LEE- Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Lisansüstü Programı
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Konu "Creative economy" ile LEE- Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Lisansüstü Programı'a göz atma
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ÖgeNew forms of the creative economy: Creative hubs in Istanbul(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021) Parlak, Meltem ; Baycan, Tüzin ; 709849 ; Şehir ve Bölge PlanlamaGlobalization, development of information and communication technology (ICT) and widespread Internet access have led to profound changes in the cities of the 21st century. The effects of these changes are clearly visible in the economies of cities as well as the physical spaces and social relations in cities that evolve as a result of economic changes. Creativity and innovation play a crucial role in the resulting new economic landscape. The new economic landscape, which is also referred to as flexible specialization, post-fordism and the knowledge economy, is focused on high-level financial services, technology-intensive and knowledge-based firms and institutions, and cultural and leisure activities. Thus, creative industries are one of the most important driving forces of economic growth and the new economy. Creative industries require highly educated, knowledge-intensive labor. Changes in the basic inputs of the economy and the resulting labor profile also bring about changes in physical spaces. Certain cities and areas come to the forefront where the highly educated, knowledge-intensive labor is concentrated. Therefore, gaining the upper hand in competition among cities and formulating strategies and new approaches to offer attractive benefits and possibilities for the creative labor have become more important than ever. These strategies involve a multi-dimensional approach which requires making investments into enterprises, human capital and infrastructure. Such an approach is based on both physical and social infrastructure investments that can promote diversity, secure equal rights and freedom of people, stimulate collaboration and support cultural vibrancy. Creative hubs emerge out of the physical and social changes brought about by the creative economy. The labor profile required by the new economy that is characterized by concepts such as creativity, entrepreneurship and collaboration come with new requirements. And these requirements lead to new forms of working. The labor of a creative economy consists of communities that work under flexible conditions and are able to work remotely, and include freelancers, entrepreneurs and microbusinesses. From this point of view, creative hubs create the physical and social spaces where this type of labor can come together, work together, collaborate, engage in exchange of knowledge and establish new relation networks. Therefore, it is essential that we understand how these workspaces emerge, examine their properties, grasp their potential, and understand the changes that they trigger in cities. Focused on creative hubs, the objective of this thesis study is to conduct a multi- dimensional review of creative hubs, which emerge during development of a creative economy, by covering their physical and social aspects, and present the spatial relation that they establish with cities. For this purpose, first the circumstances that lead to emerge of these new-type of workspaces have been examined. The changes that took place in the economy at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century as well as the emergence of new economy have been scrutinized. Properties of the creative economy, which appeared as information and technology gained more importance and creativity became a key component of economy, have been reviewed. Concepts such as creative cities and creative clusters have been addressed that place greater emphasize on the importance of human capital and enable the flexible, tolerating, cosmopolitan and face-to-face relationships needed by the labor of the new economy, and allow such relationships to be utilized to create new ideas and develop new products, services and organizations. Lastly, creative hubs, which are next- generation workspaces where freelancers, remote workers, entrepreneurs and start-ups convene, produce, work and do business together, have been reviewed. Under the umbrella of creative hubs, several concepts such as co-working spaces, incubation centers, makerspaces and labs (e.g. fablabs, innovation centers, city labs, design labs, augmented reality labs etc.) have been addressed This thesis study covers the sample creative hubs that are located in Istanbul. Istanbul is the leading center of Turkey in terms of creative economy. In this context, it is important to reveal the potential of Istanbul for creative economy. Therefore, a chronological review of the changes in the land use structure in Istanbul has been conducted in connection with the city's economy. Then, the effects of city's existing economic structure on the land use are presented. Analysis of Istanbul's creative economy has provided useful guidance to evaluate spatial distribution of creative hubs in the city. This analysis has been conducted based on the data obtained during the field research. The data was obtained through in-depth surveys conducted with the managers and founders of the creative hubs. Deskwork, observations made during the field research, social media accounts of creative hubs and findings related to geographic data have also been used as part of the method. Research questions and the survey questions have been formulated around the 4 main themes, i.e. Structure, Focus, Services and Values. The 8 research questions which guided the study have also been addressed in this context. With a sample of co-working spaces, incubation centers, makerspaces and labs which fall into the definition of creative hub set out for the purposes of the thesis, a total of 49 surveys were conducted. The 49 creative hubs in the data set have a total of 117 locations, including their branches throughout the city. Geographic information system data has been utilized for the section on spatial distribution. For the geographic distribution section, data on 54 creative hubs, with a total of 129 locations in the city, has been used. The research results show that the majority of creative hubs are private initiatives that emerged during the last 10 years. Majority of the creative hub users are aged 21-40 years. Most of the users within this age group are from the Generation Y. One of the most important findings of the thesis study is that it has shown the relation between creative economy and creative hubs. All of the top 10 sectors represented in creative hubs belong to creative industries. The majority of co-working space members consists of people working on software projects. Similarly, most of the projects in incubation centers consist of information and communication technology projects. A significant portion of people and sectors in creative hubs work in creative sectors, and this is reflected in the user profile. Freelancers, entrepreneurs and microbusinesses make up the common users of creative hubs. Labor in the creative economy has flexible work conditions. Therefore, creative hubs also offer flexible and versatile possibilities to their users. Creative hubs provide their users with basic physical services, such as desks, chairs, Internet access, use of space and tools, which are made available during different hours. However, non-physical services are the ones that set creative hubs apart from others. Co-existence and physical proximity allow interactions, knowledge transfer and new business opportunities. Non-physical services provided by creative hubs include social possibilities such as developing relation networks, social interaction, mentorship, brainstorming, knowledge and skill sharing. Creative hubs are distinguished from other workspaces based on the social possibilities brought about by sharing of physical space. This also reflects the basic motivation behind the emergence of creative hubs. It has been found out that most of the founders of creative hubs decided on founding such an organization in order to bring together like-minded people and that their decisions were based on the prior experiences that the founders had during their own business development processes. Spatial distribution of creative hubs in the city is consistent with the location selections of existing finance and high-level service companies in the city. Creative hubs in the city, which emerged during the last 10 years and showed a particularly sharp increase during the last 5 years, are concentrated in the office buildings located in the city's central business district. This area is, at the same time, the most preferred location of sectors in the creative industries, and it is accessible and offers rich offer of cultural events. The properties and advantages of this area affect the location selection of creative hubs. Proximity to the central business district and proximity to public transport are the leading criteria that founders of creative hubs consider when making a location selection decision. Identity of the founders is another factor that affects location selection. It has been found out that the space provided by universities, local governments and public sector plays an important role in location selection of creative hubs. Another striking finding related to spatial distribution is that creative hubs also select certain buildings such as airports, old industrial buildings and stadiums and use them in an innovative way. Results of the analysis on the status of creative hubs in Istanbul show that the next- generation workspaces, which emerge in line with the development of creative economy and are based on concepts such as collaboration, networking and shared resources, are in an upward trend. Presence of creative hubs in the city plays a key role in developing creative economy and increasing information and technology production. Based on the information obtained from analyses, a series of recommendations have been formulated which can help development of creative hubs and the creative economy in Istanbul. These recommendations involve a multi- dimensional perspective and require a long-term corporate commitment that is open to collaboration.