İstanbul'da yüksek binalar ve Beşiktaş-Levent-Maslak örneği

Abstract

Ülkemizde 1950' li yıllarda başlayan, yüksek bina yapımı yönünde son yıllarda giderek fazlalaşan bir talebin varlığı bilinmektedir. Bu tür binaların, İstanbul başta olmak üzere pek çok kentimizde sayılarının hızla çoğalması, çeşitli yorumlara, haberlere, ve tartışmalara neden olmaktadır. Yüksek yapılar, yoğun yerleşme bölgelerinde alan kazandırma fonksiyonuna sahiptirler fakat beraberlerinde bazı problemleri de getirirler. Yüksek binaların şehir planlama ilkeleri açısından, her yere inşa edi lemiyecekleri açıktır. Yüksek binalar bulundukları yerlerde, yoğunluğu artırıcı birer unsurdurlar. Ulaşım ağının ve altyapı sisteminin yetersizliğine neden olurlar ve çevrede yaşayanlara psikolojik baskı yaparlar. Günümüzde İstanbul'da Beşiktaş-Levent-Maslak aksı yükselmenin teşvik edildiği bir alan olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu alanda yapılan binaların yoğunluk, yükseklik, ulaşım, kaynak kullanımı ve altyapı açısından değerlendirilmesi, ayrıca anketlerle çevre kullanıcılar üzerindeki etkilerin saptanması çalışmanın ana noktasıdır. Çalışma sonucu, yüksek binaların yerleşme yerlerinin saptanması, teknik araştırmaların, demografik analizlerin, ekonomik verilerin ve çevre değerlerinin tarihi, estetik açılardan etüdlerinin ışığında bir plan ile gerçekleştirilmesi gerekliliği görülmüştür.

The activity of industrialization has indirectly effected the cities' functional and structural view; thus rapid change and development process has begun. Cities have found themselves in a rapid constructional process because of their increased population and migration population. The request of man power which came out in the industry and its side branches have pulled people to urban areas, thus rural areas lost their population while cities were getting crowd. Because of increasing population, the city land prices in urban areas ground has risen and insufficiency of land avaible for construction has augmented this value much than before. Vertical development has begun as a solution of these problems. Under limit of height is different according to countries. For example In Germany high building is the building which rises 22 m from the ground level. This limit is 12 floors in U.S.A. The first underlimit determined by goverment is 5 floors. The basic explanation of high constructions appearance is human being's desire to show domination power over the nature and other people. During the history religious, military, cultural and diplomatic functional constructions have been built. Menhirs are the first symbol of human being's domination over the nature in the Antique Age. the pyramids in Egypt, and Sumerian Ziggurats are high constructions in the year of 3.000 B.C. Religious political and individual powers in the society are symbolized by high constructions in the Middle Age. (as churches and chateaux) Trioumph monuments, Martyrdom monuments, fire towers, lighthouses were high constructions which arrived from past to now. When we define the high buildings as a synthesis of steel, lift and sufficient height, we can observe it's development at 4 stages: i-Early period of high buildings ii-First period of high buildings iii-The period of 1930-1960 of high buildings viii iV-The high buildings from 1960 to now The productions of early period:steel framework building; built by G.W.Snow in Chicago, the 16 floored building designed by L.S. Buffing and Home Insurance Building; built by William Le Baron Jeney in Chicago which is accepted as the first skyscraper of the world. The productions of first period: Pulitzer Building(24 floor), Singer Building (53 floors, 187 m), Woolvorth Building (55 floor, 229 m), Chrisler Building (77 floors, 319 m) Between the years of 1930-1960): Empire State Building (102 floors, 415 m), Sears Tower (110 floors, 443 m), World Trade Center (110 floors, 415 m), Rockefeller Center. After I960' s as the result of economic welfare many buildings had built but the height hadn't increased much high buildings has begun to be built in Chicago, Manhattan island of New York, Houston and San Francisco of historical environment did not exist. The spread out of high buildings in the other countries out of U.S. A have began lately. And there was any competition about heights among the buildings. The reasons of increase number of high rise buildindgs are; too much demand over urban land, technological development, and the will of some investors who appraise high rise buildings as a mean of publicity and political investment. Negative and positive features of high buildings have made gain special places to these buildings in general planning process. If all aspects such as demographical and social structure, technical infrastructure, climatical datum, constructed environment, urban silhuelte etc. and their interachious have been considered during the production of city master plans, the result is generally better for cities and citizens. Planning factors can be collected in 5 main titles. These are : Natural Factors, Economical Factors, Social and Psychological Factors, legal Factors, Environmental Factors and Chain of Service. All of the features of natural environment defines the selection of the settlement place. It is the fact that Geological datums, Topography of land, Climate and flora are the first stage in physical planning. Geological factors are very important because of the characteristics of the soil and especially its resistence which plays a major role in defining the floor numbers of buildings to be constructed. IX Economy is the first planning especially in developing countries, because of the urbanization which is an economic fact. It is the economic levels of cities or countries which determine all physical and social structures of settlements. Though high buildings make possible economical use of urban land, they could couse new economical problems by only their existences. They need much more municipolity services than other buildings so, this will bring economic responsibilities for municipol ities. The social factors of high settlements will be examined either density of population or activities of populations which brings variation about their social and psychological interactions living in the environment. In every district, were high buildings construct, increase the density. Traffic jam, parking and other problems are the biggest problems in the cities covered with high buildings. Many searches have done with the consideration of different social problems. We can see that habitants living in the high buildings dont know each other they use recreation areas and their solidarity feelings are not strong. The residents of high rise buildings do generally not feel themselves in safety, their childrens are more agressive and irritant and tendency to guilty behaviours are more frequent High construction have negative effects all over the city about the respect of technic, social, inf rastructural, physical and psychological aspects. These negat iveness ' can be corrected and by new regular izations a healthy urbanization can supplied. The capacity, location, and number and communication of high constructions effect directly transportation of energy and infrastructure systems. It is necessary that to provide daily communication, to provide the thickly and uninterrupted of the source of energy and water for the thousands of people who work in office buildings and run out on peak times of the day. Historical environments of cities may lose their values because of high buildings constructedin their peripheries. If a high building has been constructed in a historical place this will make the picture of environment much old and musty. For the future and health of the cities, high buildings must be planned without sacrificing from the planning criterion. While realizing high constructions all of datums must be appreciated. The result of very high prices of urban lands, high building had been constructed, were built in the city centers and dense residence areas in Turkey. The approach of skyscraper thought in Turkey shows similarity with the European Countries. There was a suspicious and cautious manner for this kind of buildings in Turkey. The buildings have, not more than 25 floors, until in the middle of 1970's. The functional distribution of high buildins planned and constructed up to date, is as fallows: Hotels %23, Offices %50, Multiple %18, Residence buildings %09 Istanbul's population increased 1 million to 8 millions in 40 years and the lock of house has became a great problem some legal regular izations such as flat ownership low, establishment of contruction cooperatives and credits provided by the goverment has accelareted the construction of high rise buildgs. Although high buildings seem as a solution for residence commercial areas but in fact it's restrictive for Istanbul's natural and historical texture According to the natural and historical characteristics we can divide Istanbul in four district: Old Istanbul (inside the city wall), Beyoğlu district, Kadikoy district and Bosphourus. Ancient Istanbul district has a silhuette comprised with Sain Sophie, Topkapi Palace, Sultan Ahmet Mosque, Beyazıt Mosque, and it should not be demaged by modern high rise buildings. The existing structure of Beyoğlu district contains many appartment building that make possible to contruct new high buildings, during the years of 70' Shareton Hotel, Etap Istanbul Hotel and Chamber of industry had been constructed. In Kadıköy district that developes a a residental area, high buildings permitted because of high density. The silhuethe of Bosphorous area, which is a unique zone with its natural characteristics should be preserved. The rate of %48 of them are office buildings, %24 of them is Hotels, %20 of them is mixed functional buildings and the last %08 of them is residence buildings. Beşiktaş-Levent-Maslak axle that we have choosen as the case study, is an important area because of the role that it plays in new urban development strategies. It is on the way of being a new business center of Istanbulwith the bank buildings, Headquarters of holdins companies, trade centers and luxury hotels, which are high rise or tower buildings. We have tried to define the functions, bigness, numbers of these buildings and effects over the environment with their users. The buildings take place in this area: xi SEVEN HILLS HOTEL BARBAROS TRADE CENTER ESENTEPE TRADE CENTER and HOTEL Z.I.M. TOWERS MAYA-AKAR TRADE CENTER SISLI MUNICIPALITY BUILDING SERBETCI TRADE CENTER SINAI KALKINMA BANK TOBANK MARMARA PLAZA T.C MERKEZ BANK YAPI KREDİ PLAZA SISE-CAM ISBANK SABANCI CENTER- AKBANK PLAZA SPRING AKABE TRADE CENTER MOVENPICK-RADISSON HOTEL 17 high building projects contains 23 blocks in the studying area. The total of construction areas are 862.522 m*. The rate of %87 of these buildings are office, %8,6 of them is hotel, %4.4 of them has mixed functions. It is defined that the rate of %65 is under 30 floors, %13 of them is between 30-40 floors, %22 of them is more than 40 floor. The rate of %53 of this building lands were bought last 5 years' time and this situation is rather impressive. The biggest share in the total construction are Sise- Cam Isbank building with the rate of %18.55. These are the highest two blocks construct to this area (with 47 flat 160 m). All of these buildings will be completed at the end of 1993 and some firms and holding companies will join here such as-, Eczacibasi, Deva, Renault etc. Xll The residental areas near these buildings are going to lose their values and residents are not plased of this development in comparison with 5 years ago, in their opinion the quality of their life and working standards has fallen dawn, and some people who lives present houses in this area are troubled. Because they can not feel themselves in safety because of crowd and strangers. It brings parking problem, communication problem and especially in the night the emptiness of the environment, apart from these problems it effects the lack of water. All study shows that planning is very important and hasty. Problems can be solved by planning which include all designing and planning factors.