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ÖgeHow green construction enhances the quality and profitability of office buildings focusing on leed: A case study of energy-cost analysis and benefit assessment(Graduate School, 2024-07-05)Studies found that there is a huge difference between the conventional office building and the eco-friendly one concerning energy use and electricity consumption. The in-depth investigation on this regards was carried out with the help of advanced modelling software, Design Builder. It is concluded that the principles of a sustainable design play a very important role in saving resources and reducing operational costs throughout the life cycle of a building. Green buildings embody sustainability and demonstrate the potential of these design principles in significantly reducing the impact of the environment in built environments. Important issues, such as climate change and resource depletion, have been catered for by these green buildings through the reduction of energy use and dwindling dependence on limited resources. This further takes a boost from the incorporation of renewable energy resources and new technologies, which no doubt position green buildings as the future of architectural designs. This intrinsic relationship between built environments and human well-being emphasizes the need to envelop environmentally sustainable design into building practices. As a result of their effects on indoor air quality, admission of considerably more natural lighting, and excellent thermal comfort, green buildings enhance the physical health, mental well-being, and productivity of the users. Research has shown that better indoor air quality is related to a lower prevalence of respiratory difficulties and allergies, while the exposure to daylight has been linked with a better mood and higher productivity. Thermal comfort maintains attention and decreases stress. In this way, green buildings are not a benefit for the environment but also for considerable improvement in living quality for all those who work inside them. On the financial side, green office buildings bring benefits during a building's lifetime. Some of the more direct benefits include reduced operational expenses through lesser energy and water consumption. Another large component of benefits is an increased value of assets through the higher market premiums for green buildings that are therefore adept at enhancing efficiency and sustainability. Added to this is the fact that there are a number of legislative incentives aimed at greater sustainability, including tax rebates, grants, and preferential speeding-up of permitting procedures. These incentives facilitate an even more attractive initial investment in green building, making it more economically viable. It's nothing short of a game changer: the shift toward green office buildings. It's thoroughly sustainable development in the environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Sustainable development ameliorates the pressure on the environment, increases economic resilience, and enhances the social fabric of our communities. In its approach, it assures that the benefits of green buildings do not stop at the buildings' respective physical borders but contribute to a more comprehensive concept of sustainable development. Realizing the full potential of green buildings will ultimately require a continuation of the spirit of collaboration across the spectrum—from architects to engineers, from policymakers to the occupants of these buildings—all with the same goal of supporting innovation through a steadfast commitment to sustainability. This collective effort, therefore, becomes very important in surmounting other challenges that may continue to confront green building practices on the road to universal embracement. In addition, constant research and development are needed for the upgrading of technologies and techniques to be more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible. Conclusion: It is not only a trend or niche within architecture. Green building points to an important change as regards a more sustainable future, and its more fair design. This building design and construction approach takes most problems related to the environment, economic benefits, and social well-being into consideration. Continuing collaboration, increased innovation, and strong commitment are some of the ways toward development of built environment that combines with nature and benefits human well-being. This vision of green buildings is what will guide us on to sustainable development and bring human activities into harmony with the rest of nature.
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ÖgeAnalysis of consultant and employer risks in traditional design and BIM projects(Graduate School, 2023)Risks can lead to critical consequences such as delays and cost overruns in construction projects. Therefore, all stakeholders involved are directly or indirectly affected by these risks. The types, impact and likelihood of risks may change depending on the delivery system, contracts used, or technologies adopted in the projects. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one of the trends that significantly affect the roles and responsibilities of the parties as well as the risks encountered in the projects. While some risks are common in Traditional Design and BIM projects, some different risks can also be seen. As the use of BIM is increasing day by day with high acceleration, many new risks have emerged. In addition, while some risks in Traditional Design projects continue their impact in BIM projects, other risks may no longer be a burden on the project. The risks that occur cause different types of impact on each party of the project. The three main parties that are usually involved in the projects, the Employer, the Consultant, and the Contractor, are the parties exposed to these risks. Each party is directly or indirectly affected by the risks. Although the Contractor, who is responsible for the execution of the works on the site, often faces the risks directly, the Employer and the Consultant can also suffer significantly from these risks. It is inevitable for all parties to take certain measures to prevent the occurrence of risks. In the literature, separate studies are conducted for the risks that occur in Traditional Design and BIM projects. In addition, these studies have been conducted neglecting the different positions of the parties. Most studies did not differentiate the risks faced by the parties and a few studies focused on the Contractor risks. However, the risks faced by the Employer and the Consultant in Traditional Design and BIM projects remain unclear. Therefore, a comprehensive study determining the risks and mitigation mechanisms for the Consultant and Employer in the process of transition to BIM is lacking in the literature. The aim of this thesis is to make a comparative analysis of the risks faced by Employers and Consultants in Traditional Design and BIM Projects and to determine the mitigation methods that can be utilized against these risks. In addition, this thesis sheds light on the different risks encountered in local and international BIM Projects. As a result, risk management strategies for the Employer and Consultant has been developed for the assessment and mitigation of risks in the Traditional Design and BIM projects. The steps used in the methodology of the thesis are as follows: (1) determining the Employer and Consultant risks encountered in Traditional Design and BIM projects through literature review, (2) calculating the risk levels by determining the likelihood and impact values of risks in Traditional Design and BIM projects through a survey and identifying the risk factors that change significantly in Traditional Design and BIM projects, (3) determining the risk mitigation mechanisms that can be used for the risk factors identified and evaluating the risk management approaches in BIM projects in Turkey and abroad through expert interviews, and (4) developing strategies for the Employer and Consultant for the assessment and mitigation of risks in the Traditional Design and BIM projects based on the field study findings. In the first step of the study, the basic features of BIM were examined extensively to understand the risks that may emerge in BIM projects. Different aspects of BIM, such as the development, implementation processes, BIM implementation plan, benefits and challenges of BIM were analyzed through the literature. In addition, a study has been conducted on standard contract types such as FIDIC, NEC, and AIA, which are frequently used in construction projects. The adaptation of these contract types to BIM projects and the new legal processes emerging with BIM were also analyzed in detail through the literature. The parties involved in construction projects and their risk area have been identified. Once the background information was collected, the main risks of the parties in Traditional Design and BIM projects were unfolded by a systematic review of the literature, and 74 risk factors for Traditional Design projects and 102 risk factors for BIM projects were identified. These factors were grouped under the following categories: natural risks, design risks, logistics risks, financial risks, contract risks, legal and regulatory risks, political risks, construction risks, and environmental & social risks. In the second step, a survey was conducted with a total of 30 experts from Traditional Design projects and 25 experts from BIM projects. These experts were selected from among the Employer and Consultant organizations. The experts were asked to evaluate the impact and likelihood of the identified risks according to the Likert scale. The reliability and consistency of the data obtained from the survey were tested via Cronbach's Alpha method. The likelihood, impact and risk level of each risk were evaluated separately for the Traditional Design and BIM projects. The results show that the top five risk factors in Traditional Design projects are underestimation of costs, exchange rate and inflation, economic crisis, national and international governmental relations impacts and costs for legal and contractual disputes. On the other hand, the top five risk factors in BIM projects are economic crisis, exchange rate and inflation, lack of BIM talents and experience in the team, work interaction and challenges related to coordination and teamwork and contractor default / contractor competence. IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program was used for the numerical analysis of the collected data including the Shapiro-Wilk Normality test. Since data did not show normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test, which is the last stage of the quantitative analysis, was performed to observe which risk factors show a significant difference in Traditional Design and BIM projects. According to the findings, the risk levels show a significant difference in the Traditional Design and BIM projects in the following risk factors: defective design, data interoperability, intellectual property, economic crisis, national and international governmental relations impacts, authority and relations of the consultant, inadequate support from the designer in the construction process, low consultancy fee, language problem. In the third step, interviews were conducted with 12 experts in the quest to identify the mitigation mechanisms that can be utilized against the identified risks. While determining these experts, 6 experts (3 Consultants, 3 Employers) were selected from ongoing big scale Traditional Design projects and 6 experts (3 Consultants, 3 Employers) were selected from ongoing big-scale BIM projects. These experts suggested different mitigation mechanisms for the identified risks based on their experience. While experts focused on similar solutions for some risks (e.g., conducting training for adaptation to new technology), they offered marginal solutions methods for other risks (e.g., follow-up BIM models metadata for defective materials and equipment quality). Additionally, 3 BIM experts who work on BIM projects abroad were also interviewed. Information was obtained from these experts about the risks they face in BIM projects in foreign countries (where BIM implementation levels are higher), and the different perspectives between them and the experts working on BIM projects in Turkey were compared. As a result, risk management strategies for the Employer and Consultant for the assessment and mitigation of risks in the Traditional Design and BIM projects were developed based on the field study findings in the last step. This risk management strategies involves the risks that may be encountered, their likelihood and impact levels for the Employer and Consultant and also the mechanisms that may be utilized to mitigate these risks. The Employer and Consultant parties may use these strategies to assess the risks involved in the Traditional Design and BIM projects and adopt mitigation measures in the contract preparation stage. The Employer and Consultant parties may also have a better understanding regarding how certain risk factors change during the transition to BIM projects and prepare for the new risks that may emerge. Consequently, the specific contributions of this study are: (1) Identification of Employer and Consultant risks encountered in Traditional Design and BIM projects, (2) determining the risk levels in Traditional Design and BIM projects and evaluating the risks that show different values in different project types, (3) developing risk management mechanisms for the identified risk factors and determining different risk management approaches in BIM projects in Turkey and abroad, (4) developing risk management strategies for Employer and Consultant in Traditional Design and BIM projects.
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ÖgeKnowledge management tool proposal for effective claim management in the construction industry: A lesson learned approach(Graduate School, 2024-06-04)This thesis aims to address the critical role of knowledge management (KM) in the construction sector, focusing on improving claim management practices. The study is driven by two primary objectives: first, to understand the current practices of KM in the construction industry through interviews with sector leaders, and second, to propose KM toolkits tailored for claim management to reveal how such tools can contribute to process enhancements. The methodology unfolds across distinct phases, starting with reviewing existing literature on KM benefits and organizational practices and identifying challenges in the construction sector. Sector interviews were then conducted with leading construction firms to gauge their understanding and usage of KM, followed by similar interviews with consulting companies to compare practices. These interviews highlighted the need for improvements in KM within the construction industry, especially given the challenges and complexities of claim management. Furthermore, a review of the existing literature reveals a notable scarcity of research on applying KM theories to claim management. This thesis aims to address this gap by exploring and contributing to this under-researched area. The literature review on claim management analyzed the processes that must be followed according to the type of contract. The challenges and key aspects are highlighted for a successful claim management and dispute procedure from the contractor's side. Based on these insights, a KM toolbox that consists of four KM toolkits was developed to facilitate more effective knowledge sharing and organizational learning (OL) in claim management. Their applicability was tested using the lesson-learned approach across five real-life case studies. Additionally, expert claim managers provided validation by ranking the proposed toolkits according to their potential benefits. The research findings demonstrate that a strategic approach to KM in the construction sector can significantly improve claim management outcomes. The proposed KM toolbox, which consists of four KM toolkits, offers a structured framework to harness organizational knowledge, reduce claim resolution times, and foster a more proactive, collaborative culture. The toolbox aims to increase the efficiency of construction companies by exploiting OM and thus influence the sector in effective KM. Overall, this thesis contributes valuable insights and practical tools for construction firms aiming to transform their claim management processes through enhanced knowledge sharing and organizational learning practices. As per future studies, the KM toolbox that the thesis suggests could be digitalized, and real-life implementations could be tested.
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ÖgeTürkiye ve üst-orta gelir grubundaki ülkelerdeki leed sertifikalı projelerin değerlendirilmesi(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-06-26)İnşaat sektörü ülkelerin ekonomilerinden beslenen ve aynı zamanda ülke ekonomilerini besleyen; enerji, lojistik, ulaşım, kimya sanayi ve mühendislik gibi çeşitli alanlardan kaynaklar kullanan kompozit bir sektördür. Tasarım, inşa ve teslim aşamalarında kullandığı personel kaynağından dolayı ülkelerin istihdam ve işsizlik verilerinde de büyük oranda pay sahibi olmasının yanında; kullandığı inşaat demiri, çimento ve tuğla gibi malzemelerin üretiminden kaynaklı da dünyadaki enerji kaynaklarının tüketiminde ve çevre kirliliğinde etkin bir payı vardır. Yaşamın devamı için kaynakların verimli şekilde kullanılması gerekliliğinden doğan sürdürülebilirlik kavramı, inşaat sektörünün çevreye olumsuz etkilerinin en aza indirilmesi amacıyla bu alanda da benimsenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu amaçla, ülkelerin sürdürülebilir çözümler üretme hedefine ve ekonomik refah düzeylerine göre şekillenen farklı konseptler geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Gelişen sanayi ve artan nüfusun etkisiyle hızlanan küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği etkilerini en aza indirmeye çalışan ülkeler sürdürülebilirlik kavramına daha fazla önem vermeye başlamış ve her alanda yeşil çözümler üretme çabasına girmiştir. İnşaat projelerinin çevreye olumsuz etkilerini tasarım sürecinden itibaren azaltarak sektörü daha sürdürülebilir kılmak amacıyla "Yeşil Bina" konsepti oluşturulmuştur. Ulusal ve uluslararası bir standart oluşturularak Yeşil Bina konseptinin yaygınlaştırılması ve derecelendirilmesi amacıyla çeşitli sertifikasyon sistemleri hazırlanmıştır. Her sertifikasyon sistemi doğduğu ülke özelinde şekillense de eksiklerin giderilmesi, teknoloji ve çevresel değişimlerle şekillenen güncellemelerle uluslararası standartta kullanılanlar da bulunmaktadır. İngiltere'de BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), Japonya'da CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System For Built Environment Efficiency), Avustralya'da GREEN STAR, Almanya'da DGNB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen) ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) dünyada en yaygın kullanılan sertifikasyon sistemleridir. Türkiye'de de yeni hazırlanan YES-TR (Yeşil Sertifika Sistemi) ile ulusal bir standart oluşturulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Ülkelerin ekonomik düzeyleri, inşaat projelerinin sadece niceliğini değil aynı zamanda niteliğini de etkilemektedir. Yeşil Bina sertifikalarının uygulanma oranları da ekonomik düzeyi daha yüksek olan ülkelerde daha fazladır. Dünya Bankası her yıl 1 Temmuz tarihinde ülkelerin gayri safi milli hasılasının hesaplayarak bir sınıflandırma yapmaktadır. Alt-Gelir Grubu, Alt-Orta Gelir Grubu, Üst-Orta Gelir Grubu ve Yüksek Gelir Grubu olmak üzere 4 sınıflandırmanın yapıldığı bu hesaplamada, ülkelerin enflasyon ve döviz dalgalanmalarının etkilerinin en aza indirilmesi için Atlas Dönüşüm Katsayısının kullanmaktadır. Bu hesaplamalara göre Türkiye 53 ülke ile birlikte Üst-Orta Gelir Grubunda (ÜOGG) yer almaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, Türkiye'nin bulunduğu gelir grubuyla sürdürülebilir bina konsepti açısından eksiklik ve yeterlilikleri ortaya koyacak değerlendirmeler bulunmaktadır. Değerlendirmeler, dünyada en yaygın kullanılan sertifikasyon sistemi olan LEED'in New Construction v4 değerlendirme sistemi kapsamında 12 Haziran 2023 tarihine kadar Türkiye'den sertifika alan 56 proje ile gelir grubunun genel ortalaması ve Türkiye dışındaki ÜOGG ülkeleriyle bir kıyaslanması sonucu yapılmıştır. LEED Certified, Silver, Gold ve Platinum olmak üzere 4 sertifika vermektedir. Minimum 40 puan alınması durumunda sertifika almaya hak kazanılırken, 80 ve üzerinde bir puan alınması durumunda Platinum sertifika alınabilmektedir. LEED BD+C New Construction v4 değerlendirme sistemi projeleri Bütünleştirici Süreç, Konum ve ulaşım, Sürdürülebilir araziler, Su verimliliği, Enerji ve atmosfer, Malzemeler ve kaynaklar, İç mekân çevre kalitesi ve İnovasyon olmak üzere 8 kategori ve bunların altındaki 42 kredi ile değerlendirmektedir. Bu puanlamalar sonucunda ÜOGG genelinde toplam 50 proje Certified, 67 proje Silver, 126 proje Gold ve 33 proje Platinum sertifika almıştır. Türkiye'nin sertifika alam 56 projesinin 14'ü Certified, 11'i Silver, 26'sı Gold ve 5'i Platinum sertifika almıştır. Türkiye'nin, bulunduğu gelir grubuyla paralellik göstererek, projelerinin çoğu Gold sertifikaya sahipken ikinci sıradaki sertifikası Certified ile ÜOGG genelinden ayrılmaktadır. Bu benzerlik ve farklılıkların nedenleri, LEED puanlamasının her kategori ve kredide ulaşılan başarı oranlarının Türkiye ile ÜOGG genel ortalaması ve Türkiye ile Türkiye dışındaki ÜOGG ülkeleri olmak üzere ayrıntılı incelenmiştir. Bu detaylı incelemeler sonucunda daha etkin tespitler ve Türkiye özelinde daha detaylı iyileştirme önerilerinde bulunulması sağlanmıştır.
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ÖgeSimulation applicationsfor efficiency in tunnel constructions(Graduate School, 2024-05-21)In large and complex construction projects that consume a variety of resources, the efficient use of resources is the hinge of planning and control. However, in many countries and in Turkey, planning, control and efficiency have been attempted through previous experience and very simple mathematical modeling. Integration of these attempts with the project schedule is rare and many large construction projects have been completed with overruns. Overruns can be the result of various reasons such as communication problems, uncertainties, wrong decisions, low productivity rates, inadequate planning and lack of technology. This thesis is based on real field observations and practices that aim to simulate repetitive construction operations at different five construction sites and evaluate the results, focusing on the relationship between lean construction and simulation. The EZStrobe simulation tool and AnyLogic software, which are capable of modeling moderately complex processes, were used instead of advanced simulation tools. Five different cases were studied in this paper. Four of them were previously completed without the use of simulation methodology. These cases are different projects in İstanbul and cases focused on a pipe jacking project, a dry batch and a delivery placement operation, two of them are related to tunneling projects with New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM). The aim of studying these four cases is to answer the question "What could happen if simulation methodology is used before construction starts? " The fifth case is related to the lining works of the New Australian Tunneling Method (NATM) tunnelling project. In this case, the simulation methodology was applied to see the result that the crew members and equipment are sufficient to complete the lining works within the approved schedule. The simulation methodology was used prior to the start of lining works in associated areas. Data was collected from authorised people on site. This simulation was first modelled using the EzStrobe simulation tool. A sensitivity analysis was then carried out to obtain the optimum result. Then AnyLogic software is used for modelling to compare the results. After that, Monte Carlo analysis was applied to ensure more reliable result and obtained timing values integrated both simulation software EzStrobe and AnyLogic. On the other hand, simulation models are created as flexible to be able to easily changeable. The study shows that; real-time projects can be simulated with different parameters at the beginning of the project to evaluate the productivity of resources; in projects that have started and/or are in progress and/or will start, by using the simulation system, resources can be used correctly and efficiently to minimize waste, or the most appropriate decisions can be made about their use. In conclusion, construction operations can be implemented with less resources, low cost and cycle time, and high productivity with simulation models.