LEE- Mimari Tasarım-Doktora
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ÖgeWomen's use of space in Tehran modern houses constructed between 1960-1980(Graduate School, 2021-02-16) Davodipad, Sepideh ; Özsoy, Ahsen ; 502092018 ; Architectural Design ; Mimari TasarımThe main objective of this thesis is the exploration and detailed examination of the women's use of space in modern dwellings constructed between the years 1960-1980 in Tehran, Iran, by considering political, economic and socio-cultural dynamics. The research is based on theories of the use of space, gender and domesticity which are supported by studies in culture, spatial behavior and modernity. Furthermore, factors such as the social, economic and political transformation of the country were studied. In addition, Iran's modern architecture and domestic life evolution were investigated to achieve an image of modern Iran and its residential situation in the period in question. Finally, cases of modern domesticity and women users were studied and analyzed to develop the discussion and the results. Iran's modernization process began from the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century with political and economic reforms that were followed by socio-spatial reforms. The state's policy of modernization intensified following the White Revolution of the 1960s and the economic boom of the 1970s. Tehran was the capital of the modernization and a ground pattern for socio-spatial transformation in the country. The images of modern living spaces and modern society with a focus on women as agents of change and discontinuity were imported from the west. Modern socio-spatial ideas were in confrontation with the traditional and the local ways of life, but these ideas transformed and adapted the status quo. Although the imported patterns of the modernism are similar in non-western countries, Iran had a radical approach to it as a result of the state's top-down modernity policies. Modern domesticity was idealized, and the image of the modern woman emerged as a result of the state's modernization aspiration and the social opportunities with a growing number of middle-class educated women with financial independence. The concepts of "modern home, life, and woman" were promoted by Euro-American models. The state dominated economical and international structures had significant roles in socio-spatial reforms in Iran. The constitutional revolution (1906) was seen as the propulsion engine of the socio-cultural reforms in the early century. The pace of the reforms was accelerated after WWII due to social, political and economic transformations. The outcome of the reforms was a modern society made up of educated and useful individuals which was placed at the center of socio-political identity. The modern reforms lead to the modern taste and lifestyle. The core of the new lifestyle and new cultural practices manifested themselves in domestic life and in other fields. The years between 1920-1980 (first and second Pahlavi period) witnessed many reforms and changes in housing and residential neighborhoods. The government's housing policies affected the building process. Extending social life in houses to the public, producing a modern middle-class as a result of educational reforms constituted new steps to change and transformation. Economic transformation as a result of the oil industry and the relevant events such as its extraction, raising the prices, and its nationalization all affected the housing sector. Many residential neighborhoods were constructed with the cooperation of foreign architectural firms and consultants. Moreover, constructing residential neighborhoods in oil cities by 1920, the establishment of home-economics schools by President Truman's Point 4 program, introducing home appliances (imported-montage-local), post-WWII modernization, the oil boom and increase in the ability of consumers to buy goods, resulted in new concepts of taste, beauty, gender, class, consumption, religious and national identity taking shape in the domestic realm. Modernization became the government's first plan for the country and the capital. The accelerated urbanization and industrialization were followed by the social changes such as the growth of the young generation, the growth rate in the urban middle-class families, and the rise of immigration to big cities. Moreover, the oil industry and the economic growth resulting from it supported the state's plans. Consequently, the construction of residential complexes and towers accelerated in this period to address the needs of the new and educated middle-class families. Modern domestic life and women as an integral part of the modernization process became a focal point of the government. Public and private boundaries broke down, gender roles and duties inside and outside home were redefined. New domestic spaces replaced traditional gender-based spatial divisions. The housekeeping taught to women through different programs came to be rationalized, standardized and sanitized. The instructions focused on minimizing the women's use of energy in order to enable them to carry out more tasks related to home, family and society. They were educated as modern mothers and wives of the home and at the same time participated in the public economic and socio-cultural activities of the nation. The research question focused on the women's use of space in Tehran modern houses constructed in the last two decades of the Pahlavi period (1960-1980); their everyday life, modification, and alteration of the space. The study had a historic approach to both the domestic evolution and the women's use of space. Therefore, the impact of political, social, and economic circumstances and their consequences in housing and women's family, social, and private life was considered. The modern history of Iran is divided into four periods including pre-Pahlavi, first and second Pahlavi, post-revolutionary. Iran's modernization process accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s due to economic and social changes. Housing construction developed with people flooding from small cities and villages to Tehran. Low and high-rise apartments, row houses, and residential complexes were planned by the state and private sector to cope with the housing problem. Modern housing improved the standard of living for the vast majority of the population. However, being modern in a traditional society with strict cultural values took another shape. Spaces were modern but users did not know how to reconcile past and present, modern and traditional, Iranian and foreign. There was coexistence between religious, traditional, and modern ways of life. In this framework, analyzing women's use of space includes studies of the effects of the modernization, adoption, and adaptation process and how political, economic, and socio-cultural systems influence that process and how women used and modified space during that time. In this sense, the role of the state, different western programs, and the press aimed to shape the new image of women inside and outside the home. The focus of this study was on the everyday life of women and spatial connections. The methodology of this research was a qualitative method and narrative inquiry that includes archival research, memories, photographs, and in-depth interviews. Twenty women aged 38-72 from six different settlements participated in the study. These settlements were constructed during the process of modernization of the capital between the years 1960-1980 and promoted new and modern lifestyles for the newly emerged modern middle-class. The participants were asked through an in-depth interview to tell the story related to their home. The interviews took 60-120 minutes and were conducted in two different periods, October 2016, and November 2017. The data was analyzed through narrative content analysis using Atlas. ti 8.0 qualitative software package. The stories are interpreted through exploring codes, writing comments and comparing them. Searching common subjects in the narratives led to the identification of themes and sub-themes. The results showed that the factors that affected the use of space and adjustments were manifold with several links between socio-cultural norms, women's everyday life, and use of space. Some of these connections represented demographic and economic sources, whereas others had physical, environmental, and socio-political sources. These were categorized into three domains, in accordance with user profile, dwelling unit, and settlement. Use and alterations of space in the user profile domain are internal and were related to the demographic and economic issues of the households such as changes in the life stages of the family and their economic situations. These included changes in age or structure of the family. The economic condition of the family is significant in the use and alterations in space in two aspects: the current situation and women's contribution to the economy of the family. Overload of different uses or rooms without use, and allocating some parts of the living room, kitchen, or bedrooms for doing outside work are some of the main changes in special organization and modifications. In the dwelling unit domain, study results show that women's everyday life, time-space activities and socio-cultural norms have a direct impact on the use of spaces. The different families show different uses and adaptations in the same domestic space resulting from their way of life. Modern homes aimed to liberate women from participating in society and public life. In reality, the everyday life of women, and socio-spatial divisions had separated the women from the outside world. Dwelling units changed to a place for integrating different activities related to housework and wage work. Furthermore, socio-cultural concepts such as privacy, cleaning, and traditions gave meaning to the use of space. Segregation of the domestic spaces using curtains, decorative walls, or furniture had emphasized the significance of private/public, back/front, presentable/unpresentable, pure/ impure (najis) spaces of the home. The settlement domain included external factors that affected women's use of space such as the characteristics of the surrounding neighborhood or socio-political factors. These are constraints or extensions of the domestic space to the public and vice versa. For example, results show how women domesticate the public spaces, or how the public spaces of the settlement provide more uses for women's activities, such as bicycle riding or walking dogs and parties that normally are unacceptable in the society. Moreover, the physical characteristics of the settlements such as accessibility to bazaar, family, security, comfort, fame, gardens, and children's playing grounds are significant in making them desirable or undesirable living spaces for women. Transformations in social and political values affected the use of space most of the time. These included losing previous functionality, replacing it with new ones, residential dissatisfaction and emerging preservative/secular, public/private life dichotomies. In this framework, analyzing women's use of space through the concepts of gender and domestic life provides further studies of the effects of the modernization, adoption and adaptation process and how political, economic and socio-cultural systems influenced that process and how women used and modified space during that time. Using qualitative and narrative research methodology, the focus of this study was on the everyday life of women and their spatial connections. Investigating the post WWII domestic life from women users' point of view provide further sensitivity to architectural design and evolution. The study of gender and space relationship represent new perspectives in housing quality and residential satisfaction