Saksı Han'ın restorasyon projesi

Abstract

İlk çağdaki ismi, "Sykai" olan Galata yerleşimi, özellikle XII. yüzyılda, Cenevizlilerin Bizanslılarla ticari ilişkiye girmesiyle iktisadi açıdan önemli bir merkez haline gelmiştir. XIII. yüzyılda uluslararası bir liman olan Galata'da, Cenevizliler tarafından yoğun imar faaliyetleri ne başlanmıştır. 1315'te inşa edilmiş olan "Palazzo comunale (Cemaat Evi)" Cenevizlilerin Galata'daki güçlü konumlarının bir kanıtı olmuştur. Ayrıca, Galata'yı surlar ve kulelerle tahkim etmişlerdir. îlk yapımı çok öncelere dayanan Galata Kulesi de, 1348 yılında Cenevizlilerce tekrar inşa edilmiştir. Galata, fethe kadar, Bizans İstanbulundan ayrı bir suriçi kenti manzarası sergilemiştir. 1453 yılında, fethin ardından, Osmanlı hakimi yetine giren İstanbul'la birlikte Galata, tek bir kent durumuna gelmiştir. Bu birleşme, günümüze kadar sosyo, ekonomik açıdan bir kenetlenme şeklinde devam etmiştir. Galata'da XV. yüzyılda inşa edilmiş ve günümüze ulaşmış en eski Türk ticaret yapısı Galata Bedesteni olmuştur. XVI. yüzyılda da bir Mimar Sinan yapısı olan Kurşunlu Han inşa edilmiştir. XVII. yüzyılda Galata yaşantısına giren Türkler, bundan böyle Batı Avrupalı girişimcilerle ilişkiye girmeye başlamışlar XVII. yüzyıla gelindiğinde, eski güçlerini yitiren İtalyanlar, yerlerini, Pera Bağlarında ikamet eden Fransız, Hollandalı ve İngilizlere terketmişlerdir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin verdiği ticari ve siyasi ayrıcalıklardan yararlanan Avrupalıların yanısıra, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itiba ren adlarını duyurmaya başlayan Galata bankerleri Osmanlı ekonomisinin çöküşünde önemli rol oynamışlardır. Galata'nın gerek toplumsal ve iktisadi hayatı, gerekse bunların ürünleri olan mimarlık ürünü yapıları zengin bir çeşitlilik sergilemektedir.Bu kültür mozaiğinin parçası ve Türk ticaret yapılarına bir örnek teşkil eden Saksı Han; Çakır Ağa Vakfı olarak XVIII. yüzyılda inşa edilmiştir. Galata'da Perşembe Pazarı caddesi üzerindedir. İki katlı ve giriş cephesinde konsollu çıkması olan kargir bir yapıdır. Alaturka kiremit kaplı kırma çatı ile örtülüdür. Duvar örgüsü, iki sıra tuğla ve bir sıra taş almaşıktır. Örtü sistemi, zemin katta beşik tonoz, 1. katta ve 2. katta aynalı tonozdur. Saksı Han, günümüzde imalathane ve tamirhane olarak kulla nılmaktadır. Ayrıca içinde vantilatör, elektrik motoru ile yangın söndürme ekipmanı satan dükkanlar da mevcuttur. Bina'da büyük oranda malzeme bozulmaları gözlenmiştir. Bunun yanısıra, niteliksiz ekler ve sıvalar yapıya zarar vermiştir. Çatı nın hasarlı oluşu, yağmur suyunun yapıya girmesine neden olmaktadır. Rutubet meselesi ciddi boyutlardadır. Yapılacak restorasyon çalışmasında ilk adım yapının niteliksiz eklerden arındırılarak hasarların belirlenmesidir, hasarlı malzemenin yerine yine aynı cins doğal malzemenin kullanılması öngörülmektedir. Geleneksel tarzda çalışmak esas alınacaktır. Böylece, yapının doğasına aykırı müdahalelerden kaçınılacaktır. Saksı Han'ın büro olarak kullanılması önerilmektedir. Amaç; geleneksel yapıyı, tahrip eden küçük imalâthaneleri uzaklaştırırken, Galata'nın geleneksel fonksiyonu olan ticareti yaşatmaktır.

The purpose of this study is to prepare the restoration project of "Saksı Han" which is a fine example of commercial buildings from the XVIIIth century. It is on the Perşembe Pazarı Caddesi at Galata commercial district. Galata is on the opposite side of the Historical Peninsula. The Galata settlement was established on the slopes of a hill. The settlement takes place between Tophane and Azapkapi. The borders were determined by the walls on the "Lüleci Hendek Sokağı" and "Büyük Hendek Sokağı". Towards the end of the Antiquity, Galata district was called "Sycae" ( = Sykai) which means fig gardens. But there are several ideas about the sources of name "Galata". According to the first, it is derived from "gala" which means milk, due to milk production in this area. The second idea is that the name Galata was inspired by Galatians who settled here before. The history of Galata can be studied in two different eras: a) Before the conquest of Istanbul, b) From the conquest to the XXth century. Galata started be mentioned in history during the reign of Constantinos I. In this age, churches, baths and a forum were built and a port was erected. Thus the district, which was be called the Xlllth XVIIregion, started to grow. Galata became an efficient commercial port after the Genoese succeeded to get some privileges from the Byzantine Empire in 1160. After the conquest of Istanbul, Turkish settlements were encouraged in Galata. However, it could never be realized and Galata kept its colonial atmosphere until mid XXth century. There are two important commercial buildings which were erected in the Ottoman period at Galata: The first is the "Eski Bedesten" or "Galata Bedesteni" which was built during reign of Sultan Mehmet II. near "Yağ Kapanı". In this way, the first Turkish commercial activity was established at Galata district. The second is the "Kurşunlu Han" or "Rüstem Paşa Hanı" which was built by architect Sinan near "Eski Bedesten". It was constructed between 1544-1550. Saksı Han is on the "Perşembe Pazarı Caddesi" which starts from "Yağ Kapanı" and connects "Tersane Caddesi". It was built as a part of the Çakır Ağa foundation during the XVIIIth century. It was sold to Istavri who died in 1873. The building has passed from İstavri to Kalpolti. Till 1984, it was owned by the heirs of Kalpolti and then came under the control of the Treasury of the Turkish Republic. On 14th of April 1992, the ownership of Saksı Han passed from The Treasury of Turkish Republic to the "T.C. Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü". Saksı Han is a masonry building which shows XVIIIth century architectural characteristics. It has a basement and two upper floors Facades were built in alternating wall construction with 1 course of stone and two courses of brick. The basement level is about 130 cm lower than the street. Barrel vaults were used there. On the facades, a stone cornice separates the basement from the upper level. The basement facades were plastered with cement XVIIImortar except "Zencefil Sokağı" facade where considerable material damages and random repairs were observed. On the upper level walls, there are plaster decorations in low-relief. Saksı Han is covered with a hipped roof on which traditional roof tiles are used. No chimneys are visible above the roof. The roof was badly damaged as well as the brick cornice ("kirpi saçak"). The rooms of the upper floor are covered with panelled vaults. The rooms of the overhang have the same vaulting system. The windows of Saksı Han have pointed arches. The voussoirs of the arches are made of brick. The window shutters are made of forged iron and many of them still exist. The balustrades were damaged because of corrosion. The door shutters are made of forged iron too. They still exist except room 102's door shutter which is replaced with a new one. Saksı Han has similar characteristics with buildings of the XVIIIth century. There are some elements which show the same construction techniques: a) Alternating wall system (a course of stone and two courses of brick), b) Window with pointed arch, c) Panelled vault, d) Brick cornice at the level of the eaves, e) Consoles The most important clues which enlighten the restitution drawings are photographs from Arseven's "Old Galata and Its Buildings" and "Alt Konstantinopel" published by Diez and Glück in 1920. The photograps show the facades of "Galata Mahkemesi Sokağı" and "Bakır Sokağı". Besides, There are some sketches by Arseven which are very useful. These give an idea about Saksı Han's original plan and section. XIXWe have information about the structural interventions in Saksı Han since the beginning of the XXth century. Especially, the upper floors were consolidated using steel beams. This was done in 1957 and there was a fire at room 102 which is on the upper floor. The wooden mezzanine floor burned into the ashes and was replaced with a concrete structure. In room 105, there are steel beams which caused damages on the walls. In room 103 and room 106, there are also wooden additions attached to the walls. Restoration work will not be discordant to the authenticity of the building. Traditional materials which are natural stone and brick should be used for this purpose. All of the additions should be liberated not only at the interior but also on the exterior facades during restoration. Roof will be restored as soon as possible. Because rain has been penetrating into the structure and causing moisture problems on the interior walls. The existing Khorasan mortar has lost its specification. It will be replaced with lime based plaster. The most important structural problem of Saksı Han is serious damage on the barrel vault covering room 107. In this study, office function was suggested for the re-use. The building can be rented room by room. All of the building or groups of rooms can be arranged to serve for commercial functions which are architectural design studios or real estate offices, etc... Rooms at basement level are suitable for arrangement as a cafe or a dining room which can serve the staff working in Saksı Han. For Saksı Han, we propose a central heating system which will be installed under the floor paving. Naturel gas burners will be established in room 001 at the basement floor. Portable lighting fixtures were suggested for the upper floors. Halogen bulbs will be used to get bright light. However, indirect light XXwill be suitable in the work-rooms. The aim of this study is not only to restore and design the re-use project of Saksı Han but also attempt to suggest the outline of a re-use strategy for Galata's traditional buildings. Today's commercial activity in Galata consists of hundreds of small workshops and firms. It has a complexity towards 21st century. This great commercial population should be minimized and rehabilitated. However, tourism should be organized around the Galata Tower.