LEE- Bilim, Teknoloji ve Toplum-Yüksek Lisans
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ÖgeBuilding logistical space for the anthropocene: A study on logistics and green logistics(Graduate School, 2023-06-01)Logistics refers to the coordination of various actors, including people, technologies, and infrastructures, to move goods and information across space and time. However, this definition oversimplifies the complex social, economic, and environmental interactions involved in the logistics process. By redefining logistics as a socio-technical assemblage, we can better understand its impacts on workers, the environment, and society at large, and develop more sustainable and equitable approaches to transportation and supply chain management. This study aims to comprehensively examine the evolution of logistics within its historical context, scrutinizing its multifaceted interconnections in economic, technological, sociological, and political realms. By analyzing the historical development of logistics, we can gain insights into the economic, technological, sociological, and political forces that have shaped logistics as we know it today. More importantly, this historical analysis will help us to better understand the current state of logistics and the challenges and opportunities associated with green logistics. Furthermore, it seeks to re-conceptualize green logistics within the framework of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) and map its conceptual level using Deleuze & Guattari's assemblage theory. Following the perspective of STS studies, the study aims to highlight the elements that are systematically neglected by considering the stakeholders who have a say in the logistics processes. When examining the logistics processes that have become complex and intricate with the use of 3PL, 4PL, and 5PL (Fifth Party Logistics) today, it is important to note that the classical system approach proposed by understanding "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is insufficient, particularly in carbon emission calculations. Therefore, it is believed that using Deleuze & Guattari's assemblage theory could be beneficial in creating sustainable solutions. In order to understand logistics, it is essential to consider the various actors involved, including workers, consumers, and other stakeholders, as well as the technologies and infrastructures that support the movement of goods. By taking a holistic approach to logistics, we can identify the ways in which it intersects with other areas of society, such as politics, economics, and culture, and develop more effective and sustainable solutions. With the aforementioned approach, this study aims to analyze the current situation of logistics inclusively and to problematize the concept of green logistics with critical approaches in the literature.
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ÖgeWhy is David Bloor's strong programme not defendable?(Graduate School, 2022-10-05)A long-standing debate between positivist and post-positivist philosophies has been on the nature of scientific knowledge, whether it is socially determined or logically necessary. In his 'strong programme' in the sociology of knowledge David Bloor, a vehement critic of positivism, claims that not only scientific theories but also religious beliefs, philosophical accounts, and common-sense intuitions could all be taken as the knowledge of a society and seen as purely socially constructed. Accordingly, what follows is an attempt to account for whether his proposal is a defendable sociological model. More specifically, the project proposes three difficulties following the programme: 1) epistemological, 2) methodological, and 3) political. This particularly means that, firstly, the strong programme fails to account for the role of nature in explaining the credibility of belief. Secondly, the programme relies on inadequate, readymade sociological standards with a predetermined framework in its analysis of social patterns. Lastly, the programme's symmetry tenet creates further asymmetries in the face of unequally distributed power relations. The project starts with a criticism of David Bloor's social epistemology, and it argues that his sociology depends on an implausible understanding of credibility. In Bloorian sociology, the credibility of scientific knowledge is seen as a matter of contingent determinants that are locally variable. However, scientific credibility depends not only on the local norms but also on the role nature plays in theories. Furthermore, the project questions the strong programme's methodological gesture and claims that Bloorian sociology rests on an inadequate mode of analysis. In the programme, the sociologist scrutinizes the social patterns of the agents by relying on a descriptive sociological framework. Yet, genuine sociological explanation of knowledge relies not on descriptive analysis but on performative and reflexive engagement with agents' lives. Finally, the thesis elaborates upon the symmetry principle and argues that it causes politically harmful consequences. In Bloor's model, the sociologist reduces the epistemological difference between the notions like 'true' and 'false' on the same social level for a symmetrical explanation. However, the extension of such symmetrical reading to political notions such as 'good' and 'bad' precludes the possibility of criticizing what is democratically 'incorrect', thereby conspiring with the already existing authority. The legitimate political criticism does not stem from a strong symmetry but from a weak asymmetry in which there is enough room for criticizing the powerful. The thesis considers these three gestures essential to proper sociological analysis and claims that the strong programme is not defendable when seen in the light of these categorial perspectives.
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ÖgeEvolution of content moderation in Turkey: Legal-social perspectives and future projections(Graduate School, 2022-01-02)In the old paradigm censorship is used in a manner in which the citizen is aware of the aim of censorship, namely, it is common knowledge that there is a socially frowned upon item behind the pixelated flower or that the appearance of a light blue screen when trying to access a website that is blocked, it is within the understanding of the populace that the website they are trying to access has been deemed harmful by the government. However, in the new paradigm, differing methods of censorship are being utilized. If a content is deemed as harmful, it is removed from the search engine, hence the access is erased rather than blocked. Furthermore the entirety of a private conversation (IM) is subjected to instant control which suggests a departure from ex post censorship to ex-ante censorship. Considering the evolution of censorship technologies into algorithmic censorship, the extent of the latter method is quite significant. If censorship is divided into two components in the 21st century, namely, the Censorship of the Analog (Visual, Print) and the Censorship of the Digital ( ISP & OSP based, Algorithmic), an analogous setting can be found between the two in order to determine the difference. This thesis will analyze the historical progression of censorship law in Turkey by categorizing cases of content moderation into political and social categories by applying a search string to newspaper articles from 1930 to 2020 in order to convey progression of Censorship of the Analog and later compare it to the recent developments in the area of censorship. Winner's insight on using Technological Luddism as a method of analyzing the effect of a given technology, the analog and the digital can be compared to each other in order to provide a deeper understanding of the social effects of censorship technologies in the 21st century. Furhermore with the advent of streaming services, the content consumed by the Turkish public is not monitored by regulatory bodies in Turkey and in the last decade there has been several legal acitons taken in order to normalize this structure. The thesis will look into the possibility of a hegemonic relationship between the ever increasing nature of global streaming services.
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ÖgeSociotechnical imaginaries of alternative and supplementary climate measures: Narratives of Scandinavian countries(Graduate School, 2022-06-20)The ongoing anthropogenic climate change and associated global climate crisis is possessing a massive risk for the future of entire globe and to all the human and non-human ecosystems living in it. Two main acknowledged pillars of climate measures to tackle the climate change and its negative consequences are mitigation and adaptation. However, there is a general consensus that these efforts are so far largely failed and are not able to sufficiently control the rise of the global average temperature in order to eliminate the risks to an acceptable or manageable level. In parallel with this, especially in the recent decades, alternative and/or supplementary climate measures have begun to be visualized, developed and to a certain degree employed around the world to eliminate or at least to reduce the persistent risks. Among them, geoengineering and nature based solutions are two of the most popular climate measures that are being envisioned in the making of the desirable climate future with no or less climate risks. In this light, this study focuses on geoengineering and nature based solutions, in the making of the positive climate futures of the Scandinavian countries, namely Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, due to their special position compared to others with regards to their climate change susceptibilities and ongoing climate efforts as well as their success in doing so. Using the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries from the Science, Technology and Society field as the theoretical framework for this study, it is aimed to assess how geoengineering and nature based solutions are perceived and how their imaginaries are being constructed in line with the construction of the Scandinavian climate future based on the respective long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies of the Scandinavian countries and make a comparison. For this purpose, a qualitative and interpretive content analysis was conducted on the strategy documents. It should be noted that, due to the nature of the long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy documents, the identified sociotechnical imaginaries as a result of this study are dominantly representative of the institutions of power. As a result of the study, although not necessarily labelled under these particular names, various geoengineering and nature based solutions techniques have been detected as imagined and to a certain degree already practiced climate measures in the strategy documents of the Scandinavian countries, which are mainly focusing on the carbon dioxide removal methods. Alongside with the various identified techniques, associated sociotechnical imaginaries that are shaped together with the detected narratives and hopes and fears of each country were analysed based on the strategy documents. It was detected that the most embedded and dominant imaginary associated with geoengineering and nature based solutions among Scandinavian countries is as a supplement to mitigation efforts, but they are accompanied with various methods specific to each country's different circumstances. The main imaginaries of geoengineering and nature based solutions are in conjunction and towards the same common goal via similar main principle of carbon dioxide removal for all three countries. In parallel with the findings of the study it was detected that certain climate measures can be identified and labelled both under geoengineering and nature based solutions which shows that the distinction between them, at least for certain practices, are getting vague.
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ÖgeTo the bodies themselves: E-Nabız at the intersection of bodies, politics and technologies(Graduate School, 2022-07-17)The body and technologies point to two important material sides of politics. This research is about the political meanings of the body constructed in the mediation of technology, e-Nabız in Turkey. It investigates the forms of embodiment and political subjectification through the e-Nabız case, which is an example of data technologies in Turkey. Using Foucault's relational power description, Braidotti's embodied and relational subjectivity, and the reflection fields opened by new materialism and mediation theory on technology as a conceptual tool and emphasizing materialities, sociotechnical entanglements and the constitutive role of technology, this study examines the ways in which the body, technology, and politics are interrelated. Following the perspective of Science and Technology Studies (STS), it aims to enact the meanings of the body and technologies in different sites as a research method in itself, and in this context, the sites to be explored within the scope of the research were determined as the relationship of the subject with his/her own body (1), the relationship of the patient with the physician (2) and the relationship of the citizen with the state (3). The research has investigated the processes of embodiment and political subjectification on different sites through e-Nabız, by deeply engaging with the experiences of the subjects who are experiencing these processes themselves. Accordingly, the field study was conducted with a semi-structured in-depth interview method. During the field study, a total of 30 people, 20 of whom were patients/users and 10 of whom were physicians, were interviewed and the interviews were conducted online. The main question of the research is how the meanings of the body and the relationship of the subject with power are reconstructed in different sites through e-Nabız. Based on the findings of the field, it was argued that in Turkey, through the mediation of e-Nabız, a new, rather digital, encounter area was opened up between the citizen and the state, that new subject positions corresponding to this new form of engagement are constructed in this new encounter area, therefore, this new encounter field both points to a new version for power and also points to new embodiment and subjectification processes for subjects.