A multi layer cellular automata to participatory architecture: post-disaster container settlements

Abstract

Changing socio-economic conditions worldwide have transformed users from being mere consumers into active participants in the design process. This approach, based on this trend, is defined as "participatory architecture" in the field of architecture. Participatory architecture aims for users to be not only the occupants of a building but also stakeholders in the decision-making mechanism. This approach has been implemented through various methods of participation, such as surveys, interviews, seminars, or even direct involvement in the construction process. Today, with the advancement of digital design tools, the process has become even more interactive, allowing even non-expert users to directly contribute to design through digital means. Within the scope of this thesis, it is proposed to build a bridge between generative design systems and participatory architecture by transforming user decisions into data and integrating them into the very beginning of the workflow. In this way, the design output can be directly shaped by the user. For this purpose, a graphical user interface (GUI) was specifically developed to collect data from users, enabling their preferences to be conveyed to the designer. The interface was designed in simple language and visuals to facilitate the participation of individuals without technical expertise. Thus, user decisions were directly transferred into algorithmic processes, and the resulting design alternatives were shaped according to their preferences. The design problem addressed in this study concerns the container settlements built for temporary shelter after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, which have become abandoned following the relocation of residents to permanent housing. The aim of the study is to refunctionalize these containers through the participation of local communities and transform them into spaces that support social life. One of the original contributions of this research is the development of a multi-layer cellular automata (MLCA) mechanism in this transformation process. Cellular automata is a grid-based generative design system that operates according to specific rules based on the states of neighboring cells. Through simple cell interactions, it can generate complex spatial organizations and diverse settlement scenarios, and several architectural applications of this algorithm exist. In this thesis, while generating three-dimensional layouts, the "Formal Layer," "Functional Layer," and "Spatial Layer" were incorporated into the process, establishing a multi-layer cellular automata algorithm. With its layered structure, the developed MLCA system not only produces random arrangements but also generates meaningful spaces for users such as semi-open areas, courtyards, and transitional zones. This approach transforms algorithmic design into a human-centered and context-sensitive proposal. Furthermore, when the generative capacity of the system is combined with user preferences, a democratic and participatory design process emerges that takes into account the needs of the local community. In conclusion, this thesis offers both a generative and participatory method for re-evaluating abandoned containers, providing an innovative and original contribution to the architectural design process through the MLCA approach.