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ÖgeA multilayer network analysis of agendas in different realms of architecture(Graduate School, 2024-09-05) Baloğlu, Melis ; Demir, Yüksel ; 502152017 ; Architectural DesignThe purpose of this research is to map the relationships and connections between actors, concepts, and their relationships flowing through architectural schools, architecture, and society and culture to answer What are the dynamic relations between different realms of architecture in the case of architectural education concerning theory courses, architecture (architectural theory and/or practice, media) and the social-cultural realm? This study aims to demonstrate how conceptualizing architectural learning agendas in theory courses, architecture, and social and cultural realms as multilayer network systems and applying network analysis techniques can provide novel insights into the dynamic factors shaping learning agenda development, social and cultural influence on curriculum development, and knowledge construction over time. This research offers a new methodology to examine the three realms of architectural agenda: architectural theory courses, architecture, and social-cultural agenda relations and influences through actors' and concepts' distributed roles via multilayer network model, measures, and analysis, offering insights enabling strategic adjustments cultivating inclusive agendas responsive to complexity. The methodology draws firstly on a case study, the Theories of Architectural Design (TAD) Course which proposes a parametric toolbox that enables the curation of the course agenda based on six parameters: (problems, concepts, works, texts, actors, and events) an individual manifesto, a collaborative research project, and an individual project analysis (based on the given six parameters). The parametric toolbox helps students to define a theoretical framework to approach issues in architecture. The first network analysis of the TAD data set [2003-2021] shows that the agenda of TAD was affected by local social events in Türkiye, the agenda had timeless local and global actors and concepts groups, but also popular actors in the agenda because of their media presence. In this respect, to grasp all the layers of architecture and the relations between them, this work builds a multilayer network (Kivelä et al., 2014; Heylighen, 2008) under three realms: [1] architectural education in theory courses, [2] architecture, and [3] social-cultural realms with two parameters [1] concepts, and [2] actors. Cultural-Historical Activity Theory's (CHAT) (Vygotsky, 1978) systemic approach to the learning agenda as a system helps to frame learning as a constructivist (Schön, 1983), socially and culturally embedded process. Network analysis methods including centrality and brokerage metrics are utilized to examine three realms and knowledge flows leveraging data from Turkish universities, three surveys to Turkish-speaking architects, the content of sourcebooks, the OpenSyllabus, Horizon Reports, and Google Trend. The analysis uncovers enduring influences maintaining imbalances in canon formation through architecture learning networks in theory courses while also illuminating struggles integrating divergent viewpoints located at the periphery. A failure to culturally diverse actors' risks perpetuating architectural education in theory courses' existing reliance on Eurocentric foundations of knowledge and thought. Unless the achievements and insights of non-Western actors are adequately represented and integrated into course content, education runs the risk of maintaining perspectives that are not inclusive in scope. Identifying three realms and their relations proves critical to re-conceptualizing agendas and cultivating pedagogies mindful of socio-cultural embeddedness on local and global scales. The conclusion is based on the multilayer network analysis and measure of three realms, discussed under the roles in a network such as central, peripheral and broker theorists/practitioners' and under three themes such as [1] homogeneity and heterogeneity: [2] time and timeless and [3] local and global. Influential, peripheral and broker theorists/practitioners' roles are discussed in knowledge circulation, canon formation, and creating productive contradictions for the multilayer network system's adaptation, evolution, emergence, and non-linearity. The mentioned roles of theorists and practitioners provide insights into curriculum transformations with implications for diversity, inclusion and responding to local/global change. We can conclude that course content, project type, brief content, a learning agenda, and an agenda of practice were affected by the zeitgeist. Rather than emphasizing rigid adherence to specific content areas, a more important focus should be on developing flexible methodologies for lifelong learning. As the multilayer networks and relationships evolve, the tools used to foster learning - such as particular topics, actors, works or theories - are transitory, but the overarching goals of integrating theory with practice and fostering communication across knowledge domains remain timeless. Therefore, architectural learning would benefit more from parameters oriented around sustainable learning processes than static course outlines. The research suggests that those who construct course content and shape agendas of learning need not be limited to traditional roles like tutors or institutional administrators. More importantly, the selection of these "agenda builders" should prioritize how their involvement might best support intended learning outcomes. For example, involving students in selecting or designing aspects of their educational experience could help increase engagement and motivation. The identities and roles of influential "actors" in the knowledge networks are likely to shift depending on the specific discipline or goal in question. Overall, a flexible approach that considers diverse perspectives in establishing parameters may be most conducive to effective learning. The critical focus should be on empowering those stakeholders best positioned to facilitate the targeted outcomes, rather than adhering to conventional constructions of who defines learning agendas. The limitations of the study drawn on the findings are constrained by geographical and temporal boundaries of datasets and analytic methods applied. Despite constraints, the diagnostic framing surfaces architecture learning as an adaptive, contested multilayered system warranting nuanced, pluralistic modes of education cognizant of canonical and emergent contributions diversifying knowledge landscapes. The networked examination prompts reflexive awareness of power dynamics and exclusions structuring knowledge dissemination.
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ÖgeCorrelations between composition attributes of architecture and music(Graduate School, 2021-02-17) Tayyebi, Seyed Farhad ; Demir, Yüksel ; 502132007 ; Architectural Design ; Mimari Tasarım"I call architecture frozen music" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe vividly expresses the great linkage between architecture and music. The architects applying music in building design are increasing in numbers, and interrelated projects are getting progressively widespread. Interestingly, most of the interrelation between architecture and music, in various scales, are formed by some assumed correlated parameters regardless of the feeling arousal of the attribute to the listeners and observers, which are mostly based on the subjective artists' opinion or rooted in more-objective scientific issues. For instance, 'interval' in music has been arguably understood as 'proportion' in architecture; accordingly, the harmonic musical interval applied in architectural ratio with the hope of acquiring pleasant architectural proportion. But is there any correlation between the preferences of satisfactory musical intervals and their transformation into architectural proportions? From this perspective, this research aims to explore the correlations between the preferences of architectural and musical attributes from the subjective people's point of view rather than the artist's opinion or merely through an objective perspective. Thus, this study aims to answer the following questions. • Is there any correlation between the preferred architectural and musical attributes of people? What are the most frequently correlated attributes? • More specifically, on a small scale, which musical instruments preferences correlate with architectural material preferences? On a large scale, which musical attribute preferences correlate with architectural attributes preferences in general? At first, a pilot study has been conducted to examine the methodology through exploring the correlation between architectural attributes and musical attributes across limited demographic classes (S. F. Tayyebi & Demir, 2020). By learning from it, two other studies find an answer to the questions. The first study, as a small-scale investigation, has explored the preference correlations between the attributes related to architecture material and musical instruments. Another study, as a large-scale investigation, has scrutinized the correlation between the general attribute preferences of architecture and music across a wide range of demographic classes. Despite some tiny differences, the methodologies of the three papers have an identical structure. The methodology has three phases presented in Figure 4.1. The first phase provides a clear list of the considered attributes, based on two studies conducted during the dissertation progress (S. F. Tayyebi & Demir, 2019) (S. F. Tayyebi et al., 2020), though they can also be seen as part of the limitations of the dissertation. After examining eight different methods and discovering the most reliable method to extract the personal preferences of architectural attributes (Tayyebi & Demir, 2020), a survey is then prepared and distributed worldwide on the QuestionPro platform to collect the individual's demographic information, the musical attribute preferences, and architectural attribute satisfaction. In the second phase, the participants' responses were analyzed, and the unreliable responses were filtered to provide a complete set of attribute preferences of valid participants. Finally, in the third phase, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis examined the correlations between every single attribute within different demographic categories. The outcomes of the analysis were then filtered by the correlation p-value, to skip the statistically invalid correlations. The second and third studies also integrated with Bonferroni correction, as a second filtering technique, to skim off the utmost reliable correlations. Clustering method has also applied to the third study to summarize the correlated attributes provide a holistic understanding of the correlation trends. As the first outcome, all the studies confirm the importance of demographic classes in the correlations exploration between the preferences of architectural and musical attributes. Not only the trace of age and gender apparently exists in the discovered correlations, the large-scale study considering the participants' education shows that even education more than age and gender impacts on the discovered correlations. It reinforces the importance of the three demographics. Along the same line, some demographic classes, attribute categories, and the attributes themselves reflect higher number of correlations. For example, females more than males, material color and material qualities more than material reflection and texture, symmetry more than indentation and stress, and genre more than psychological attributes of music show correlation. Furthermore, within genre category, rap and jazz, and within the psychological attributes of music, sophisticated and poetic/deep have higher number of correlation and thus may reflect better the preferences of some attributes in another field. Regarding the aim of the paper, Pearson's analysis results of the two main studies in small and large scale are indeed the outcome of the study, and thus presented in appendices. For example, the first study, concerning architectural material and musical instrument correlations, shows that preferences of cello for mature females reflect higher satisfaction for brick, full of texture materials, aluminum, reflective, and light-colored material. The results of the large-scale study show male musicians, mature musicians, and even architect-musicians who are interested in sophisticated music tend to prefer sophisticated architectural forms. Rock follower musicians are less satisfied with complicated architectural forms. Preferences for sad music for female architects tend to have a preference for horizontality in building forms. The outcomes of the large-scale study, exploring a large number of correlations, are also clustered to provide a holistic understanding of the correlations. On its basis, those who prefer Complicated music seems to have more positive opinions about Complicated architectural forms. There are strong correlations, albeit very few in number, that shows those who like Dance music seem to prefer Rhythmic and complicated buildings. Among the Mellow music followers, in general, Simple architectural forms were found more satisfactory. Joyful music followers seem to tend towards regular patterns in architecture. Those who enjoy Rap have a preference for either regular or irregular patterns that exude a sense of repetition in the formal structure. Finally, this explorative study confirms the existence of numerous correlations between architectural and musical attributes, thereby proving the potentials of applying the resulting insights into future building design and further investigations.