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ÖgeProfessional service conglomerates and jurisdictional competition: Influences of digital technologies and regulations(Graduate School, 2022-05-02) Köktener, Berker ; Tunçalp, Deniz ; 403142013 ; ManagementThis study focuses primarily on phenomena in the broader perspective of the accounting firms' evolution and the role of digitalization and regulations. Accounting firms may grow their size and variety of services over time and evolve from a Professional Service Firm (PSF) into a Professional Service Conglomerate (PSC). Despite their fundamental differences, various professional groups remain in a single organization during this change. How does a PSF transform into a PSC, and what keeps distinct professional groups together? While there is a vast literature on PSFs, the research on PSCs is limited and fragmented. Also the studies are limited in explaining how digitalization plays a role in the transformation of professions and PSCs. The study has identified three research streams emphasizing different themes: the role of the broader institutional environment, the results of the changing market conditions, and the purposeful strategic actions in becoming a PSC. The research has empirically analyzed a major accounting firm's historical transformation to a PSC over 40 years in an emerging country. The results have noted the critical roles of a particular country's business system and institutional changes in the PSC's organizational context. These factors, such as digitalization and regulatory changes, directly affect the demand for various professional services and their supply, leading to changes in the firm's partnership structure and disciplinary characteristics. In this regard, the contributions to the literature are threefold. First, the study provides a model describing how PSFs transform into PSCs, based on a comprehensive account of how the institutional environment has impacted the focal PSC. Secondly, the study outlines what keeps distinct professional groups inside the organizational boundaries instead of establishing independent professional firms, bringing additional insights to the literature on organizational boundaries. Thirdly, the study develops and analyzes a case study of a leading PSF's transformation into a PSC over 40 years in an emerging country. Lastly, the study calls for further research on the growth and internal organizing factors of PSFs, especially in understudied environments. In the following section, the study zooms into inter-professional dynamics between established and new professions under digitalization and regulatory changes. Internal tensions arise from disparities amongst the professions that comprise multidisciplinary professional service firms. Prior work has advanced our understanding of how the institutional context intersects professional boundaries and creates jurisdictional conflicts in multi-occupational settings. However, we know little about how regulatory changes impact inter-professional and intra-organizational dynamics between established and new professions at professional service firms. Besides, multi-professional service firms must deal with external pressures, such as increasing digitalization. Advances in digital technologies affect the content and control of work among professions, reshaping established jurisdictions. The importance of digital technologies is growing for professionals and their organizations. However, there is limited understanding of how this trend affects professions' content and jurisdictional arrangements. The study explored changes in audit work due to digitalization and how auditors responded to jurisdictional conflicts through boundary work. It analyzed data collected from semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and archival data in a Big Four firm. The findings indicate that new regulations have radical impacts on established jurisdictions. The findings also show that digitalization impacts auditors' critical activities and jurisdictions in the diagnosis and treatment phases, increasing the effectiveness and value of audit work. Accounting auditors can respond to jurisdictional conflicts through different boundary work types for each professional practice act. The study advances our understanding of digitalization's implications on professions. It argues that professions can reduce contestation and increase collaboration through boundary work in the diagnosis and treatment phases. In contrast, professionals' ability to abstract helps them maintain favorable conditions in the inference phase. Later, the study zooms out and connects the findings with the ongoing debate about how advances in intelligent technologies affect professions and their work. The central argument is about whether such changes will make humans more productive and professions accessible to society or make them obsolete. Current views have two opposing camps. Technology replaces most jobs resulting in long-term technological unemployment, or some jobs resulting in short-term technological unemployment. It will bring prosperity by reskilling labor and creating new jobs in the long term. The study structures the fragmented contributions of prior work by analyzing the implications of technological change through the theoretical lenses of the literature on professions. By bridging the technology and professions literature, the study organizes the critical dimensions to link the previously unconnected concepts and structure current contributions in a novel way. In this manner, the study introduces a theoretical approach that allows studying the implications of technology on professions. Besides, the study argues that technological change will replace professions, create new professions, improve productivity, or make them obsolete. However, it depends on how it affects specific acts of professional practices. Lastly, the study offers directions for future research based on the propositions developed.
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ÖgeRefugee entrepreneurship and the limits of inclusion: A study of Syrian refugee entrepreneurs' embeddedness in Turkey(Graduate School, 2022-08-18) Yetkin, Uğur ; Tunçalp, Deniz ; 403172006 ; ManagementAs a subset of immigrant entrepreneurship, the literature on refugee entrepreneurship argues that entrepreneurship has an emancipatory impact on refugee entrepreneurs. It helps people overcome imposed constraints, act more independently, and potentially transform their lives, making social inclusion easier. Furthermore, their context drastically changes when refugees flee to another country, requiring a dynamic embedding process in the new environment. This study critically examines how refugee entrepreneurs become embedded in their home and host countries and experience inclusion and exclusion in the host country. The researcher conducted a comprehensive study on how refugee entrepreneurs experience their entrepreneurial processes concerning their contextual embeddedness and social inclusion and exclusion dynamics in the host country. The study first laid out the theoretical background by clarifying integration, inclusion, exclusion, and immigrant entrepreneurship theories. Then, it described how embeddedness gained currency in immigrant entrepreneurship research. It outlines how the mixed embeddedness model emerged to understand the inherent complexity of immigrant and refugee entrepreneurship. Empirically, the study qualitatively analyzed Syrian refugee entrepreneurs in Turkey. Turkey has become the largest refugee-receiving country globally, hosting more than 4 million refugees, mainly from Syria. These refugees also become highly active in the Turkish business environment. The author interviewed 39 Syrian refugee entrepreneurs working in 14 sectors across seven Turkish cities and four critical informants. A qualitative analysis of these interviews through MAXQDA software identified three types of refugee entrepreneurship based on refugees' contextual embeddedness and entrepreneurial motivation: survival entrepreneurs, ethnic-targeting entrepreneurs, and integrating entrepreneurs. When refugee entrepreneurs become more embedded in a host country, they experience more differential exclusion and inclusion, depending on the type of their refugee entrepreneurship. Therefore, they constantly negotiate their societal position by developing unique strategies against exclusionary actors and structural barriers. The study analyzed the underlying reasons for the differential exclusion with the critical realist lens. Cultural differences and social status are the primary causal structures for exclusionary activities. Naturalization and forced migration act as generative mechanisms, activating the causal powers of these structures. Thus, entrepreneurship helps refugee entrepreneurs advance their economic integration. However, the deep-seated differential exclusion mechanisms limit the potential emancipatory impact of entrepreneurship for different types of refugee entrepreneurs. In addition to the theoretical implications of exclusion and inclusion, the study also uses the embeddedness perspective for understanding refugee entrepreneurship. It describes refugee entrepreneurs' unique social, institutional, political, and spatial embeddedness. Surprisingly, extant literature neglects political embeddedness and informal (cognitive and normative) aspects of institutional embeddedness. Also, the study argues that entrepreneurs in each category gradually develop embeddedness in multiple contexts (social, political, institutional, and spatial) and locations to varying degrees. Furthermore, it explains how refugee entrepreneurs dynamically get disembedded and re-embedded in the home and host countries to regain, sustain and grow their resources. Considering 86% of the refugees settle in developing countries, this study's empirical setting and results contribute to developing the unique refugee entrepreneurship subdomain. The study also provides practical implications regarding refugee entrepreneurs' integration and inclusion strategies. It stresses that labeling refugee entrepreneurs as "good migrants" and seeing them as "an economic opportunity" cause their problems to be pigeonholed and neglected. Furthermore, the "good refugee" discourse makes empty promises and discriminates against refugee entrepreneurs. When entrepreneurs realize it is not the case, they feel even more excluded from society. As a result, the author believes this dissertation opens new avenues in inclusion, exclusion, integration, and embeddedness research. Furthermore, the research presents some practical implications that could guide the policy-makers.