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ÖgeHybrids in making: Developing a processual perspective on hybridization of organizations(Graduate School, 2025-03-15) Arıoğlu, Merve ; Tunçalp, Deniz ; 403162008 ; Business AdministrationThis dissertation develops a processual perspective to examine how hybrid organizations respond to institutional complexity. It conceptualizes hybridization not as a static outcome, but as an emergent, dynamic, and recursive process shaped by the interaction of institutional logics, organizational strategies, and the contextual conditions in which organizations are embedded. Grounded in institutional logics theory, the study explores how organizations manage multiple, often conflicting logics—namely market, bureaucratic, and community logics. Market logic emphasizes competition and efficiency; bureaucratic logic emphasizes regulation, hierarchy, and public accountability; and community logic emphasizes participation, solidarity, and the creation of social value. The research analyzes how the centrality and compatibility of these logics shape organizational identity, governance, and decision-making. Drawing on Besharov and Smith's (2014) framework, it interprets how logic configurations—whether symmetric or asymmetric—create different forms of institutional complexity and shape the strategic responses available to organizations. Empirically, the study is based on two longitudinal qualitative case studies from Türkiye. The first case, Pluto, is a private-sector-supported social innovation platform characterized by asymmetric logic configuration, where market logic dominates and community logic remains largely symbolic. The second case, Alpha, is a large city hospital operated through a public-private partnership, situated in a symmetric configuration where both bureaucratic and market logics are central and continuously negotiated. These contrasting cases allow for a comparative understanding of how hybridization unfolds under different institutional logic configurations and in emerging market contexts. A key theoretical contribution of the dissertation is the development of a five-stage hybridization process model: (i) Logic Integration, (ii) Hybrid Governance, (iii) Hybrid Decision-Making, (iv) Structural Hybridization, and (v) Legitimacy Formation. The model outlines how hybridization evolves over time, encompassing discursive, structural, and operational dimensions. It also identifies three recursive feedback mechanisms which are (i) Tensions, (ii) Identity work, and (iii) Stakeholder pressures that continuously shape and redefine the hybrid form. This model moves beyond static typologies and instead presents hybridization as a fluid, evolving process that reflects the organization's embeddedness in contested institutional environments. Through this model, the dissertation distinguishes between two different hybridization trajectories. In asymmetric settings, hybridization tends to be driven by a dominant logic (e.g., market logic), with weaker logics compartmentalized or symbolically incorporated. This can produce legitimacy challenges and hinder deeper structural integration, as seen in the Pluto case. In symmetric settings, such as Alpha, hybridization is negotiation-driven and requires more balanced governance structures that enable ongoing compromise between equally influential logics. These findings emphasize that logic centrality and compatibility are not fixed properties but unfold dynamically as organizations respond to tensions, adapt governance, and construct hybrid identities over time. The dissertation contributes to institutional theory by integrating perspectives on logic multiplicity and organizational responses—such as buffering, selective coupling, symbolic alignment, and compartmentalization—while highlighting the importance of context-sensitive and temporally situated hybridization. It demonstrates that hybridization in emerging market contexts like Türkiye is particularly shaped by institutional fluidity, regulatory ambiguity, and informal coordination mechanisms, which require organizations to blend formal structures with relational strategies. Methodologically, the study employs a dual-level qualitative analysis, combining theory-driven coding on logic centrality and compatibility with interpretive coding inspired by the Gioia methodology. Through semi-structured interviews, field observations, media reports, and internal documents were analyzed. This approach allowed for a rich, grounded theorization that remained sensitive to both empirical detail and theoretical abstraction. In practical terms, the findings provide actionable insights for managers and policymakers engaged in the design and operation of hybrid organizations—particularly in contexts involving cross-sectoral collaboration such as social enterprises and public private partnerships. Key recommendations include the creation of participatory governance structures, the strategic use of boundary-spanning roles, and the integration of informal communication with formal accountability mechanisms to manage competing stakeholder demands. Finally, the dissertation outlines several future research directions. These include; ethnographic and longitudinal studies that capture micro-level practices and ethical dilemmas in hybrid organizing; comparative analyses of sectoral configurations and their impact on hybrid forms; exploration of new hybrid fields, such as social finance or green economies; and investigation of settings where hybridization does not occur despite logic multiplicity. Together, these avenues will further refine hybrid theory and extend its application across diverse institutional environments. This dissertation offers a theoretically grounded, empirically rich, and contextually sensitive framework for understanding the formation and evolution of hybrid organizations. It invites scholars to rethink hybridization as a temporally unfolding and structurally embedded process—particularly in complex and institutionally plural contexts.
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ÖgeProfessional service conglomerates and jurisdictional competition: Influences of digital technologies and regulations(Graduate School, 2022-05-02) Köktener, Berker ; Tunçalp, Deniz ; 403142013 ; ManagementThis study focuses primarily on phenomena in the broader perspective of the accounting firms' evolution and the role of digitalization and regulations. Accounting firms may grow their size and variety of services over time and evolve from a Professional Service Firm (PSF) into a Professional Service Conglomerate (PSC). Despite their fundamental differences, various professional groups remain in a single organization during this change. How does a PSF transform into a PSC, and what keeps distinct professional groups together? While there is a vast literature on PSFs, the research on PSCs is limited and fragmented. Also the studies are limited in explaining how digitalization plays a role in the transformation of professions and PSCs. The study has identified three research streams emphasizing different themes: the role of the broader institutional environment, the results of the changing market conditions, and the purposeful strategic actions in becoming a PSC. The research has empirically analyzed a major accounting firm's historical transformation to a PSC over 40 years in an emerging country. The results have noted the critical roles of a particular country's business system and institutional changes in the PSC's organizational context. These factors, such as digitalization and regulatory changes, directly affect the demand for various professional services and their supply, leading to changes in the firm's partnership structure and disciplinary characteristics. In this regard, the contributions to the literature are threefold. First, the study provides a model describing how PSFs transform into PSCs, based on a comprehensive account of how the institutional environment has impacted the focal PSC. Secondly, the study outlines what keeps distinct professional groups inside the organizational boundaries instead of establishing independent professional firms, bringing additional insights to the literature on organizational boundaries. Thirdly, the study develops and analyzes a case study of a leading PSF's transformation into a PSC over 40 years in an emerging country. Lastly, the study calls for further research on the growth and internal organizing factors of PSFs, especially in understudied environments. In the following section, the study zooms into inter-professional dynamics between established and new professions under digitalization and regulatory changes. Internal tensions arise from disparities amongst the professions that comprise multidisciplinary professional service firms. Prior work has advanced our understanding of how the institutional context intersects professional boundaries and creates jurisdictional conflicts in multi-occupational settings. However, we know little about how regulatory changes impact inter-professional and intra-organizational dynamics between established and new professions at professional service firms. Besides, multi-professional service firms must deal with external pressures, such as increasing digitalization. Advances in digital technologies affect the content and control of work among professions, reshaping established jurisdictions. The importance of digital technologies is growing for professionals and their organizations. However, there is limited understanding of how this trend affects professions' content and jurisdictional arrangements. The study explored changes in audit work due to digitalization and how auditors responded to jurisdictional conflicts through boundary work. It analyzed data collected from semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and archival data in a Big Four firm. The findings indicate that new regulations have radical impacts on established jurisdictions. The findings also show that digitalization impacts auditors' critical activities and jurisdictions in the diagnosis and treatment phases, increasing the effectiveness and value of audit work. Accounting auditors can respond to jurisdictional conflicts through different boundary work types for each professional practice act. The study advances our understanding of digitalization's implications on professions. It argues that professions can reduce contestation and increase collaboration through boundary work in the diagnosis and treatment phases. In contrast, professionals' ability to abstract helps them maintain favorable conditions in the inference phase. Later, the study zooms out and connects the findings with the ongoing debate about how advances in intelligent technologies affect professions and their work. The central argument is about whether such changes will make humans more productive and professions accessible to society or make them obsolete. Current views have two opposing camps. Technology replaces most jobs resulting in long-term technological unemployment, or some jobs resulting in short-term technological unemployment. It will bring prosperity by reskilling labor and creating new jobs in the long term. The study structures the fragmented contributions of prior work by analyzing the implications of technological change through the theoretical lenses of the literature on professions. By bridging the technology and professions literature, the study organizes the critical dimensions to link the previously unconnected concepts and structure current contributions in a novel way. In this manner, the study introduces a theoretical approach that allows studying the implications of technology on professions. Besides, the study argues that technological change will replace professions, create new professions, improve productivity, or make them obsolete. However, it depends on how it affects specific acts of professional practices. Lastly, the study offers directions for future research based on the propositions developed.
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ÖgeRefugee entrepreneurship and the limits of inclusion: A study of Syrian refugee entrepreneurs' embeddedness in Turkey(Graduate School, 2022-08-18) Yetkin, Uğur ; Tunçalp, Deniz ; 403172006 ; ManagementAs a subset of immigrant entrepreneurship, the literature on refugee entrepreneurship argues that entrepreneurship has an emancipatory impact on refugee entrepreneurs. It helps people overcome imposed constraints, act more independently, and potentially transform their lives, making social inclusion easier. Furthermore, their context drastically changes when refugees flee to another country, requiring a dynamic embedding process in the new environment. This study critically examines how refugee entrepreneurs become embedded in their home and host countries and experience inclusion and exclusion in the host country. The researcher conducted a comprehensive study on how refugee entrepreneurs experience their entrepreneurial processes concerning their contextual embeddedness and social inclusion and exclusion dynamics in the host country. The study first laid out the theoretical background by clarifying integration, inclusion, exclusion, and immigrant entrepreneurship theories. Then, it described how embeddedness gained currency in immigrant entrepreneurship research. It outlines how the mixed embeddedness model emerged to understand the inherent complexity of immigrant and refugee entrepreneurship. Empirically, the study qualitatively analyzed Syrian refugee entrepreneurs in Turkey. Turkey has become the largest refugee-receiving country globally, hosting more than 4 million refugees, mainly from Syria. These refugees also become highly active in the Turkish business environment. The author interviewed 39 Syrian refugee entrepreneurs working in 14 sectors across seven Turkish cities and four critical informants. A qualitative analysis of these interviews through MAXQDA software identified three types of refugee entrepreneurship based on refugees' contextual embeddedness and entrepreneurial motivation: survival entrepreneurs, ethnic-targeting entrepreneurs, and integrating entrepreneurs. When refugee entrepreneurs become more embedded in a host country, they experience more differential exclusion and inclusion, depending on the type of their refugee entrepreneurship. Therefore, they constantly negotiate their societal position by developing unique strategies against exclusionary actors and structural barriers. The study analyzed the underlying reasons for the differential exclusion with the critical realist lens. Cultural differences and social status are the primary causal structures for exclusionary activities. Naturalization and forced migration act as generative mechanisms, activating the causal powers of these structures. Thus, entrepreneurship helps refugee entrepreneurs advance their economic integration. However, the deep-seated differential exclusion mechanisms limit the potential emancipatory impact of entrepreneurship for different types of refugee entrepreneurs. In addition to the theoretical implications of exclusion and inclusion, the study also uses the embeddedness perspective for understanding refugee entrepreneurship. It describes refugee entrepreneurs' unique social, institutional, political, and spatial embeddedness. Surprisingly, extant literature neglects political embeddedness and informal (cognitive and normative) aspects of institutional embeddedness. Also, the study argues that entrepreneurs in each category gradually develop embeddedness in multiple contexts (social, political, institutional, and spatial) and locations to varying degrees. Furthermore, it explains how refugee entrepreneurs dynamically get disembedded and re-embedded in the home and host countries to regain, sustain and grow their resources. Considering 86% of the refugees settle in developing countries, this study's empirical setting and results contribute to developing the unique refugee entrepreneurship subdomain. The study also provides practical implications regarding refugee entrepreneurs' integration and inclusion strategies. It stresses that labeling refugee entrepreneurs as "good migrants" and seeing them as "an economic opportunity" cause their problems to be pigeonholed and neglected. Furthermore, the "good refugee" discourse makes empty promises and discriminates against refugee entrepreneurs. When entrepreneurs realize it is not the case, they feel even more excluded from society. As a result, the author believes this dissertation opens new avenues in inclusion, exclusion, integration, and embeddedness research. Furthermore, the research presents some practical implications that could guide the policy-makers.