LEE- Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Lisansüstü Programı
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Yazar "Kaya Pazarbaşı, Çiğdem" ile LEE- Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Lisansüstü Programı'a göz atma
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ÖgeCraft knowledge as a catalyst in new product development: Collaborative work of designers and craftspeople in companies(Graduate School, 2021-09-07) Temeltaş, Handan ; Kaya Pazarbaşı, Çiğdem ; 502142908 ; Industrial DesignThis thesis investigates how the knowledge and skills of craftsmen are evaluated in the new product development (NPD) process in companies through the collaboration between craftsmen and designers. This thesis's primary research question is how craftsmen's knowledge is transferred to product design and new product development. This thesis focuses on the following elements of craftsmanship: First, material and production possibilities are used to define types of craftsmanship. The environmental conditions in which craftsmen work change depending on the materials used. While a glass master or metal master needs a high degree of heat, a master producing leather and shoes work in a different environment. Second, craft is formed with knowledge of the past as well as interact with today's forms of production. Therefore, it is necessary to understand this historical process so that today's forms of industrial production do not break with craftsmanship. The relationship of the master with the industry and the continuation of this relationship makes it necessary to question with whom the master collaborates. The designer is the person who collaborates with the craftsman in the NPD process. The use of the craftsman's knowledge and skills in the companies discussed in this thesis is the result of collaboration with the designer. Craft production and industrial production seem to be separated in the 21st century. However, in some sectors, it is impossible to fully industrialise. In craft-based or craft-related industries, manufacturing processes are still influenced by craft. Today, there are individual craftspeople, craftsmen as employees working in manufacturing, craftsmen in the industry or craftsmen cooperating with the industry. Even though the industry has automated production systems, it is very important why the industry still needs the knowledge and support of the craftsman. Even in industries that are fully automated, it is useful to cooperate with craftsmen to understand the material behaviour more economically and quickly during the prototyping process. Craft knowledge and experience are also useful in semi-automatic production systems. For instance, this knowledge can be used during the moulding and prototyping process. Knowledge is the most valuable input and output feature for businesses and industry. Since craft knowledge is tacit knowledge that is transmitted through experience, transforming, and using this knowledge can be valuable and strategically important for companies. According to the craft and NPD literature in the fields of design, crafts, creative industries and management, the transfer of craft knowledge to new products or processes is possible through collaboration. This research uses a multi-case study method. One of the main reasons for the choice of this method is to understand the similarities and differences between the cases by evaluating each process in detail. In this study, the companies selected as cases are from the glassware, leather and furniture sectors that develop new products and employ or collaborate with craftsmen. In determining the companies, the presence of industrial designers and craftsmen in the NPD process were taken into consideration. In addition, the employment of industrial designers in the company was used to indicate the value they give to design and NPD. The data obtained in this study consist of the researcher's observations, field notes, semi-structured in-depth interview records and transcribed texts. The interviews were generally completed in two or three parts spread over different days. Following an in-depth interview during the first visit to the companies, any areas of uncertainty that emerged during the preliminary interview were discussed in more detail in the secondary interviews. The semi-structured in-depth interview questions are presented in the appendices at the end of this report and are divided into the following topics: (1) general information about the company, (2) information about the interviewee, (3) craftsmen's position in the company and the collaboration capabilities of the company, (4) NPD and innovation processes in the company, (5) contribution of craftsmen to NPD, (6) factors that facilitate the contribution of craftsmen and incorporate the views of stakeholders and (7) sectoral assessment and competition. Through thematic analysis, codes were created and grouped to identity and describe the themes. In the next step, the classified data were associated by comparing and demonstrating similarities. Maxqda, a computer-aided qualitative data analysis tool, was used throughout these analysis processes. As a result of the interviews, a total of 168 different codes were created. These codes were grouped into seven themes: craftsmen's features, NPD, manufacturing, collaboration with craftsmen, craftsmen's contribution to NPD, knowledge, and management/strategy. The craftsman's holistic approach to the product, combined with her/his experience in mass production in the sector, enables her/him to identify the problems encountered in the product design and production stages and find solutions to these problems. Prototyping, which is the most fundamental support that the craftsman can provide to the industry, results from this knowledge. The craftsman is also tasked with sharing her/his ideas about making and materials during the product development phase. Craftsmen's contributions to NPD are related to idea development, problem identification and problem solving through their knowledge of materials and construction methods and their contributions during the prototype stage. In both small-scale and large-scale companies, the most important contribution of craftsmen to NPD is making prototypes. A prototype enables the NPD team to discuss, develop and test the producibility of a product based on a three-dimensional object. The prototype made during product design allows the team to see the product in three dimensions and to make changes to it. In addition to their contribution to prototype creation, craft masters can also offer solutions for problems encountered during product development. In areas where craft knowledge feeds the development of new products, these collaborations occurred in three main ways in this thesis study. In the first type, craftsmen worked as employees within a large-scale company. In the second form, craftsmen supported production and NPD as outside labourers and stakeholders. In the third form, craftsmen established their own enterprise company in which they directly oversaw manufacturing. There are two essential conditions for a company to benefit from craftsmen's knowledge during the NPD process. First, the collaborating company must have a goal to develop and design new products. Second, the industry must have an ongoing need for craft knowledge and experience that craftsmen can fulfil. The craftsman supports the existence of craft by presenting his production power as a flexible model for companies that outsource production. In this way, the craftsman gains access to an environment where she/he can sell his products. In addition, craftsmen producing for different companies offer companies an opportunity to measure the trends and pulse of the market. Although companies do not always see craftsmanship as a factor that creates innovation, they understand the importance of craftsmen in their industry. The craftsman is consulted for her/his specialised knowledge in materials and construction methods in the fields of production and prototyping. This contribution, which allows the craftsman to identify and solve problems with the prototype, is critical for product development. Consequently, to continue collaboration with craftsmen in the future, companies must need or prefer to use craft knowledge. This is possible through factors such as the continuation of the need for tacit knowledge in the relevant sectors, the continuity of the importance of craftsmanship to provide rapid prototyping with real material and the value of handmade products in the market.
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ÖgeFormation of a multiperspective approach to use sharing service system design in Turkey(Graduate School, 2021-08-16) Yüksel Uçkan, Can ; Kaya Pazarbaşı, Çiğdem ; 502132906 ; Industrial DesignThe planetary boundaries were exceeded in the Anthropocene, as the scale of the crisis started to be visible. Some societies seem untouched by the crisis due to their material prosperity and wealth, while others experience it with floods, massive drought, and fires threatening their homes and lives. Demographic trends do not reflect a positive picture either; the two largest countries by population are preparing 3 billion middle-class consumers to emerge by 2030. They are ready to consume – as Western civilization has already- tons of mass-produced, cheap commodities half of which will end up in landfills if nothing more sustainable is offered. Scientists search for ways that are an alternative to ill-planned production and consumption models. In the last three decades, the insufficiency of ameliorating only the production methods was understood. Efforts to develop alternative paths for our mainstream consumption system gained impetus in society. With that motivation and drive of technological substructure developments, alternative production and consumption methods emerged rapidly. The ancient term, sharing, became the term for the fastest growing economy in the last 20 years. Use-sharing systems became a substantial and engaging part of that massive economy. Millions of people stayed at each other's homes, drove to work together with people they have never met before, or utilized the cars that were parked in their street without owning them. Thousands went the weekend camping with the tents and tools they rented from their neighbour or the local sharing hub; they experienced the joy of creating their DIY projects with the tools they rented and with the help of their skilled neighbour. In Turkey however, the majority still do not utilize these systems because in some countries, they are still under-developed, and the number of successful examples is very limited. Researchers from several domains investigate the factors of success and failures, the motivations of users, the drivers, and the barriers affecting the sustainability of the service systems. There are several explicit and implicit distinctions between use-sharing systems, such as substructure, features of the service, transaction mediums, operational details, and socio-cultural assets, which make their task difficult and broad. In this research, the reasons for acceptance and barriers of use-sharing systems in Turkey were investigated via three cases from different fields. The first one of these cases, the Library of Things, was a web platform for item sharing between members. Yolyola was a ride-sharing system running on a web platform for members. The face-to-face use-sharing model of communal launderettes in Izmir was the last case of interest within the scope of the research. These three disparate fields offered extensive data regarding various aspects of use-sharing and analysed similarities and differences among the different models. The literature research included the socio-psychological dimensions of sharing, ownership, and societal relations through the services from the lens of value-belief- norm (VBN), motivation, and social practice theories. The affects of motivation theory and VBN theory on our decision-making and actions provided insights to understanding the participants' reactions towards the selected use-sharing systems. With the lens of social practice theory, sharing cases were approached as social events requiring reciprocity, a context, and the societal and individual image of the shared object. In the explorative phase of the research, the participants and founders were interviewed, and physical conditions were examined. The action flow on websites, the touchpoints, the relations of members with platforms, and peer-to-peer connections were scrutinized with appropriate service design tools for explaining the execution of services. The service blueprints highlighted the areas with the deficiency or potential to develop. In the second phase, the complementary aspects of VBN, motivation, and social practice theories provided new dimensions from sociology and psychology domains. A theoretical framework proposal for intervention was structured. This delivered insights to create flexible and resilient propositions within the lens of service design from several aspects. Different service propositions were made at variable complexity levels to reflect how the proposed framework for intervention would be practiced in real-life cases. The value propositions of each service addressed the findings from the exploration phases of the study. These propositions were made considering the participants' knowledge, consciousness, societal norms, and the interconnectedness of participant's habits with these new practices. The contribution to the knowledge of the thesis is explained with its practical and theoretical dimensions. As for the practical aspect, the study constitutes a documentary basis about the use-sharing cases in Turkey, which is a fragmental field for the service design domain. The major theoretical contribution is the formation of a framework for intervention for service design, which is a prerequisite for use-sharing services as they have both social and individual aspects. Three focal multiperspective lens is proposed to develop several business models for each case with several complexity and temporal clause. The micro level proposals are incremental enhancements, which supply quick and feasible solutions to each system. The complemantary perspective was employed with the service tools while drawing new blueprints for each case and reconfiguring the details according to the social needs and technical substructure. The meso level proposals are more complex with their stakeholder arrangements. These proposals carry full capacity application of the models and their outcomes are expected to be visible in longer period. In both web platform cases, different key partners and key activities are offered with different value propositions. The macro level proposals are generated with the expectation of triggering social norm changes with the exposed business models. These business models are configurated with the evaluation of social changes international arena in the last two decades and their reflections on the Turkish context. The interaction between international markets is fast enough to affect each other in short time. The youth responds to the market changes and react in several ways, which signal the changes in norms of the society in long term. Sharing is a reciprocal, peer to peer and interactive action; the changes through sharing action affects the whole society through time. Sharing the products, washing machines, and vehicles requires and creates several business models and each of these models are designed with the contextual differences of the society. However, they slightly change the society that they were designed for with every sharing action took place through them. Because both the societies and systems designed within these societies' regulations are dynamic constructions. It is a fact that Turkey needs the benedictions of these systems. The applicability and compatibility of the systems to the economic and social context are the main arguments. The acceptance of the use-sharing systems by a community is the precondition for their success and viability. These systems would be efficient and long-lasting with the help of the extensive multi-perspective approach proposed in this research. This research was aimed to be a source for either private initiatives or community services creating new collaborations with different stakeholder groups to realize new use-sharing systems.