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ÖgeDesign of biopolymer-based advanced functional materials(Graduate School, 2022-12-16) Çiftbudak, Sena ; Orakdöğen, Nermin ; 509201251 ; ChemistryOwing to the growing environmental interest, the use of renewable vinyl compounds, multifunctional organic acids and natural raw materials has led to the development of different methods in innovative material design. Plant extracts and biopolymers have the potential to develop advanced functional materials providing an adequate balance between mechanical strength, adequate swelling ability and biodegradability. In particular, the improvements in environmental performance can be exploited with sustainable polymers, biomass from plants and biopolymers derived from renewable raw materials such as vegetable oils, starch, gelatin, cellulose or chitin. In new methodologies developed for agrochemical applications to improve ecosystem quality, the structures containing the anionic monomer itaconic acid (ITA) have found use in the removal of physical, chemical and biological pesticides. From collagen-derived natural polymers, gelatin (GLN) is an important hydrocolloidal polypeptide for biomedical applications because it has a number of attractive advantages such as renewable character, low cost, excellent biocompatibility/biodegradability, cell adhesive structure and various functional groups for labeling and/or targeting groups and chemical modifications. The research carried out in this thesis is centered around the design of advanced functional materials based on biopolymer and carbohydrate-derived aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. Two synthesis groups were designed for the preparation of anionically modified gelatin containing Semi-IPN hybrid materials. In the first part of the experimental study, the aim was to conduct the preparation of a series of anionic copolymer hydrogels consisting non-ionic mononmer acrylamide (AAm), and anionic comomer itaconic acid (ITA) ranged between 0 and 14 mol% in the feed at a fixed crosslinker ratio. The second goal of the study was to design semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels by selecting the most appropriate anionic copolymer structure from the first synthesis group and convert it into a semi-IPN structure using various amount of Gelatin (GLN). Semi-IPN gels based on poly(acrylamide-co-itaconic acid) and a natural polymer GLN were prepared through one-step in-situ simultaneous crosslinking copolymerization. The effects of the GLN content, the incorporation of carboxyl groups of anionic comonomer ITA and amine/carboxyl functional groups of GLN on the semi-IPN hydrogel properties were investigated by varying the AAm/ITA mol ratio. The effects of changes in various physical conditions such as pH, time, GLN content and salt solutions on the physicochemical properties of gelatin-containing semi-IPNs were investigated. The solvent effect on the swelling behavior and the extent of interactions between the solvent and network chains was evaluated. The first part of the experimental work covered the synthesis of anionic copolymer poly(acrylamide/itaconic acid) (PAAm/ITAx) hydrogels containing varying amounts of the anionic comonomer ITA, ranging from 0 to 14 mol% using redox initiator pair, ammonium persulphate (APS)/N,N,N,N-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BAAm) as a crosslinking agent. It was mainly aimed to establish a relationship between microstructure and effective charge density of anionic PAAm/ITAx hydrogels. The effective charge density turned out to be the dominant factor determining the extent of swelling. The swelling behavior of these hydrogels in water, solutions with different pH values, anionic and cationic surfactants were investigated according to the varying ITA content. A systematic discussion has been made for the variation of pH-sensitive swelling with ITA content to modulate the on-off swelling properties according to the degree of protonation/depronation of the carboxyl moieties. The mechanical properties of anionic copolymer hydrogels, both after synthesis and after swelling, were investigated with Rubber elasticity theory. Considering the equilibrium swelling theory as a simple and reliable tool for calculating the structural network parameters, this methodology has been applied for anionic PAAm/ITA hydrogels. Cationic dye removing capacities of the prepared hydrogels were determined for adsorption of Methylene blue (MB) and Methyl violet (MV) selected as model dyes. The effect of ITA content in the anionic comonomer PAAm/ITAx structure on the adsorption capacity was studied and the adsorption data were tested using the four kinetics models. Kinetic study showed that the adsorption of cationic dyes on anionic PAAm/ITA follows a gradual process with intra-particle diffusion. Besides the application of the prepared hydrogels, the objective of this work was to determine the fraction of ITA used during the synthesis, which is actively involved in the swelling process, by combining the swelling and elasticity results. Depending on the amount of anionic comonomer ITA, the change of crosslink density and effective charge density was determined. The effective charge density turned out to be the dominant factor determining the extent of swelling. In the second part of the thesis, anionically modified gelatin-based multi-responsive semi-IPN hybrid gels were prepared by free radical copolymerization of AAm and ITA in varying amounts of GLN. In order to evaluate the effect of the composition on the physicochemical and mechanical properties, the semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels in this section were designed in two different ways. While weak anionic semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels were prepared by setting AAm/ITA molar ratio as 98/2 in the copolymer network, strong anionic semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels with AAm/ITA molar ratio of 95/5 were prepared to understand the extent of interaction between ITA and GLN parts. In order to observe the GLN effect in both structures, the GLN concentration was changed between 0% and 0.750% (w/v). Semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels were prepared in-situ by first copolymerizing and crosslinking AAm and ITA in the presence of various amounts of GLN using redox initiator pair, APS/TEMED, and BAAm as a crosslinking agent. The effects of changing the GLN content, thus changing the amine/carboxyl functional groups of GLN and incorporating the carboxyl groups of the anionic comonomer ITA into the semi-IPN structure on the swelling behavior, elasticity and physical properties of poly(acrylamide-co-itaconic acid)/gelatin (PAAm/ITA-GLN) hydrogels were investigated. To investigate the effect of gelatin content on the swelling and thermal behavior, gelatin-free anionic copolymeric hydrogels were also prepared as in the first part of the experimental study. Blank copolymer PAAm/ITA hydrogel and its hybrid with GLN were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The morphologies of the anionic gel networks were characterized using Scanning electron microscope. The uniaxial compression tests were performed after preparation of hydrogels and after their equilibrium swelling in water. Comparable differences in the swelling properties and elasticity were observed as a result of variation in GLN concentration in the semi-IPN hybrid structure. The composition effect results from the interactions between the functional groups in semi-IPN hybrid network; −CONH2 of AAm, –COOH of ITA, -OH and −NH2 of GLN. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels have a higher thermal stability than the conventional copolymer PAAm/ITA hydrogel. Maximum degradation temperatures of semi-IPN hybrid hyfrogels increased with addition of GLN to PAAm/ITA network, and thermal stability was increased with high GLN content compared to other compositions. The uniaxial compression testing indicated that there is a close relationship between the GLN content and the resulting elastic properties as well as the swelling of hybrid gels. Addition of GLN to the semi-IPN hybrid structure in desired ITA content significantly affected the swelling degree and elasticity depending on the extent of interaction between the carboxyl groups of anionic comonomer ITA, hydroxyl groups and the primary amino groups of GLN. The equilibrium swelling of semi-IPN hybrid gels was studied in deionized water as a function of the GLN content. For strongly anionic semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels with AAm/ITA content 95/5, the maximum equilibrium swelling was obtained at 0.225% (w/v) of GLN. The swelling first increased rapidly with increasing GLN concentration, but then a rapid decrease in the swelling of the hybrid gels was observed. For weakly anionic semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels with AAm/ITA content 98/2, the equilibrium swelling increased sharply with an increase in the content of GLN until 0.600% (w/v), then the swelling ratio slightly decreases with further increase in GLN. A highly hydrophilic and pH-responsive system was obtained by adding 5% mol of anionic comonomer ITA to the semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels. The pH sensitivity of the designed semi-IPN hybrid structure is due to both the carboxyl group COOH and NH2 amino groups in the side chain of GLN, as well as the dicarboxylic acid-containing ITA units that show two dissociation stages. While semi-IPN PAAm/ITA-GLN hydrogels did not swell much up to pH 4.87, their pH-sensitive swelling showed a double-step increase with the S-shaped curve around pH 4.7 and 8.0 with progressive ionization of carboxylic groups. All semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels displayed temperature-sensitive swelling behavior as well as the amount of GLN added to the hybrid structure significantly affected the swelling ratio. The swelling kinetics in NaNO3 solutions proceeds by Fickian diffusion and Schott's pseudo-second order model can be effectively used to evaluate swelling kinetics. Swelling tendency in various solvents; n-pentane, n-hexane, THF, acetonitrile, chloroform, acetone, ethylacetate, dimethyl formamide, methanol, cyclohexanol, 1,4-dioxane, DMSO, ethanol, 2-propanol, and toluene showed that semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels have the highest swelling in n-hexane and the lowest in cyclohexanol. Salt-sensitive swelling in Hofmeister salts revealed that semi-IPNs tended to swell more in NaAc solution, whereas they tended to swell less in NaNO3 and NaSCN solutions. The ability of semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels to adsorb cationic dyes MB and MG from aqueous solutions was investigated as a function of GLN content and it was found that GLN-based semi-IPN hybrid gels could be a good adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from the contaminated waters. With the method used in this thesis, a simple and effective approach to the design of chemically cross-linked protein-based semi-IPN hybrid hydrogels for dye removal from wastewater was presented, and thermodynamically network parameters were calculated. Keywords: Gelatin, itaconic acid, acrylamide, elasticity, swelling