Bilgisayar destekli kabuk konut öntasarım ve değerlendirmesi

Abstract

Gerçekleştirilen tez çalışmasında kabuk konut ön tasarımında, tasarım, denetim, değerlendirme amacıyla kullanılabilecek, bilgisayar destekli bir model önerisi geliştirilmiştir. Modelde kişisel bilgisayarlar için geliştirilmiş, biri "bilgisayar destekli tasarım ve eskiz" (CAD), diğeri de "çalışma tablosu" (spreadsheetr olmak üzere iki yazılım paketinin bütünleşik olarak kullanılması yoluyla, belirli bazı denetim işlemleri yapılabilmektedir. Giriş Bölümünde, çalışmanın konusu, kapsamı, gerekçesi ve kullanılan çalışma metodu aktarılmaktadır. İkinci Bölümde, konut sorunu, kullanıcı, tasarıyla, mimarlıkta bilgisayar kullanımı ve Türkiye'ye sağlayabileceği yararlar açısından çalışmanın amaçları anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü Bölümde, genel olarak konut sorunundan ve bu sorunu çözme ye yönelik olarak sunulmuş seçeneklerle kavramlar yer almıştır. Dördüncü Bölümde, "Kabuk Konut" tekniği çeşitli açılardan, (Kişi, kurum, kuruluşlar, ürün v.b. gibi) ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Beşinci Bölümde, model geliştirilirken izlenmiş olan metot kullanılan araçlar (donanım, yazılım) modelin geliştirilme amaçlan ve modelin kullanılması ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Sonuç Bölümünde, çalışmanın hedeflerine ne ölçüde ulaşıldığı, ne gibi yararlar getirebileceği ve irdelenen konut sorunuyla ilgili varılmış olan bazı kanılar sunulmaya çalışılmıştır.

This study aims to develop a computer aided model, to be used in preliminary design and evaluation for "shell housing". Shell housing is an alternative low cost housing type. It is first proposed by UN. In this type of housing the outer shell of the dwelling including external walls, floors, roofs, windows, entrance doors, installations, partly owned or shared spaces (entrance halls, staircases) are build by the constructor. The remaining completed by the users: to fit to their needs demands and financial means. The reduction In construction causes to approximately 20 % decrease in dwelling unit price costs. It is claimed that if the cost price could be reduced 20 %, the amount of low Income households who can afford to purchase a dwelling unit, would increase 18 %. In this dissertation a demand from "Kent-koop", one of the biggest housing cooperatives of Turkey, for a research on this topic is taken in to consideration. In the Introductory chapter, the main subject, the scope of the thesis were given. The research method, used in the study is shortly described In the same chapter. The reason of choosing a research subject related with the use of computer in design is also explained. The aims of the research are specified under four subheadings In second chapter: 1. Aims related with the designer and the use of computer design are: To emphasize the current computer possibilities offered for design tasks (especially easy to use software packages), to show the potential of computer technology as an artificial consultant to designer. 2. Aims related to housing problem: Although the main aim of this research is not to develop a solution alternative for housing problem, however since it exists, and is the major source of the ix application area of the model attempts at least for a small betterment will be made. 3. Aims from the users point of view: The main purpose is to pay more attention to users needs, demands, and means. 4. Aims from Turkey's point of view: A small and almost technical contribution to solve the housing problem. Nearly all the resources used in building industry sector are finite. This results in a steadily increase in prices. Everyone working in design, and construction process have to be more sensitive to enable proper, and economical use of resources, and also should try to prevent the commonly seen wrong habit of destruction the unused but not liked or not preferred (for a variety of reasons) finishing material. By giving a chance to users for selecting the finishing material before it is applied. This could cut the amount of wasted financial and natural sources. A decrease in cost prices would have a positive effect on the number of build or subsidized dwelling units. The use of high technology in design and construction of the buildings (computer technology, industrialized construction systems) could also have positive effect on the macro economical context of the country. Third chapter, named "Concepts" includes some information on housing problem and, some important solution alternatives like 'mass housing, self-help housing'. Since 'shell housing' is the application area of the model it is examined in a more detailed way, in a whole chapter. This chapter contains two main parts, which shell housing is examined from several aspects. First part is an examination of the individuals, foundations, institutions situations, in relation to 'shell housing' type. The most important person in most self-help types like 'shell housing' is the 'user'. Users' needs contains three main parts: 1. Physiological Needs Every building, which will be used as a house must meet some physical conditions such as a certain temperature and a rate of humidity inside dwellings, hygienic conditions etc. to maintain a comfortable living, and to keep people healthy inside the building. There is not much to do for users here because the designers (architects) are obliged to design the buildings having at least a minimum physical performance as indicated in relevant laws. 2. Psychological Needs One of the main causes which has raised the "self-help housing" concept is that the psychological structures of people from one person to another. People's preferences for colors, shapes, textures, furniture, clothes etc. may change. Every person likes a different house" which is exactly the same as the home he or she dreamed. 3. Social Needs People have their own traditions, ways of life, different social and economical status. That is why, two families having the same number of members, and who live in exactly same apartments can use the spaces or rooms for very different purposes. For example one family uses the the living room for everyday purposes, while the other keeps it for guests, and changes a bedroom to a living room, even if their three children have to use one bedroom. The Designer has a significant role in this type of housing. The success of the design is also the success of the designer. The most important criteria here is the level of the users satisfaction. By setting up stronger relations between the user, designer, and the design; this level would reach to its highest. Another role taker in design and the realization process is the 'financier'. The effective use of the financial sources and the minimum capital required, are the main objectives of the financier. In this technique both of the objectives are fulfilled. xi For the contractor and the constructor an organization system which will let all the team to work harmoniously together without any delay which can cause to a profit loss for this group is required. Second part comprises several aspects of the product it self. The construction, and structural systems were determined, in a away that the system should enable flexible planing, and have standard endurance (against vertical, and horizontal load. The structural system is selected due to the construction system a column, beam, panel prefabricated skeleton system. Another aspect is the determination of suitable materials. Before the decisions will be made for the materials can be used in shell housing method, there are some important questions like "How much of the building action will be made by users?" to be answered. While giving answers; it should not be forgotten that the user will not be skilled, and would be able to work only after his work hours (weekends, free hours after job). The materials should also enable the possible changes would be made after finishing the building, related to changing needs, demands and availability of resources. After all the materials to be selected should cover these conditions: - Availability : Easy, inexpensive, Transportation (in site, to site) : Easy, inexpensive, minimum loss of material, Storage : By using minimum space for maximum storage. Production (montage) : Can be installed by an unskilled person easily, and properly, - To be in suitable relation with selected construction system. Aesthetic, - Strength. The fifth chapter describes the developed model in detail. As it will clearly be seen todays computer technology offers a lot of xU possibilities to architecture. CAAD (Computer Aided Architectural Design) is becoming more popular every day. The mission of the present day architects and other specialist is to be more sensitive in observing the development of the technology related with their area and try to apply it as soon as they can. Since there is a possibility, the fulfilment of this task becomes a natural obligation. So in this thesis, it is tried to be shown an easy way of using these possibilities on a computer aided design and evaluation model. The model consists of two connected software packages: CAD, and a Spreadsheet package to be run on a Personal Computer. The principle of the model is to define standard construction elements for preliminary design phase of shell housing in a CAD programme (Autocad). An easy to use pull-down menu which helps the designer to design by only picking up the element (block) such as column, beam, panel which is needed and to insert it to decided place. This menu also enables the designer any time it is required to check some determined attributes of the design proposal. At any phase of the design process when a control and an evaluation is needed the designer selects the related command, from the pull-down menu, defines the area to be checked (by a window or all of the drawing) and then waits to see the numbers of x type element used etc. The CAD package sends a data list of the block attributes to a spreadsheet to be processed. In this package the quantitative specifications of the drawing can be seen in forms of columns and rows. By inserting appropriate formulas to pre determined cells, calculations needed can be made. At this step a hard copy can be taken out as a reference. The objective of the development of this model is to save the designers time, users' money and the national resources. To increase the independent control of the designer on his or her design is one of the most important objective of this study.