Alternatif yakıtlarla tahrik edilen gemilerde makine dairesi personelin risk ve emniyet farkındalığının değerlendirmesi LNG örneği
Alternatif yakıtlarla tahrik edilen gemilerde makine dairesi personelin risk ve emniyet farkındalığının değerlendirmesi LNG örneği
Dosyalar
Tarih
2025-07-03
Yazarlar
Çamcı, Aysel
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
İTÜ Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Özet
Yeryüzünün en eski mesleklerinden biri olan denizcilik, tarih boyunca insanlığa birçok alanda fayda sağlamış ve dünya ticaretinin temel taşıyıcı gücü olmuştur. Dünya yüzeyinin yaklaşık %70'inin denizlerle kaplı olması, deniz taşımacılığını düşük maliyetli ve yüksek kapasiteli bir seçenek haline getirmiştir. Ancak artan sera gazı emisyonları, fosil yakıtlara olan bağımlılık ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik sorunları, denizcilik sektörünü de derinden etkilemektedir. Bu bağlamda, Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü (IMO), 2030 yılına kadar emisyonları %40 oranında azaltmayı ve 2050 yılına kadar net sıfır emisyon hedefine ulaşmayı amaçlayan politikalar geliştirmiştir. Bu hedeflere ulaşmak amacıyla alternatif yakıt arayışları artmış; metanol, amonyak, hidrojen, biyoyakıtlar ve özellikle sıvılaştırılmış doğal gaz (LNG) gibi seçenekler ön plana çıkmıştır. LNG, düşük sülfür ve partikül madde emisyonları ile konvansiyonel yakıtlara kıyasla daha az CO₂ ve NOₓ salımı gibi çevresel avantajlara sahip olması nedeniyle IMO'nun kısa ve orta vadeli emisyon azaltım hedefleri için uygun bir alternatif olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak LNG'nin kriyojenik doğası, düşük sıcaklıklarda depolama zorunluluğu, yüksek yanıcılığı ve kapalı alanlarda boğucu etkisi gibi operasyonel riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle LNG yakıtlı gemiler, IGF Kod'a (Gaz ve Düşük Parlama Noktalı Yakıtlar için Uluslararası Güvenlik Kodu) tabi tutulmakta; bu gemilerde görev alacak personelin özel eğitim ve sertifikalara sahip olması gerekmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasının amacı, gemi makine dairesi personelinin risk farkındalığı ve emniyet kültürü algısını değerlendirmektir ve LNG yakıtlı gemiler örnek grup olarak seçilmiştir. LNG, günümüzde en yaygın kullanılan alternatif yakıtlardan biri olarak kabul edilmekte ve önümüzdeki süreçte yaygınlığını artırması beklenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmada örneklem grubu olarak LNG yakıtlı gemilerde görev alan Türk makine dairesi personeli belirlenmiştir. LNG yakıtlı gemi sayısının az olması nedeniyle küçük örneklem gruplarına uygun yöntemler benimsenmiş ve toplam popülasyonun yaklaşık %12'si değerlendirilmiştir. Örneklem seçimi, yargısal örnekleme yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiş; katılımcılar LNG yakıtlı gemilerdeki deneyimlerine göre seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, LNG-çift yakıtlı gemilerin yakıt depolama sistemleri analiz edilerek tipik bir devre şeması oluşturulmuştur. Bu süreçte, gemi tasarımları, tersane verileri ve sahadaki personelin katkıları da değerlendirilmiştir. Oluşturulan şema üzerinden SHERPA (Sistematik İnsan Hatası Azaltma ve Tahmin Yaklaşımı) yöntemi ile insan hatalarından kaynaklanabilecek riskler belirlenmiş ve bir risk matrisi oluşturulmuştur. Bu risk senaryoları anket formuna dönüştürülerek LNG yakıtlı gemilerde çalışan makine personeline uygulanmış; katılımcılardan risklerin olasılık ve şiddet düzeylerini değerlendirmeleri istenmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise emniyet kültürü algısını ölçmek amacıyla Amerikan Klas Kuruluşu (ABS) tarafından geliştirilen ve iletişim, yetkilendirme, geri bildirim, karşılıklı güven, sorun tanımlama, emniyet teşviki, tepkisellik ve emniyet farkındalığı gibi başlıkları içeren anket kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS istatistik programı ile analiz edilerek katılımcıların emniyet kültürü ve risk algısı düzeyleri değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, LNG yakıtlı gemilerde çalışan personelin risk ve emniyet kavramlarına yönelik ortak bir yaklaşım sergilemediği görülmüştür. Özellikle rütbe grupları arasında belirgin farklar tespit edilmiştir. Başmühendislerin risk yönetimi konusunda daha sistemli bir yaklaşım sergilediği gözlemlenirken; ikinci mühendisler ve makine zabitlerinin değerlendirmelerinde tutarsızlıklar bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, eğitim ve sertifikasyonun mevcut risk farkındalığı üzerinde beklenen etkiyi yaratmadığı görülmüştür. İletişim hatalarının, özellikle ortak dil eksikliği ve kültürel farklılıklar nedeniyle beklenenden yüksek düzeyde olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, LNG yakıtlı gemilerde görev yapan personelin özellikle eylem ve kontrol hatalarına açık olduğu; kontrol sistemlerinin otomasyona kaymasıyla bu hataların daha da kritik hale geldiği belirlenmiştir. Her ne kadar bu gemilerde çalışmak için özel eğitimler zorunlu olsa da personelin risk ve emniyet kavramlarına ilişkin yaklaşımlarında birlik sağlanamamıştır. Bu durum hem seyir emniyeti hem de sürdürülebilir deniz taşımacılığı açısından önemli riskler barındırmaktadır.
Navigation is one of the most critical components of a sustainable economy and development. Thanks to the geographical conditions of Earth that enable maritime trade the most cost-effective transportation mod. However, the environmental problems, such as global warming, necessitate taking urgent action on greenhouse gas emissions. As a part of the United Nations (UN), the International Maritime Organization follows the regulations taken to reduce greenhouse gases emitted during maritime operations. The current target of IMO is to diminish maritime caused emissions %40 by 2030 and to achieve zero emission levels by 2050 onwards. To solve the emission problem, the adoption of new fuel technologies is on the agenda of all parties involved in navigation, including machinery technologies to new regulations. The most current studied non-conventional fuels types are biofuels, ammonia, hydrogen, methanol, and liquefied natural gas (LNG). To meet IMO's short and medium-term goals, the current availability of listed alternative fuels displays LNG will be the most popular option for today and the near future. The main reasons of popularity are rooted the low sulphur content and particulate matter of LNG. Moreover, LNG emits nearly %25-30 lower CO2 than conventional fuels, and the NOx restrictions of IMO can be met by LNG utilization. However, LNG brings some risks with it as well due to its cryogenic structure and high flammability characteristics. Also, even small leaks of LNG may lead to serious crew injuries due to the asphyxiating feature of LNG gas. Thus, structures and requirements about LNG are regulated under some special regulations. The International Code of Safety for Gas-Fueled Ships (IGF) covers regulations about vessels using low-flashpoint fuels to improve safety in such dangerous environments. For this reason, special courses and training are required from the personnel working onboard with LNG fuel. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the risk awareness and safety culture of engine room personnel, utilizing LNG-fueled vessels as the selected sample group. This choice is based on the fact that LNG is currently the most prevalent non-conventional fuel utilized, and an increase in LNG usage is anticipated in the near future. In this context, the sample group for the study is identified as Turkish engine room personnel employed on LNG-powered vessels. Given the limited number of LNG-powered vessels, methodologies suitable for small sample sizes were implemented, with approximately 12% of the total population evaluated. The sample selection employed a judgmental sampling method; participants were chosen based on their relevant experience with LNG-powered vessels. In the initial phase of the study, an analysis was conducted on the fuel storage systems of LNG-dual fuel ships, and a representative circuit diagram was developed. Throughout this process, ship designs, shipyard data, and insights from field personnel were comprehensively assessed. Based on the generated diagram, potential risks attributed to human errors were identified utilizing the SHERPA (Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach) method, which subsequently contributed to the formulation of a risk matrix. These identified risk scenarios were transformed into a questionnaire and distributed to the engine personnel operating LNG-powered ships, wherein participants assessed both the probability and severity levels associated with the identified risks. In the second stage, a questionnaire developed by the American Classification Society (ABS) was utilized to evaluate perceptions of safety culture, addressing topics such as communication, empowerment, feedback, mutual trust, problem definition, safety promotion, responsiveness, and safety awareness. The data collected were subjected to analysis using the SPSS statistical software, and the safety culture and risk perception levels of the participants were appraised. According to the analysis results, it was observed that personnel employed on LNG-powered vessels did not exhibit a unified approach to risk and safety concepts. Significant disparities were identified, particularly among various rank groups. While chief engineers demonstrated a more systematic approach to risk management, inconsistencies were evident in the evaluations conducted by second engineers and engine officers. Moreover, it is observed that the personnel have some problems reflecting the outputs of the risk and safety training and education received to get a certificate to work onboard with LNG fuel. One of the unexpected results of the study was the high-risk score of communication errors. Working in an international environment and the differences in language abilities among people may contribute to this result. Thus, it is a crucial output for Turkish education facilities that Turkish personnel may have language-related problems. To sum up, new fuel technologies may bring some additional risks compared to conventional fuel supply systems. Moreover, some specific characteristics of alternative fuels, such as cryogenic storage or high-pressure systems, can pose risks that need to be minimized for personnel onboard. As an output of this study, the LNG fuel system was found to be more vulnerable to action and control errors. The increased automation integration may make the crew more open to these error types. Even with complementary training and certification required for LNG-fueled vessels, engine room personnel still have problems with safety culture, risk awareness, and risk management issues. To this end, maritime safety will continue to be one of the most crucial components of a sustainable economy and transportation.
Navigation is one of the most critical components of a sustainable economy and development. Thanks to the geographical conditions of Earth that enable maritime trade the most cost-effective transportation mod. However, the environmental problems, such as global warming, necessitate taking urgent action on greenhouse gas emissions. As a part of the United Nations (UN), the International Maritime Organization follows the regulations taken to reduce greenhouse gases emitted during maritime operations. The current target of IMO is to diminish maritime caused emissions %40 by 2030 and to achieve zero emission levels by 2050 onwards. To solve the emission problem, the adoption of new fuel technologies is on the agenda of all parties involved in navigation, including machinery technologies to new regulations. The most current studied non-conventional fuels types are biofuels, ammonia, hydrogen, methanol, and liquefied natural gas (LNG). To meet IMO's short and medium-term goals, the current availability of listed alternative fuels displays LNG will be the most popular option for today and the near future. The main reasons of popularity are rooted the low sulphur content and particulate matter of LNG. Moreover, LNG emits nearly %25-30 lower CO2 than conventional fuels, and the NOx restrictions of IMO can be met by LNG utilization. However, LNG brings some risks with it as well due to its cryogenic structure and high flammability characteristics. Also, even small leaks of LNG may lead to serious crew injuries due to the asphyxiating feature of LNG gas. Thus, structures and requirements about LNG are regulated under some special regulations. The International Code of Safety for Gas-Fueled Ships (IGF) covers regulations about vessels using low-flashpoint fuels to improve safety in such dangerous environments. For this reason, special courses and training are required from the personnel working onboard with LNG fuel. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the risk awareness and safety culture of engine room personnel, utilizing LNG-fueled vessels as the selected sample group. This choice is based on the fact that LNG is currently the most prevalent non-conventional fuel utilized, and an increase in LNG usage is anticipated in the near future. In this context, the sample group for the study is identified as Turkish engine room personnel employed on LNG-powered vessels. Given the limited number of LNG-powered vessels, methodologies suitable for small sample sizes were implemented, with approximately 12% of the total population evaluated. The sample selection employed a judgmental sampling method; participants were chosen based on their relevant experience with LNG-powered vessels. In the initial phase of the study, an analysis was conducted on the fuel storage systems of LNG-dual fuel ships, and a representative circuit diagram was developed. Throughout this process, ship designs, shipyard data, and insights from field personnel were comprehensively assessed. Based on the generated diagram, potential risks attributed to human errors were identified utilizing the SHERPA (Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach) method, which subsequently contributed to the formulation of a risk matrix. These identified risk scenarios were transformed into a questionnaire and distributed to the engine personnel operating LNG-powered ships, wherein participants assessed both the probability and severity levels associated with the identified risks. In the second stage, a questionnaire developed by the American Classification Society (ABS) was utilized to evaluate perceptions of safety culture, addressing topics such as communication, empowerment, feedback, mutual trust, problem definition, safety promotion, responsiveness, and safety awareness. The data collected were subjected to analysis using the SPSS statistical software, and the safety culture and risk perception levels of the participants were appraised. According to the analysis results, it was observed that personnel employed on LNG-powered vessels did not exhibit a unified approach to risk and safety concepts. Significant disparities were identified, particularly among various rank groups. While chief engineers demonstrated a more systematic approach to risk management, inconsistencies were evident in the evaluations conducted by second engineers and engine officers. Moreover, it is observed that the personnel have some problems reflecting the outputs of the risk and safety training and education received to get a certificate to work onboard with LNG fuel. One of the unexpected results of the study was the high-risk score of communication errors. Working in an international environment and the differences in language abilities among people may contribute to this result. Thus, it is a crucial output for Turkish education facilities that Turkish personnel may have language-related problems. To sum up, new fuel technologies may bring some additional risks compared to conventional fuel supply systems. Moreover, some specific characteristics of alternative fuels, such as cryogenic storage or high-pressure systems, can pose risks that need to be minimized for personnel onboard. As an output of this study, the LNG fuel system was found to be more vulnerable to action and control errors. The increased automation integration may make the crew more open to these error types. Even with complementary training and certification required for LNG-fueled vessels, engine room personnel still have problems with safety culture, risk awareness, and risk management issues. To this end, maritime safety will continue to be one of the most crucial components of a sustainable economy and transportation.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans)-- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2025
Anahtar kelimeler
denizcilik,
marine