Türkiye İmalat Sanayinde Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım-dış Ticaret İlşkisi: Tamamlayıcı Mı? İkame Mi?
Türkiye İmalat Sanayinde Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım-dış Ticaret İlşkisi: Tamamlayıcı Mı? İkame Mi?
Dosyalar
Tarih
2011
Yazarlar
Hayta, Döndü Gül
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Institute of Social Sciences
Institute of Social Sciences
Özet
Türkiye ekonomisinde imalat sanayi, gerek yaratılan katma değer gerekse istihdam ve ihracata katkıları nedeniyle en önemli sektör konumundadır. Ayrıca imalat sanayi, verimliliğe ve teknolojik ilerlemeye katkısının yanı sıra, yarattığı dışsallıklarla ekonomik performansı belirleyen önemli sektörlerden birisidir. Türkiye'de imalat sanayinin ekonomideki önemi göz önünde bulundurularak bu çalışmada, imalat sanayi alt-sektörlerine gelen doğrudan yabancı yatırımların, bu sektörlerin ihracat ve ithalatları üzerindeki etkisinin tamamlayıcı mı yoksa ikame mi olduğu 2000-2008 dönemi için panel veri analizi ile incelenecektir. Analiz aşamasında tüm örneklem üzerinden tahmin yapılacağı gibi, imalat sanayi alt-sektörleri düşük, orta ve yüksek teknoloji düzeyi sınıflandırmasına tabi tutularak alt örneklem üzerinden de tahminler yapılacaktır. Bunlara ek olarak ekonominin genelini kapsayan makro düzeyde yıllık ve üç aylık veri ile zaman serisi analizi yapılarak ulaşılan sonuçlar panel veri analiz sonuçları ile karşılaştırılacaktır. Doğrudan yabancı yatırım (DYY) ile dış ticaret arasındaki ilişkinin ekonometrik analizinde `Granger Nedensellik Yöntemi' kullanılacaktır. Çalışmada öncelikle ekonominin genelini kapsayan makro düzeyde yıllık veri ile DYY ile dış ticaret arasındaki ilişkinin araştırıldığı analize yer verilmiştir. 1980-2008 dönemi için yapılan zaman serisi analizi sonucunda ithalattan DYY'ye doğru tamamlayıcı bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilirken, ihracatla DYY arasında herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanmamıştır. 1992-2008 dönemi için üç aylık veri kullanılarak yapılan analiz sonucunda ise DYY ile dış ticaret arasında nedensellik ilişkisinin olmadığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Makro düzeyde veri kullanılarak yapılan analiz sonuçlarında DYY'den dış ticarete doğru anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamaması, 1980-2008 dönemi için Türkiye'de yabancı yatırımların henüz makro ekonomik göstergeleri canlandıran bir etki yaratmadığı şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Analiz sonuçlarının bu yönde çıkması 2000'li yıllar öncesinde Türkiye'ye gelen DYY'nin düşük düzeylerde seyretmesinden kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Ayrıca yıllık ve üç aylık veri ile yapılan analiz sonuçlarının ithalat ile DYY arasındaki ilişkiye dair farklı sonuçlar vermesi, incelemenin farklı dönemler üzerinden yapılmış olmasından kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Yapılan panel veri analiz sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye imalat sanayine gelen DYY ile ihracat arasında tamamlayıcı ilişki olduğu görülürken, alt sektörlere gelen DYY'nin bu sektörlerin ithalatını, yatırımın yapıldığı ilk iki yılda tamamladığı, sonraki iki yılda ise ikame ettiği görülmüştür. DYY'nin yapıldığı ilk iki yılda ithalatı tamamlaması, ülkeye gelen yabancı firmaların ihtiyaç duydukları ara ve sermaye mallarını maliyet, teknoloji gibi karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerden dolayı kendi ülkesinden veya ilişki içinde olduğu başka ülkelerden satın aldığı anlamına gelmektedir. DYY'nin ithalatı ikame etmesi ise, gelen ÇUŞ'lerin zamanla geri bağlantılar kurarak, daha fazla yurt içi girdi teminine yöneldikleri durumda görülecektir. Teknoloji düzeylerine göre yapılan analiz sonuçlarında ise, orta ve yüksek teknoloji düzeyine gelen DYY'nin bu sektörlerin ithalat ve ihracatları üzerinde tamamlayıcı etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşılık, düşük teknoloji düzeyindeki alt sektörlere gelen DYY'nin bu sektörlerin ithalat ve ihracatlarını ikame ettiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Yapılan panel veri ve makro veri analizleri karşılaştırıldığında, ithalattan DYY'ye doğru tamamlayıcı bir ilişkinin varlığının her iki analizde de tespit edildiği görülmektedir. Farklı veri dönemleri ve veri düzeyleri kullanılmış olmasına rağmen, Türkiye için ithalatın DYY girişlerinin olumlu etkilediği görülmektedir. Bu durum, Türkiye pazarına imalat sanayi ürünlerini yoğun olarak satan ÇUŞ'lerin, bir süre sonra artık Türkiye'de üretim yapmayı tercih etmeleriyle açıklanabilir.
Manufacturing industry is the most important sector in Turkish economy both for its contribution to value added &employment and export. In addition, besides the contribution of the manufacturing industry to productivity and technological progress, it is one of the important sectors that determine economic performance through the externalities created thereby. In this study, it will be examined if impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) coming to sub-sectors of manufacturing industry is complementary or substitution on the exports and imports of these sectors as well as the panel data analysis of 2000?2008 period, considering the importance of manufacturing industry in Turkish economy. Estimations will be made on all samples at the analysis phase while estimations also will be made on the sub-samples by subjecting the manufacturing industry sub-sectors to classification as high, medium and low technology level. In addition to foregoing, annual and quarterly data at macro level covering overall economy and the time series will be analyzed and the achieved results will be compared with the results of panel data analysis. 'Granger Causality Method' will be employed in the econometric analysis to be conducted germane to the relationship between foreign direct investment and foreign trade. In the study, primarily, the annual data at macro level including the whole of the economy and the analysis where the relationship between FDI and foreign trade has been examined have been included. As a result of the analysis using yearly data for the period of 1980-2008 a complementary relationship of causality was found from import to FDI while no relationship of causality was found between FDI and export. As a result of the analysis conducted through employing quarterly data for the period of 1992-2008 it was found that there was no relationship of causality between FDI and foreign trade. In the results of the analysis where macro-level data was employed, establishment of no meaningful relation from FDI to foreign trade can be construed as that the foreign investment in Turkey for 1980-2008 period has yet not caused a stimulating effect to macro-economic indicators. The occurrence of the results of analysis in this way may be due to low level of FDI that has come to Turkey before the 2000s. In addition, the different results of analysis conducted through annual and quarterly data as regards the relationship between FDI and imports may be due to the actualization of the study in different periods. According to the results of the panel data analysis, a complementary relationship between exports and FDI received through the manufacturing industry of Turkey has been observed, and FDI received through sub-sectors has completed the import of these sectors in first two years when the investment was realized and has substituted in the next two years. Completion of import in the first two years when FDI was made denotes that the foreign firms who have come to the country have purchased the intermediate and investment goods needed thereby from their own countries or other foreign countries because of comparative advantages such as cost and technology. Substitution of import through FDI will be observed when MNCs (multinational companies) establish back links in time and tend to obtain more domestic input. According to the analysis results conducted in terms of levels of technology, it has been established that FDI preferring the medium-tech and high-tech level have a complementary effect on import and export of these sectors. Whereas, FDI preferring the low-tech sub-sectors has substituted the import and exports of these sectors. When the analysis of the conducted panel data and macro data are compared both of the analysis show that there is a complementary relationship from imports to FDI. Although different data periods and data levels have been employed it is observed that, imports to Turkey have a positive influence on FDI entries. This situation can be explained due to preferences of MNCs who have made investments in Turkey after a period although initially they have sold their manufacturing industry products to Turkey intensively.
Manufacturing industry is the most important sector in Turkish economy both for its contribution to value added &employment and export. In addition, besides the contribution of the manufacturing industry to productivity and technological progress, it is one of the important sectors that determine economic performance through the externalities created thereby. In this study, it will be examined if impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) coming to sub-sectors of manufacturing industry is complementary or substitution on the exports and imports of these sectors as well as the panel data analysis of 2000?2008 period, considering the importance of manufacturing industry in Turkish economy. Estimations will be made on all samples at the analysis phase while estimations also will be made on the sub-samples by subjecting the manufacturing industry sub-sectors to classification as high, medium and low technology level. In addition to foregoing, annual and quarterly data at macro level covering overall economy and the time series will be analyzed and the achieved results will be compared with the results of panel data analysis. 'Granger Causality Method' will be employed in the econometric analysis to be conducted germane to the relationship between foreign direct investment and foreign trade. In the study, primarily, the annual data at macro level including the whole of the economy and the analysis where the relationship between FDI and foreign trade has been examined have been included. As a result of the analysis using yearly data for the period of 1980-2008 a complementary relationship of causality was found from import to FDI while no relationship of causality was found between FDI and export. As a result of the analysis conducted through employing quarterly data for the period of 1992-2008 it was found that there was no relationship of causality between FDI and foreign trade. In the results of the analysis where macro-level data was employed, establishment of no meaningful relation from FDI to foreign trade can be construed as that the foreign investment in Turkey for 1980-2008 period has yet not caused a stimulating effect to macro-economic indicators. The occurrence of the results of analysis in this way may be due to low level of FDI that has come to Turkey before the 2000s. In addition, the different results of analysis conducted through annual and quarterly data as regards the relationship between FDI and imports may be due to the actualization of the study in different periods. According to the results of the panel data analysis, a complementary relationship between exports and FDI received through the manufacturing industry of Turkey has been observed, and FDI received through sub-sectors has completed the import of these sectors in first two years when the investment was realized and has substituted in the next two years. Completion of import in the first two years when FDI was made denotes that the foreign firms who have come to the country have purchased the intermediate and investment goods needed thereby from their own countries or other foreign countries because of comparative advantages such as cost and technology. Substitution of import through FDI will be observed when MNCs (multinational companies) establish back links in time and tend to obtain more domestic input. According to the analysis results conducted in terms of levels of technology, it has been established that FDI preferring the medium-tech and high-tech level have a complementary effect on import and export of these sectors. Whereas, FDI preferring the low-tech sub-sectors has substituted the import and exports of these sectors. When the analysis of the conducted panel data and macro data are compared both of the analysis show that there is a complementary relationship from imports to FDI. Although different data periods and data levels have been employed it is observed that, imports to Turkey have a positive influence on FDI entries. This situation can be explained due to preferences of MNCs who have made investments in Turkey after a period although initially they have sold their manufacturing industry products to Turkey intensively.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2011
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences, 2011
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler
Ekonomi,
Doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları,
Ekonomik etki,
Ticaret,
Uluslararası ticaret,
Yabancı sermaye yatırımları,
Yatırımlar,
Üretim endüstrisi,
Economics,
Foreign direct investments,
Economic effect,
Trade,
International trade,
Foreign capital investments,
Investments,
Production industry