools and literature on park sustainability subject; thus, the questions' contexts are user profile, usage modes, site, recreation, green space, water feature, movement and accessibility networks, urban furniture, service facilities, waste-clean environment, animal-inclusive, culture inspired, heritage preservation, participatory approach, education-oriented, emotional, and multisensory. The contents of the questions need to be determined based on the contexts and characteristics of the case under examination. The second set of the study, titled as sense of place measurement, is devised based on four distinguished characteristics: polarity, directness, components, and dimensions. While discussing polarity, the second set uses semi-polar scaling, ranging from not having a sense of place to the positive pole. Regarding the dimension, it uses a multi-dimensional scale approach; thus, three dimensions of place attachment, place dependence, and place identity are considered, which are recognized as indicators of a sense of place. Each dimension has two components; correspondingly, the multi-component approach is also applied within the second set of the model. The components entail sentences aimed to be rated by the park's users to understand the level of each indicator of sense of place. In relation to the directness attribute, the indirect technique is selected since the components do not directly ask participants about their level of place identity, attachment, and dependence. Accordingly, by this set of components and processes, park users' levels of sense of place are measured. To interpret the results, firstly, the data and information obtained from the interview set are thematically analyzed to drive sub-themes and themes for further discussion leading to implications and recommendations for the park. However, before sub-themes and themes generation, the users' views are labeled as positive, negative, impartial, and general. The two labels of positive and negative are considered determiners with respect to the sense of place level. With the help of SPSS, the positively and negatively labeled views are merged with the results of the sense of place measurement set. By doing so, the model investigates the relationship between positive and negative views and users' sense of place. To show how to employ this model, Göztepe park, a community park located in Istanbul city, is used as a case; hence, the steps in data gathering and data analysis are illustrated. Accordingly, 118 people (60 female and 58 male Göztepe park' users) were interviewed, and their levels of sense of place were measured. The interview results are thematically analyzed, and a total of 129 opposing views are obtained, of which 37 views are positive while the rest are negative. Göztepe park users have a total of 2.61 out of 5, which indicates that users have a sense of place regarding the park. In general, regardless of age and gender, the SPSS results demonstrate that negative views have a negative effect on the level of sense of place while positive views positively influence it. With respect to the number of subthemes and themes, a total number of 24 subthemes and a total of 16 themes are derived, which are used as bases for the implications and recommendation part for Göztepe park sustainability. These sub-themes and themes are derived directly from park users' perceptions and preferences regarding the park's physical landscape and provided services; therefore, by considering them in actions and implementations within the park, users' sense of place levels will be positively influenced. Hence, it contributes to the park's sustainability. In sum, the relationship between park users' perceptions and preferences and their sense of place levels is reciprocal, each influencing the other in a reinforcing manner. By understanding and addressing park users' perceptions and preferences and sense of place levels, parks would be more sustainable, livable, and supportive of human well-being. Accordingly, the proposed sustainable park model is a valuable tool for authorities and decision-makers to adapt park sustainability initiatives through this approach. This model emphasizes the importance of integrating people in sustainability evaluation to ensure that parks are managed in a socially responsible way. In addition, the sustainable park model highlights the importance of engaging and involving local communities in park planning, design, and management regarding sustainability, which helps to foster a sense of place and stewardship among the community, leading to greater participation and support for sustainability initiatives.
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ÖgeA model to utilize emerging ICT for revitalizing under-valued public open spaces in urbanscape: Investigating spatial video projection(Graduate School, 2023-07-24)As the 21st century unfolds, there is a chaotic interaction between rapid urban development, emerging information, communication technologies (e-ICTs), and natural dynamics. In the last decade, digital technologies have advanced at an unprecedented pace, reflected in contemporary cities' spatial experience. In addition, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, serves as a catalyst for digital e-ICTs interventions in daily life, the dependence on digital mediums in communications between people increased in a noticeable way. Hence, there is a need for an update in spatial planning and design approaches. Accordingly, this study aims to provide an approach (model) for utilizing e-ICT to deal with contemporary spatial planning and design issues. This thesis addresses the existence of a considerable number of neglected, under-valued public open spaces (UVPOSs) within densely populated urban environments. These spaces are used well below their carrying capacities despite being in good physical condition. UVPOS threatens urbanscape quality, including its environmental, social, economic, and aesthetic aspects. Even though UVPOS can have destructive effects, revitalizing these spaces can contribute to sustainable urbanization. To find quality urban public spaces in today's dense cities, UVPOS revitalization is considered a priority. In the context of UVPOS, a particular existing and developing digital e-ICT called spatial video projection (SVP) is investigated as a potential tool for revitalizing UVPOS. Spatial video projection covers digital information and communication technology that uses video projection on a surface to provide immersive experiences. In this study, e-ICT is defined as either existing information and communication technologies (ICTs) used in an emerging manner or emerging technologies that have not yet reached their maximum potential. A public open space with certain characteristics may be viewed as under-valued by a specific society but not by another. Therefore, this research focuses on a particular area of study. It descends from the city scale of Istanbul to a specific area of the Golden Horn. This research aims to provide a model that involves a theoretical, analytical, and practical framework. Accordingly, the thesis is divided into three phases: Phase 1: Identifying and linking the research's three main pillars UVPOS, UVPOS revitalization, and SVP (Chapter 2), and locating the research topic in the international research landscape (Chapter 3). Phase 2: Providing a comprehensive insight into Spatial Video Projection relevant to the research topic (Chapter 4). This also includes SVP models that have potential for UVPOS revitalization which are drone-based SVP and the mobile pedal SVP (Chapters 5 and 6). Phase 3: designing and developing a multi-level analysis and decision support making framework to examine the study area (Istanbul - Golden Horn) (Chapters 7, and 8). The theoretical framework consists of phase one and phase two. The analytical and practical framework consists of phase three. In this regard, a mixed methods approach includes quantitative and qualitative methods used to achieve the objective of each chapter. For the first and second phases, a systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis, and a guided extensive search were conducted. For the third phase, an extensive guided search, open-ended interviews, questionnaires, and a multi-criteria analysis benefitting from ArcGIS were implemented. This thesis is designed in a hybrid format. Some chapters consist of published articles, while the others are in a normal chapter format. A sum of five articles were published based on this thesis topic. There are three articles that were accepted in peer-reviewed academic journals classified as Q1, Q2, and Q3. Chapters 3, 5, and 6 represent these articles. There is a minimum of two articles that also will be sent for peer review soon. One article is formulated from chapters 2 and 4 and ready to be sent for peer review. The other ones are from chapters 7 and 8; the work on them is in progress. The first section of chapter 7 represents a conference paper. Another conference paper also based on this thesis was published and it is included in Appendix A. Details about each published article are mentioned in each chapter. A project based on the current thesis gained the opportunity for implementation in an official event called "Kamusal Alanda Dijital Sanat" The organizers of this event are the Istanbul Planning Agency, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, and the Amberinteractive platform. This project is explained in chapter 7, section 7.2.2. In its overall composition, this thesis provides a comprehensive approach to studying an e-ICT for revitalizing UVPOS within a specific study area. It also develops processes for forthcoming use as in chapter 3 and chapter 8. Chapter 3 provides a distinct bibliometric step-by-step guide to locate an emerging topic in the landscape of international literature. Chapter 8, however, provides a process to develop a decision support tool to identify UVPOS and those that are suitable for revitalization by SVP for the case of Golden Horn. The process provided by this chapter can be used to develop a similar decision-support tool for other case studies. The model (approach) provided by this thesis lays a foundation for future research and practices. This thesis is practice-led in its nature, and it contributes to the debate surrounding smart cities and sustainable developments.
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ÖgeGörme engelli bireylerin peyzajı algılama biçimlerinin anlaşılması(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021-04-20)Görme engelli bireylerin, toplumsal ve kentsel yaşama katılımlarında kentsel fiziksel çevrenin önemi bir kat daha artmaktadır. Bu bireylerin, kentin kamusal mekanlarını bağımsız olarak rahat kullanabilmelerinde karşılaştıkları birtakım fiziksel engeller vardır. Bu engelleri çözümlemede; gören rehber, baston ve rehber köpek dışında kılavuz izler, doku farklılığı, sesli yönlendirmeler ve uyarı sistemleri gibi yardımcı cihazlardan yararlanmaktadırlar. Bunlarla birlikte bağımsız hareketlerini sağlamada görme dışında diğer duyu organlarını da özel ve benzersiz düzeyde kullanmaktadırlar. Toplumun her bireyi gibi bu bireylerin de kentsel dış mekanlarda konumunu tanımlayabilmesi ve gideceği tarafa yönelimini yapabilmesi konforunu yaşaması, bulunduğu mekânı algılaması dolayısıyla bağımsız hareket edebilme hakkı vardır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında görme engelli bireylerin kentsel mekâna erişimde ve mekânı kullanımda biçimsel kriterlerle, mekânı kavramada sahip olduğu algısal yeteneklerini, kamusal mekânları tasarlama ve planlama kurgusu içinde tartışmak ve tasarım kriterleri açısından olumlu etkilerini ortaya koymak önemlidir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; görme engelli bireylerin kent parklarını kullanma, peyzaj mekânını kavrama ve peyzajı algılayışlarında, belirledikleri duyusal referansların saptanmasıdır. Bu kapsamda, bu bireylerin bağımsız hareketlerine bağlı olarak peyzaj mekanını deneyimlerken çevreden aldıkları dokunsal, işitsel, kokusal ve tatsal referansların hareketlerini, konumlarını, kullanımlarını ve davranışlarını nasıl yönlendirdikleri üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Araştırma metodu, 4 aşamadan oluşan bir analitik yaklaşımla kurgulanmıştır. İlk aşama olarak görme engelli bireylerin bir peyzaj mekanı kullanımlarında duygu, algı, tutum ve davranışlarının ardındaki nedenleri öğrenebilmek için yarı yapılandırılmış birebir görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu teknik kapsamında, kentsel çevrede bağımsız hareket yeteneği olan 22 görme engelli bireyle görüşülmüştür. Görüşülen bireylerin sosyo-demografik bilgileri ile kent parkı mekanını deneyimleme sürecinde mekanı kavramada peyzajı nasıl algıladığı, mekanda sırasıyla ve çoğunlukla hangi duyular yardımıyla kendilerine ne tür referans noktaları belirledikleri ile ilgili veriler toplanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, görme engelli bireylerin dokunma, işitme, koku ve tat olgusu bağlamında mekanda belirledikleri duyusal referansları algı ve bilişim bağlamında tespit etmek için deneysel alan çalışması yapılmıştır. Görüşme yapılan bireylerden gönüllü katılan 8 bireyle, bir kent parkı deneyimlenmiştir. Park alanında bireylerin bağımsız hareketleri ve bir engelle karşılaştıklarında nasıl davrandıkları gözlemlenerek; algılayışlarında hangi duyularla hangi referanslara ulaştıklarını ortaya çıkarmak için görüntülü kayıt alınmıştır. Alan çalışması sonucunda, bu bireylerin belirledikleri duyusal referanslarla kentsel mekanın fiziksel özelliklerini tanımlayabildikleri ve bu referansları hareketlerini yönlendirmek için yaratıcı şekilde kullandıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Alan çalışması ardından, üçüncü aşama olarak görme engelli bireylerin mekan kurgusunda erişilebilirliklerini ve mekanı kullanılabilirliklerinin irdelemesi için mekansal dizim yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Mekansal dizim yönteminde alan bütünü için 'connectivity' ve 'integration' analizleri ve alanın bir bölümü için 'visibility' analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, görme duyusu dışında diğer duyularla duyusal mekan algısı ve mekânsal davranışın, kamusal peyzaj mekanı kurgusu üzerindeki etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Son aşamada elde edilen çıkarımlar, tüm duyularla algılayışın peyzaj tasarımına yön vermesi açısından peyzaj tasarım ilkeleri şeklinde paylaşılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularında ilk olarak görme engellilerin bir peyzaj mekanı kullanımı irdelendiğinde kendilerine duyusal referanslar belirledikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu referansların algılanmasında bireylerin, işitme ve koku alma duyularını ön planda tuttuğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca mekanı algılama biçimlerinde tesbit edilen duyusal referansların mekanı kullanımlarında temsiliyetleri olduğu önemli bir diğer bulgudur. Her bir duyusal referansa karşılık gelen bu mekansal referanslar, bireylerin mekanı tanımlamada, mekanın kurgusunu kavramada ve de mekanı bağımsız kullanımlarında olumlu etkiye sahiptir. Duyusal referanslarla temsil ettikleri mekansal referansların bütününe bakıldığında duyular, duyusal referanslar ve mekansal referanslar birbiri ile bir ilişki ağı kurmaktadır. Bir diğer önemli bulgu ise görme engelli bireylerin algılama biçimlerinin birbirlerinden farklı olmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda bireylerin mekanın kurgusu ve sirkülasyon ağını algılayışlarının farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları kapsamında, duyusal referansların mekansal kullanımda temsiliyetleri değerlendirildiğinde peyzaj tasarımına etkili olacak öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Görme engelli bireylerin bağımsız şekilde yaşamlarını sürdürmeleri için; kentin fiziksel çerve şartlarının, onların kentsel mekanları kullanım biçimlerine göre dikkate alınması gerekmektedir. Kentsel çevre tasarımında görsellik olmadan da erişilebilir, algılanabilir, tanınabilir ve hissedilebilir peyzaj mekanları tasarım ve uygulamalarında çok disiplinli ve sürdürülebilir gelişmeler içeren kapsamlı çalışmalar olması gerekliliği ön plana çıkmaktadır. Görme engelli bireyin kenti duyumsama tarzından yararlanarak elde edebileceğimiz çıktılar, kentsel çevre içerisinde peyzaj mekanlarının tasarım anlayışına yeni açılımlar ve yeni bakış açıları getirecektir. Onların mekân algısı referansları ile onlara uygun nitelikte düzenlenen kentsel mekanları tüm kullanıcılar için ön görmek kent erişilebilirliğinin sağlanmasına da katkı sağlayacaktır.