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ÖgePolitics of fear: investigating the role of potential use of power in restricting citizen's freedom(Graduate School, 2023-06-15)This thesis investigates the implications of political fear emotion. It aims to investigate the potential consequences of political fear. This study examines the emotion of fear in relation to both ethics and politics. While fear enables individuals to escape threats and dangers, thereby facilitating their survival through functional outcomes, it also possesses a quality that significantly complicates their lives. Under the influence of the power that generates fear, individuals find themselves compelled to engage in actions they would otherwise not undertake. Within the realm of politics, where power hierarchies are most visible, the power representing political authority influences the actions of citizens who do not possess an equivalent level of power through the means of fear. This situation generates negative ethical and political consequences in the domain of politics where power is not determined by law. This study argues that the emotion of political fear is utilized by the political authority, which represents political power and its potential for exerting power to restrict the freedom of citizens. In order to establish a strong foundation for the arguments in this thesis, the description of fear in the classical and modern periods is initially presented. Considering the relationship between the emotion of fear and politics, and therefore power and freedom, a comprehensive definition of fear is put forward. The various components of the emotion of fear and how they contribute to its qualitative nature are demonstrated. Based on these findings, it is emphasized that the use of power is one of the creative elements of fear. Along with this claim, it is highlighted that not only the direct use of violence but also the possibility of power usage generates the emotion of fear. Consequently, it is proposed that the emotion of fear has the potential to reveal authoritative structures with power in politics. While acknowledging the necessity of the limited use of power for ordered and peaceful societies, it is revealed that the arbitrary usage and accessibility of power lead to political fear among citizens, thereby limiting their freedom. As political authorities with power, which cause citizens to experience political fear, have the capability to manipulate their decisions and actions, it is argued that the created atmosphere of political fear undermines personal autonomy. It is concluded that for citizens to live in a free society, they need to be free from political fear. To make freedom possible, it is claimed that the power of political authorities that produce or have the potential to produce political fear should be restricted. To eliminate political fear, this power needs to be limited by rational institutions or dispersed among citizens. Only through this process can it be demonstrated that freedom, which is eradicated by political fear, can fully emerge. Citizens have a need for freedom because freedom is a vital necessity by having its intrinsic value, and people would otherwise suffer without it.
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ÖgeWhat justifies resistance? Resistance as the necessity of freedom(Institute of Science and Technology, 2016-06-02)The present thesis zeroes in directly on resistance and the question of how to justify resistance. In this study, resistance as a basic relational element is discussed not only as a political event but also as a natural becoming. In sovereignty theory, the boundaries of the right of resistance are drawn in accordance with law. However, since Power spreads beyond the frame defined by law, resistance overflows this frame. Thus we face a question of justification that is not determined by legitimization. To be able to focus on an extralegal right, going back to power relations is essential. The main argument of the present thesis is that the right of resistance is an effort to stay in being naturally and to affirm its power; that it can never be handed over or limited by law and that it is opposed to all forms of Power. A natural right is preserved in civil state, as well. That is why resistance as an expression of power is first separated from the domination of the fictional subject and laid within the framework of power relations. The subjective elements of resistance are worked through on epistemological terms and its objective elements on ontological terms and these terms form the basis respectively of speculative -based on consciousness- and actual -based on power- components. A resistance, considering the way it manifests itself, can be classified according to its quantitative, contextual and instrumental features. The types are decided upon considering affirmation and negation functions independently of form. What renders resistance meaningful and valuable is its affirmative and negative role in power relations. While handling bodies and becomings in, neglecting their affections or defining them as utopic subjects lead us to fall into some kind of a fallacy incompatible with the human nature. Therefore, a body strives to stay in being and increase its power of acting to the extent that its power as its essence defines its right. Negation has to be reduced to being a speculative and secondary element of resistance in regard to increment of power. As for the right of resistance, it is justified to the extent it can lead to that and it can produce life while refraining from nihilism –which is affirming difference in other words.