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ÖgeA hundred years of typomorphological transformation of urban pattern: Samples from historical Beyoğlu, Istanbul(Graduate School, 2025-01-13)The urban pattern is a product of a society in which the inhabitants shape their living spaces in terms of their culture, traditions, and use of public and private spaces. Through the changes in society, the urban pattern is in a continuous transformation, changing by socioeconomic and political dynamics. Urban morphology is the study area particularly focusing on the composition and evolution process from different perspectives. The Italian school of morphology underlines the significance of history in reading the formation of the urban pattern to interpret the current structure. While the typomorphological approach of the Italian school analyses the typologies, it also concentrates on the representation of the urban form elements through types. Hence, the typomorphology of the pattern is classified into three main elements poles, routes and fabrics: the building and its open space. This study aims to investigate the morphological transformation of the urban pattern through the typomorphological approach of the Italian school. Therefore, the study area is selected among the historical cores of Istanbul, which are enriched by social, cultural, and economic diversity. The historical Beyoğlu, as the study area that emerged around the poles and matrix routes, comprises different pattern typologies, enabling the comparison between typological changes. Accordingly, the study emphasises the typomorphological transformation in historical Beyoğlu within the hundred years of the Republican period from 1923 to 2024. Along with the typomorphological analyses, the methodology is established from the readings of historical background, searching for the formation process of the pattern and finally investigating the pattern topology and typology. Thus, the change in the urban morphology is put forward, starting from the pattern scale to building and street scales. Beyoğlu in Istanbul has witnessed a great transformation through the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods, reflecting on the diversity of the culture and society in shaping the urban pattern. The historical core emerged around the poles of Galatasaray High School and Old Armory that generates matrix and building routes surrounding the fabric. The urban pattern consists of different characteristics of pattern typologies, both organically developed and planned. Therefore, the four sub-study areas, Ağahamamı, Tophane, Bereketzade and Karaköy, provide a diversity in the pattern typology while these areas are similar in urban topology. Hence, the commonalities between different urban patterns are investigated further in the typomorphological analyses on street and building scales. Three distinct periods in the Republican Era between 1927, 1950, 1995 and 2024 create a base to observe the transformation of the physical environment through the changes in socioeconomic structure. Accordingly, the typomorphological analyses represent the change in the urban pattern concerning the conjuncture of the period. The typomorphological transformation of the study areas analyses the street pattern by the hierarchy, design of the street section and the relation of the street with the building and in the building pattern in terms of building size, number of floors, relation with the open space, architectural features and functions. Although urban development between 1923 and 1950 was relatively slow due to government policies and social changes caused by migration, the construction density in the area increased while the street pattern was preserved. On the other hand, the study area witnessed a greater transformation between 1950 and 1995 due to the demolishment of the pattern, construction of new buildings due to increasing population, decay in the pattern, and land use changes. After 1995, the transformation of the urban was relatively stable due to the declaration of the area as an urban conservation site. However, the restoration of the decayed buildings and rehabilitation of public spaces increased the attraction of the area following urban policies prioritising tourism activities. The housing dominant urban character of the study area has changed into a commercial centre over a hundred years, mostly including economic activities and accommodation for tourists and locals. With the help of the typomorphological approach in revealing the transformation of the urban pattern, the integration between the upper-scale analyses and lower-scale covers of buildings and streets provides a comprehensive perspective. Although the study areas have faced the same challenges over a period, they react differently against the triggers of urban development. On the contrary, the different characteristics of periods had various impacts on an urban pattern.
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ÖgeEnvisioning the future of urban design from cinematic spaces: An exploration through science fiction films(Graduate School, 2025-01-14)Studying the future involves exploring what lies ahead different from the past and present. When future studies are considered together with urban studies, the challenges of envisioning future cities become evident. As indicated in many contemporary urban studies, our cities face a range of issues—social, economic, environmental, governmental, and so on. Reconsidering existing cities' challenges and high urbanization rates, studying the urban future requires more and more attention nowadays. On the other hand, there are various visuals/images generated in envisioning the future of cities. Cinema, as a medium in representing various futuristic urban images and as a form of widely consumed artwork, plays a crucial role in envisioning the future. Films especially in science fiction genre portray many futuristic urban settings through cinematic spaces. This thesis aims to uncover insights from futuristic science fiction films in the study of future in urban design. In order to strengthen the relationship between the possible future settings conveyed through futuristic science fiction films and preferred settings of urban design in the future, science fiction films are explored. In this investigation, hidden/invisible clues of urban designs in cinematic spaces are revealed. It is explored how science fiction films adapt/present different urban design approaches. This thesis proposes how cinematic spaces can be instrumentalized in discussing the future of urban spaces. In order to conduct the investigation, two theoretical sections are organized to discuss how the future city is conceptualized in urban design field (Chapter 2) and to discuss how to read the cinematic representation of the city in cinema (Chapter 3). The exploration of the science fiction films is laid on two stages in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. First stage is conducted in four phases to investigate the selected 70 science fiction films for their spatial and theoretical references to the future of urban design. At end of first stage, all films are categorized and 6 films are identified to focus on. In second stage of investigation in Chapter 5, selected 6 films are explored by using method of cinemetrics. Reconsidering cinematic spaces by collage, juxtaposition and superposition, the discussion of future urban space and design elements depicted in the sci-fi films is conducted scene by scene. Based on the aim and methodology above, Chapter 2 introduces a framework for studying the urban future. It emphasizes how the future is conceptualized in different fields such as technology, fashion, health in addition to urban studies. It defines science fiction and design fiction. It suggests that design fiction, which emerged in the mix of science fiction and science fact, is a convenient approach to evaluate the futuristic urban design settings from cinematic spaces in the discussion of the future of urban design. It highlights the role of diegetic representations of the urban space in cinematic spaces. Moreover, Chapter 2 provides an alternative reading of concepts developed for the future of space in urban design field. The conceptualization of the future space is grouped under three major groups: (I) designing the future cities originated from the past, (II) designing the future cities as a solution for the ambiguity of space and (III) considering the political motifs in generating futuristic urban concepts. In this chapter, it is concluded that none of these conceptions is singularly effective in approaching the future of urban design. Chapter 3 focuses on cinema and cinematic representation of space. It defines cinema as a type of mass media that is consumed and produced in the cities. It emphasizes how cinematic representation of space attracts various audiences as cine-tourists. Also, Chapter 3 introduces how cinematic space is defined in film studies and puts forward how cinematic representation of the space is convenient for exploring the urban space. Basic terms such as shot, scene and frame are defined in this chapter. Cinemetrics, as an advanced drawing system for representing the space is introduced. The case study of this thesis is comprised of five phases, which are given in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. In the first phase, a film pool of 70 futuristic science fiction films is generated from the most cited films in the relevant disciplines about the representation of space. In the second phase, all of the films in the pool are reviewed to rediscover their references to the future of urban design. The films that entail spatial references for the future of urban design are converted into ideal drawings. In the third phase, the films are mapped according to their theoretical relevance to the concepts of the future space in urban design, introduced in Chapter 2. In the fourth phase of the investigation, the films are classified according to the time and visual content that they convey. 6 science fiction films, Equilibrium, Dredd, Cloud Atlas, Fifth Element, Logan's Run and Aeon Flux are identified and transferred to the fifth phase. In the fifth phase of the investigation beginning from Chapter 5, the selected 6 films are explored separately to reveal their spatial and theoretical references to contemplate the future of urban design from cinematic spaces. It is focused on how these films convey futuristic design ideas in addition to which clues of urban design they present. To understand how urban design clues are conveyed in the films, film tempo (average shot length) and proportion of scenes that present the urban design characteristic are referred to as supplementary aspects to be combined with the qualitative analysis of the cinematic spaces. To reveal which urban design clues are hidden in the cinematic spaces, scene by scene exploration is conducted with cinemetrics. It is decoded how these films portray various urban design characteristics of city elements, relying on the Lynch's image of the city. Squares, central meeting areas, city centers, streets, pathways, roads, other transportation lines, urban organization, site characteristics, buildings, man-made structures and activities are explored from futuristic urban settings in the cinematic spaces. Each films are reconsidered with which urban design concepts they adapt. It is concluded that 10 design concepts of Totalitarian Architecture, Natural Surveillance System proposed by Jane Jacobs, Acupuncture Urbanism developed by Sola Morales, Radiant City developed by Le Corbusier, Resilient City Concept, Collage City by Rowe and Koetter, Domed City by Fuller, Garden City Movement by Ebenezer Howard, Brutalist Architecture and City Beautiful Movement are adapted in these films. Based on the relationship between the films' release and concept's active period, it is revealed that film's adaptation of urban design concepts, movements and approaches provide evident clues to discuss the future of urban design. In the conclusion part, the thesis contribution to strengthen the link between the science fiction works and the future of urban design is emphasized. This chapter addresses the research questions and denote final remarks to be explored in further studies. Referring relationship between futuristic urban settings in science fiction films and the futuristic cities in the real world, it suggests that the futuristic representations of cities in the cinematic spaces are linked to the existing cities while the future of cities is linked to their futuristic representations in the films. Based on the outcomes generated from this thesis, it is believed that it contributes to strengthen the link between science fictional works particularly conveyed through cinematic spaces and the future of urban design via instrumentalization of cinematic space.
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ÖgeAdaptive reuse of industrial heritage complexes as a catalyst for thriving public spaces: The case of Hasanpaşa Gasworks(Graduate School, 2024-06-24)Cities develop and change in response to the changing dynamics of people over time. With the impact of post-industrialization, globalization and rapid urbanization, these changes have begun to be observed dramatically. These changes have been especially dramatic in cities where neo-liberal policies have been intensively implemented. In cities where these policies are intensively implemented, they are generally associated with the commodification and privatization of urban space and the reduction in the number of public spaces. Istanbul has been one of the cities where the commodification of urban space has begun to decline due to the neo-liberal policies adopted after industrialization. In this context, the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage complexes as public spaces has become more important, especially for cities like Istanbul where urban space is under the pressure of capital accumulation. The adaptive reuse of abandoned industrial heritage complexes has been a prominent strategy for creating thriving public spaces, as they have distinctive architectural features that support place identity, heritage value that supports the creation of collective memory, and open spaces that often encourage social engagement. This study aims to evaluate the reuse of industrial heritage complexes to create public space in contemporary cities under the influence of neo-liberal policies. Museum Gasworks was selected as a case study as it is one of the rare examples of the reuse of an industrial heritage complex as a public space in Istanbul and has been in operation for some time for research purposes. Within the scope of this research, spatial configuration, social dimension, and heritage value were evaluated to reveal the quality of the new uses. In this context, Hasanpaşa Gas House was evaluated through physical design parameters that reveal the qualities of public spaces such as accessibility, connectivity, permeability, enclosure, open space use, land use, as well as social design and urban space management parameters such as inclusiveness, social interaction, vitality, security. At the same time, the industrial heritage value dimension of Hasanpaşa Gasworks was included in the scope of the research and the preservation of the original industrial identity, the compatibility of new uses and the awareness of the industrial identity by the users were evaluated. The result of the study reveals the importance of transforming abandoned industrial complexes into a public space by considering the spatial, social and heritage value dimensions. The findings of the research show that the industrial heritage complex, which was renamed as Museum Gaswork after the transformation, is an important example of reuse to meet the public use needs of users at both local and regional scales. With its physical, social, management approach and industrial heritage conservation approach, it is concluded that Museum Gasworks will set an example for future industrial reuse projects.
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ÖgeFractal analyzes of age-friendly transportation system: A comparison of the İstanbul Kadikoy and Besiktas(Graduate School, 2024-05-24)There has been a notable rise in the older adult population and urbanization on a global scale. Urban design has a virtual role in meeting the demands of the old population and promoting their social engagement and independence. The WHO (World Health Organization) has released an all-encompassing manual on age-friendly cities, covering eight categories. Transportation is considered one of the primary concerns highlighted by the WHO. The availability of accessible and dependable transportation choices is significant in ensuring the maintenance of independence and participation in a wide array of social and recreational activities for older individuals. Furthermore, implementing a well-designed transportation infrastructure in urban areas that prioritizes the creation of age-friendly surroundings provides convenient access to various facilities for the older adult population. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of urban transportation networks by evaluating their intricacy and scope via the use of fractal geometry. This research aims to investigate, evaluate, and compare the age-friendliness of urban transportation networks by assessing the complexity and extent of the transportation system using fractal geometry in two particular areas of Istanbul, namely Beşiktaş and Kadıköy. The topic under consideration needs to be more dependable quantitative investigations. This lack of quantitative investigation hinders our understanding of the efficiency and effectiveness of transportation systems in urban areas. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive analysis using fractal geometry can fill this research gap and provide valuable insights into the intricacies of urban transportation. Additionally, such quantitative investigations can inform policymakers and urban planners to make informed decisions to improve the transportation infrastructure for all age groups, including older people. A box-counting study was performed on the Besiktas and Kadikoy transportation networks in Istanbul, which are included in the age-friendly community, to evaluate their age-friendliness and efficiency. The study's results suggest that the public transportation system in Kadikoy exhibits a higher degree of intricacy and resemblance to itself than the system in Besiktas. The public transportation system in Kadikoy demonstrates a higher fractal dimension, suggesting a heightened level of connectivity and efficiency compared to the Besiktas system. This indicates that the residents of Kadikoy are expected to experience advantages from improved transportation infrastructure, leading to reduced travel times and improved connectivity across different parts of the district. In addition, the higher fractal dimension of the public transportation system in Kadikoy may also indicate a more significant number of alternative routes and options for commuters, further enhancing their ability to navigate the district efficiently. The enhanced connection and improved efficiency can foster a more sustainable mode of travel in Kadikoy by promoting a transition towards public transportation and diminishing dependence on private automobiles. Additionally, the higher fractal dimension in Kadikoy implies a more robust and interconnected network, allowing for easier access to various amenities and services within the district. This could boost the well-being of inhabitants. The results of this research may be used in public transportation to evaluate its effectiveness by identifying its strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, this strategy seeks to aid policymakers and planners in thoroughly comprehending the current transportation system's benefits and drawbacks.
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ÖgeTarihi kentlerde izlenebilecek işaretler: İstanbul tarihi yarımada'da yıkılan hafıza mekânları ve farkındalık rotaları(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-06-24)İnsanoğlunun yerleşik hayata geçmesiyle birlikte ilk adımları atılmaya başlanan kentleşme, günümüzde arkeoloji ve tarih bilimleriyle birlikte okunabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda ilk insanların yerleşim kriterlerini ya da çevre düzenlemelerini ve yerel davranışlarının kentsel mekâna nasıl yansıdığını onların seçimlerinden anlaşılmaktadır. Savaşların, afetlerin ve imar operasyonlarının , sosyal ve fiziksel çevre üzerinde her zaman yıkıcı etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda şu sorular çok daha öncelikli hale gelmektedir: (I) Afetler veya bahsedilen diğer yıkıcı etkenler sonrasında kentlerin nasıl şekillendiği, (II) eski fiziksel veya kültürel yapının kentin mevcut haline nasıl referans verebileceği ve (III) "toplumsal hafızanın" nasıl korunacağı ve sürdürüleceği. Bellek, insan zihninin bilgiyi depolama, işleme ve geri çağırma yeteneğidir. Çevresel etkiler, yaş, genetik faktörler, sağlık durumu, motivasyon, dikkat ve diğer bilişsel yetenekler bellek üzerinde birçok önemli etkiye sahip olmaktadır. "Hafıza mekânı", hatırlanacak anlık bilgiyi gerçek veya hayali bir mekânda görselleştiren kişiler için görsel bir ifade ve hatırlama sistemi olduğundan, bu mekânlar hatırlamayı güçlendirebilmekte ve bilgiyi daha organize bir şekilde hatırlama sürecine yardımcı olabilmektedir. Başka bir deyişle, hafıza mekânları belleğin bilişsel düzeydeki yerini desteklemekte ve tarihsel koruma, kültürel mirasın sürdürülebilirliği ve toplumsal kimlik oluşumu gibi alanlarda önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ana odağı "birçok yıkıcı etkiyle mücadele ederken kentsel belleği nasıl koruyabiliriz?" sorusudur. Çalışmanın ana araştırma sorusu ise: "Savaşlar, afetler ya da politik unsurlar sonucunda zarar görmüş alanların unutulmaması ve kentsel belleğe katkı sağlaması ya da gelecek nesiller için farkındalık sağlayarak kent mekânının yeniden anlamlandırılması açısından İstanbul Tarihi Yarımada içerisinde bütüncül bir kentsel farkındalık rotası oluşturulabilir mi?" şeklindedir. İstanbul Tarihi Yarımada'da yangın ve deprem gibi afetlerden zarar görmüş ya da yıkılmış olanlar da dahil olmak üzere İstanbul'daki tarihi yapıların izlerini bir haritalama çalışması üzerinde takip eden bir farkındalık rotası oluşturmaktır. İlk aşamada ülkemizdeki yıkıcı etkenler, yıkım etkisinin bellek üzerindeki olası kayıpları, kentsel kimlik öğeleri ve bellek mekânları literatür araştırması, tarihi haritalar ve hava fotoğrafları üzerinden analiz edilecektir. İkinci aşamada, kentin tarihi yapılarını, afetlerden ve diğer zarar verici faktörlerden etkilenen alanları keşfetmek isteyenler için olası rota noktaları arasındaki eğim, mesafe ve ulaşım alternatifleri incelenerek farkındalık rotaları oluşturulacaktır. Bu rotalar temel olarak kentin tarihsel evrimine ve afetlerle olan ilişkisine vurgu yaparken, her durakta yer alan bilgilendirme panoları, rehberler veya diğer materyaller aracılığıyla ziyaretçilerin afetlere karşı bilinçlenmesini sağlayacak bilgiler sunmaktadır. Son olarak, bu kapsamlı çalışma ile kent sakinlerinin, şehir plancılarının ve turizm yetkililerinin afetlere/yıkıcı faktörlere karşı hazırlıklı olma ve tarihi yapıların korunması konusunda farkındalıklarının artırılması hedeflenmektedir.