Kentsel Yenileme Ve Sosyal Sürdürülebilirlik: Trabzon Ortahisar Örneği

Abstract

Canlı birer organizma olan kentler, zaman içinde yaşanan sosyal, fiziksel, ekonomik ya da siyasal değişimlerden etkilenmektedirler. Söz konusu değişimler kenti olumsuz yönde etkilediğinde, kentsel dokular işlevlerini eskisi gibi yerine getiremeyerek köhneme ya da çöküş sürecine girebilmektedirler. Köhneyen kentsel doku ya da dokuların, işlevlerini yeniden yerine getirebilmesi için kentsel yenileme çalışmaları uygulanmaktadır. Batı ülkelerinde özellikle II.Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra önem kazanan bu uygulamaların Türkiye’de en yoğun yaşanmaya başladığı dönem 1980’li yıllara denk gelmektedir. Önceleri daha çok ekonomik ve çevresel konulara odaklanan kentsel yenileme çalışmaları sonucunda toplumsal dokuda yaşanan sosyal içerikli problemler, bu çalışmalarda sosyal boyutun da göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiği sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bu nedenle, özellikle son yıllarda batı ülkelerinde uygulanan kentsel yenileme uygulamaları için sosyal, fiziksel ve ekonomik konuları içeren kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılmakta, sosyal sürdürülebilir toplum ve kentsel yenileme ilişkileri tartışılmaktadır. Türkiye’de deneyimlenen kentsel yenileme çalışmalarında ise henüz bu boyut gerektiği gibi sürece dahil edilmemekte, yapılan yenileme uygulamalarıyla bölgedeki yerel halk ya yerinden edilmekte ya da kendiliğinden alanı terk etmektedir. Bu da yenileme alanı ilân bölgelerin zamanla kentsel kimliklerinin kaybolmasına yol açmaktadır. Kentsel yenileme çalışmalarına alanda yaşayan halkın entegrasyonu, hem alandaki sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin ve kültürel mirasın devamlılığında, hem de uygulanan projenin başarıya ulaştırılmasında son derece önemlidir. Bu nedenle Türkiye’de her geçen gün bir yenisi tasarlanan ve mevcut sosyal dokuyu çoğu zaman gözardı eden kentsel yenileme çalışmalarının sosyal boyutu, projenin en başından beri detaylı olarak ele alınmalı; yerel halkın yenileme çalışmaları sonrasında da alanda ikamet etmelerini sağlamak için gerekli olan düzenlemeler yapılmalıdır. Bu çalışma, kentsel yenileme çalışmalarında sosyal sürdürülebilirliğinin öneminin vurgulanması, sosyal sürdürülebilir kentsel yenileme kriterlerinin belirlenmesi ve Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen kentsel yenileme uygulamalarının sosyal sürdürülebilirliğini Trabzon örneği özelinde sorgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla Trabzon ili Ortahisar Kentsel Yenileme Proje Alanı, örnek çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Burada uygulanması planlanan yenileme projesi yerinde yapılan yapılandırılmış görüşmelerle halkın projeye yaklaşımı ve beklentileri açısından değerlendirilmiş ve proje sonrasında alandaki sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanıp sağlanamayacağı araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonrasında, sosyal açıdan daha sürdürülebilir bir proje için alana entegre edilmesi gereken faktörler uzman ve halkın görüşleri alınarak tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.As being living organism, cities can be influenced by social, physical, economic or politic changes occured in urban areas in time. If those changes affect the city in a negative way, urban patterns are not able to fulfill its previous functions and gradually it might result in decaying period. In order to solve this urban problem, urban rehabilitation projects have been used for years. This concept has been widely studied especially in European countries after the II.World War whereas it has gained importance in Turkey after 1980s. At first, urban rehabilitation projects were dealt with economic and physical concerns. However, after confronting the negative outcomes in social structure, it is understood that those projects should also be prepared regarding to social concerns. Thus, European countries have started to use an integrative approach for urban rehabilitation projects by combining social, physical, and economic aspects and to investigate the relationship between socially sustainable societies and urban rehabilitation practices. However, the social concerns of urban rehabilitation projects are not fully considered in Turkey. During the projects, local inhabitants of the area might be forced to leave the rehabilitation are which resulted in the loss of urban identity in time. Urban rehabilitation projects have significant impacts on protecting both historical environments and cultural heritages. In addition to that, strategically organised rehabilitation projects can help to create more sustainable environments not only for current public use, but also for the next generations. For this reason, this study aims to highlight the importance of urban rehabilitation processes especially in historical cities which helps to promote the sustainable urban redevelopment in the longer term. The study consist of four different parts: In the first part, the aim, context and methodology of this study is explained. In this study, it is aimed to investigate a socially sustainable approach to urban renewal projects occurred in Turkey. For this aim, after researching about the theoretical background of the issue, structured interviews are conducted in the case study area of Ortahisar, Trabzon in order to measure social sustainability of the urban rehabilitation project area. The data from those interviews are used to create a evaluation form to create more socially sustainable neighbourhoods in Ortahisar. Later, this form is asked to score by 1-5 by the local people and professional experts like architects, landscape architects, planners. Their scores give the idea of the factors that can create more socially sustainable urban neighbourhood after the rehabilitation project in Ortahisar. In the second part, the previous studies from literature is analysed. For this purpose, first of all previously prepared studies are examined in order to understand the concept of social sustainability in urban rehabilitation projects. After explaining the term urban renewal, its components and different methods, the definition and evolution of social sustainability concept are explained. Later, the relationships between urban rehabilitation projects and social sustainability issues, tools and the critical factors for measuring social sustainability of an urban rehabilitation projects are discussed in the second part. Moreover, two case studies from the world –which are Rotterdam, Holland and East Leipzig, Germany- are examined in detail in terms of their approach to social sustainable issue. The methods used in those case study areas are helpful for shaping an outline for the critical factors that affect social sustainability and their measurement tools. In the following part, the case study area from Trabzon, Turkey is analysed starting from the urban development of the city and the current situation. The case study area of Ortahisar neighbourhood is the historic city centre of old Trabzon city. Thus, it is full of historic architectural structures which are one of the most important cultural heritage of the city. Thus, this part of city is aimed to revitalize in order to create more attractive secondary city centre and a new focal point for the tourists in terms of an urban rehabilitation projects. But it is still unknown whether this project can provide the social sustainability of the area or not. For this reason, it is investigated in that part of the study. In order to achieve this aim, first of all some physical analyses are conducted in the area which are followed by demographic analyses to give an idea about the social structure of the neighbourhood. Later, structured interviews are done with 150 local people who are whether living in the neighbourd or working there. These interviews are aimed to measure the satisfaction level of the local people, their awareness and expectation from the project, their demographic background etc. Those data are used to create a social sustainability list containing critical afctors for achieving a more socially sustainable neighbourhood in Ortahisar. This form is asked 50 experts and 150 local people to not only compare their attitudes, but also find an acceptable criteria. In the end, the overall evaluation of the study is carried out. The comparison of the attitude in the world and in Turkey is done in terms of social sustainability criterias and some suggestions are made for the case study areas in Ortahisar, Trabzon for creating a more socially sustainable urban neighbourhood after the urban rehabilitation project. In short, it can be said that social sustainability of a neighbourhood can be achieved by some critical sustainability indicators and tools. After implementing on-site analyses and observations in Ortahisar neighbourhood, the level of social sustainability of the case study area is investigated. In terms of the outcomes of structured interviews, the most important factor in Ortahisar neighbourhood to provide social sustainability is the quality of urban places which is followed by demographical factors, public participation, social cohesion and harmony, proprietorial factors, education and employment. According to the results of this study, the social sustainability of Ortahisar neighbourhood can be improved by considering those critical factors. Moreover, it is suggested to measure the social sustainability level of the neighbourhood not only for a single time, but in a constant way to be able to observe the social change in the society. This study is a pilot study which is highlighting the importance of social sustainability in urban rehabilitation projects in Trabzon. It also makes several suggestions to improve the social sustainability of the historic urban environment in Ortahisar. It is hoped that this study will be helpful to achieve socially sustainable urban rehabilitation projects which aims not only to conserve historical heritage sites, but also to satisfy people's needs.