İstanbul'da alt ve orta gelir gruplarının konut ihtiyacına yönelik iki toplu konut örneğinin karşılaştırmalı analizi

Abstract

Onsekizinci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında îngil tere'de başlayan ve giderek Avrupa ve Amerika'ya yayılan Endüstri Devrimi» kırsal bölgelerden kentlere akınlara neden ol muştur. İçinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda kentleşme, geri kalmış ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde en önemli sosyal ve ekonomik sorunlardan birisi olmuş, bu sorun giderek kent sel- dokuya da yansımıştır. Türkiye'de, konut ihtiyacının artması ve konut açı ğı, kırsal alanlardan kentsel alanlara göçün ve hızlı nü fus artışının doğurduğu hızlı kentleşmenin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Hızlı kentleşme sonucu kentlere yeni gelenler, gerek bu kentlerdeki konutlarda oturacak kazan ca sahip olmamaları ve gerekse kentlerdeki konut arzının, talebi karşılayamaması nedeniyle, konut gereksinimlerini kendi olanakları içinde çözümlemeye zorlanmıştır. Kente yeni gelenlerin bu çözümü sonucu, "gecekondu" olarak ad landırılan, yasa dışı, her türlü kamu hizmetlerinden yok sun sağlıksız yapılar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada sorunu en ağır şekilde yaşı yan alt ve orta gelirli gruplara yönelik olarak üretilen konutların mekansal ağırlıklı olarak, kullanıcılara ne derecede uy gun şekilde planlandığının öğrenilmesi ve uygun olan ko nut tipinin hangi mekansal özelliklere sahip olması ge rektiğinin belirlenmesi amacı ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla İstanbul'da adı geçen kesimlere hitap eden iki toplu ko nut örneğinde kullanıcılarla görüşmeye dayalı saha araş tırılması uygulanmıştır. Bu şekilde bir araştırmanın ilerde bu kesimlere yö nelik olarak üretilecek konutların, kullanıcılara uyan opt i mum ş ek i 1 de pl ani anmas ma yar di mc ı olacağı düş ünül - müştür.

Dweling has been one of the most, important mat ters that calls the attenrion of local and governmen tal administrations as a result of the rapid population growth, rapid urbanism and the social government compa rison that developed after World War II. Today, in com parison with the after social problems, dwelling problem comes first. Dwelling problem has some differences indeveloped and developing countries by means of guality and guanti- ty while the attraction of urban areas and the dissatis faction in rural areas are balanced in industrialized countries, urbanism is accuredby repression of rural po pulation and rapid velocity of population growth in uni- dustrialized countries. This situation is so indevelo- ping countries like Turkey. In spite of all these dif ferences, the dimension of the dwelling problem has made the gowernment take up this matter. The increase of housing needs and housing shortage have been caused by the migration from rural areas to urban areas and rapid urbanism because of rapid popula tion growth in Turkey. New migrants have come to cities because of rapid urbanism and they have tried to, solve their dwelling prices are too high for them to pay and there are not enough houses in cities. As a result of this, they have come up with slum houses that are ille gal, unhealthy and without public serruces and infra st ructure that are called "gecekondu". Housing shortage has been increasing since 1950* s. The government policies so far hve failed in solving the dwelling problem that had reached to these dimensions. The nature of the housing policies at the beginn ing stage of migration and sqatter fact, was to tend to the civil servants and public employees that had the middle income level, but not to tend the low income xii priority at social sphere, has been appropriated in all development plan periods. The works of solving the dwelling problem in development plans have became more conscious and serious. Despite these efforts duvelling problem has kept its importance until today. There have been a lot of submital systems in Tur key to provide the housing needs until today. These systems are as follows -. o Individual housing production o By building construction cooperatives o Build - sell construction o By mass - housing companies o Mass - housing production by building construction cooperatives corporations combining local administration o Individual squatter housing production o Half - organized squatter housing production All the production systems appear e when the are before proves insufficient. It is seen that the most suitable solution is mass - housing production system that contains multi - story housing units because costs from day to day and increase in housing demand. In this thesis a comparative analysis of two mass - housing samples to provide the housing needs of low and middle income groups is animed. It is a fact that dwelling has to be planned most suitably to demographic, social, economic and physical conditions of users in thesis based on this fact, some data have been found di rectly towards housing plan. A case study that means to research on existing houses to determine how suitable they are for users, was used in this study as a method. The physical evaluation of dwelling has been made with the help of the data found in the case study about the satisfaction of users from their houses, alterrati- ons that they have made their wishes and preferences etc. In this resarch, two different types of dwelling from two different stratification groups are discussed. First part is "Osmaniye CTozkoparanD sample" which was built by "Ministry of Development and Housing", second part is "Halkalı Sample" which was built by "Real Estate and Credit Bank". Interviews were made with 50 households which were chosen randomly. Some of the finding that were determi ned about houses and users are as follows : xiii Interviews were made with SO households which were chosen randomly. Some of the finding that were determi ned about houses and users are as follows : o Avar age size of house holds in Halkalı is 3.41; 3.54 in Tozkkoparan. These findings constitute the nuc lear family structures suitable to the general family size in Turkey. o The number of the rooms in houses are 3, 4 and S in Halkalı, 2 and 3 in Tozkoparan. In that case in Hal- kali, dwellings are more suitable for the general needs in Turkey but in Tozkoparan, they are not, because there are not any housing units that contain 4 rooms in Tozko paran. o Dwelling area is 40 - İOI + m in Halkalı and 40 - 80 m in Tozkoparan. In Halkalı the size is suit able for the general needs in Turkey but there are not any housing units larger than 80 m in Tozkoparan. For that reason, Tozkoparan region is insufficient for gene- r al needs.. T*e aw^e^e. per each person is 84. 74 V 1» Halkalı and 17.02 m in Tozkoparan. While this size is suitablefor the general needs for Turkey in Halkalı. It is seen that the housing standarts in Tozkoparan are ex tremely low to provide the needs of users. o The spaces that hav to be in a dwelling unit are supplied in both region. Almost all of the families want to have a seperate kitchen and WC. o Although the avarage size of living room sand bedrooms are sufficient in Halkalı. It's not so in Toz koparan. The kitchens are smaller than they need to be in both region. Size of the bathrooms are big enough in Halkalı, where they are too small in Tozkoparan. Some Housing units in both region have saperate WC units and the space provided is sufficient. The proportion of the families who prefer their previous houses instead of the present ones is % 42. 30 in Tozkoparan while % 17.39 in Halkalı. This rate is much greater in Tozkoparan than in Halkalı. o Whi 1 e the pr opor t i on of househol ds, who don * t want to change their present houses, is % 43.67 in Hal kalı» it is % 100 in Tozkoparan wants to. o Existing green areas and playing grounds for children are sufficient in both regions. The parking spaces are sufficient in Halkalı» but not in Tozkoparan. xiv The organization of the housing spaces in units is another problem, for a designer at the beginning stage of planning. The entering of a house should be planned as far as possible from bedrooms, because of privacy of family and seperating of the actions of all day long and night. For that reason living room, kitchen and if there is WC spaces are should be the near to the enter of house. Although the close relationship of kitchen and entrance hall is wanted mostly, the sight of the inner kitchen is not. The living room should be close to entrance and kitchen spaces. But it is inadvisable situation to put together of conected spaces as passing of eachother, becauseofseperation of spaces. For this reason the crossing from one space to another should be provided in connection spaces, like hall and corridor. The other spaces that should be connected with each other are bedroom and the bathroom. The bathroom should be placed close to bedrooms. If there is not a seperate WC in house, it can be proposed that the bath-WC should be placed close to entrance. The most suitable solution is to organize a hall which connect the bedrooms and bathroom and reach to the entrance hall. About the relationships that should be made between the spaces, it is seen that housing units that contain 1 and 3 bedrooms has been planned suitably in Halkalı, but there is an inadvisable situation that the relationship between the entrance and bedrooms has been made crossing in the living room. Adding to this, the some of the housing units that contain 2 bedrooms, the entrance hall has been organized much greater than needed. It can be said that the same situation has been made in bedroom hall that connect the bedrooms with the entrance hall. For a designer, it is an inadvisable sitution to organize the paasing spaces as greater than needed. Generally, in Halkalı, out of these situation that call the attention, the housing units have been planned suitable for the middle income groups. In Tozkoparan, the living hall can be perceived completely, from entry in type A. The most of the users have closed these spaces with a seperator to supply the universality of space in type B, it is an inadvisable situation to pass to the bedroom crossing the living room. xv In type 1004 A there has been a seperate WC. Although this situation, the bathroom has been planned as far from bedroom but close to entrance. In type 1003/A and 1102/B have been planned suitably to supply the needs about the relationship between the spaces. Type C is the most defective sample. Crossing from the living room to reach the bedroom and another bedroom is the most inadvisable situation that should not be made. Although there has been a seperate WC in housing units, the bathroom has been planned close to entrance taking away from the bedrooms. Based on these conclusions, it can be said that Halkalı dwelling have generally been planned according to the reguirements of user but dwelling standarts in Tozkoparan are so low that they can not meed the needs and reguirements of users. It should not be forgotten that the housing design has to be the mast suitable for users 'needs and regui rements including social, economic and physical charac- risrics. The most common way to have some data about users' neeeds and reguirements in case study. It is thought that the data that are found in this research will be a resource for the dwelling design of the futu re.