Zeyrek İbadethane sokak 14 no'lu konağın restorasyon projesi

Abstract

Zeyrek, İstanbul'da, 4. tepe üzerinde yeralan, anıtsal Bizans yapılan ve geleneksel Osmanlı konutlarını içeren mimari dokusuyla önemli bir tarihsel merkezdir. I. Constantinus döneminde, sur içine dahil edilen bölgede, Bizans dönemine ait, önemli manastır ve kilise yapılan bulunmaktadır. Bölgenin en önemli dini yapısı, Pantokrator Manastın olarak bilinen, hastane, kilise ve eğitim yapılannı kapsayan komplekstir. İmparator mezarlığı işlevini de yürüten manastır kompleksi, Osmanlı döneminde, Fatih Sultan Mehmet tarafından Molla Zeyrek Camisi adı altoda medrese ve camiye çevrilmiştir. İbadethane Arkası Sokak, 14 no.lu konak, Molla Zeyrek Kilise Camisi'nin kuzeyindeki parselde, üç bahçe içerisinde, ayrık düzende oluşturulmuş, selamlık ve harem bölümleri iki ayn yapı olarak tasarlanmıştır. Yapının harem bölümü, 1979 yılında geçirdiği yangın sonucu yokolmuş, bu bölümden günümüze, kagir mahzenler, özel hamam, bir oda ve sofa mekanı ulaşabilmiştir. Selamlık bölümü, özgün özelliklerinin büyük bir bölümünü koruyarak günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Zeyrek Kilise Camisi'ne yakın konumu ve Osmanlı dönemi konaklanna özgü özel mekan ve detaylanyla araştırmaya değer olan Zeyrek, İbadethane Arkası Sokak, 14 no.lu konağı, tarihsel geçmişi ve mimari özellikleri ile gelecek kuşaklara aktarmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, rölöve, restitüsyon ves restorasyon projeleri hazırlanmış, Zeyrek bölgesi ve Türk konak mimarisi hakkında yapılan araştırmalarla, çalışma desteklenmiştir.

Istanbul is a special, privileged city with its historical and cultural inheritance that belongs to many different civilizations. The evaluation that has begun with the migrations and unplanned urbanization in 1950's, caused it to loose its original settlement characteristics. Close to the end of the 20th century, the historical settlement characteristics in Istanbul died out because of the legal and social-economic reasons. Having many Byzantine monuments and Ottoman traditional houses, Zeyrek is a historical region which its characteristics are conserved until that time. In this region, the most important monuments are the churches of the monasteries that have been built in Byzantine Period. The Pantokrator Monastery which has been a medical center in Byzantine Period, is the most monumental structure in the region. Most of the Ottoman wooden houses have been demolished and died out because of the fire and lack of care. By the end of the researches that are held from 1960's and aimed to conserve the traditional characteristics of the region, in 1981 some conservative regulations have been done in prosperity planning. In contemporary the loss of the traditional city characters can not be conserved though to the whole researches and regulations. The majority of the residents in Zeyrek are less educated and low incomed. Since the residents in the region are deprived of the consciousness about the conservation, they don't support these attempts and studies. It is essential to make them be aware of conservation and to back them by the help of the state. The aim in this study is to document the No 14 named structure which is located in the traditional Zeyrek settlement and nearby the Zeyrek Church-Mosque, by the means of scaled drawings and photographs; and also to lead the structure to the future times by the help of the restitution and restoration projects. SECTION 2 THE EVALUATION PROCESS AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ZEYREK Zeyrek is an old region that is placed in the administrative district, Fatih which is one of the old settlements in Istanbul historical peninsula. The region constituted on the terraces because of the incline, has been included in the borders of the city in Theodosius II Period. In Byzantine Period, being close to the main roads and public XXX spaces, it has been a central point. The monasteries and the cisterns can be accepted as the important monuments in the region. The Pantokrator Church, which is the most important monument in Zeyrek, has been constructed by the Comnen Dynasty. Formed with three sections it has a cradle chapel in the middle section. Also the pious foundation of the church has could led to the contemporary. According to the pious foundation, there are a hospice, an olds people's home, a mental illness department, some public fountains and the houses of the priests in the monastery that the church belongs to. Since a section of the monastery takes place in the limits of the settlement included in this study, it is important for the scope of the thesis. The structure has been used during the Latin Dominion, it has been restorated so many times and the facade of its north nartex has been repaired in 1966. In the Ottoman Period, so many monuments have been structured within the scope of prosperity in Istanbul, and some Byzantine Churches have been assessed as mosques and Muslim theological school and also as Zeyrek Church-Mosque then. The important scientists of the period have given courses in Zeyrek Muslim theological school. The priests' rooms and cells are told in Fatih pious foundation documents. In Zeyrek the Ottoman wooden houses form the traditional texture and characteristics. Many fire that occur in different times have destroyed most of the mansions in the region. In contemporary, the houses in adjacent and/or separated order form the curved characteristic of Zeyrek. The places for serving such as kitchen, bath etc. are at the out of the buildings. There are paved courtyard and mezzanine floor in most of the large houses. The paved courtyard has two sections in many examples. The windows of the rooms in the mezzanine floor look at the first section of the courtyard. In this first section there is also stairs that go up to the mezzanine floor. The upper floors have sofas and rooms. The narrow-long sofas have been preferred in houses having restricted area and wide-middle long sofas have been preferred in the big ones. There are cantilevers with so many forms to make the rooms to have vertical angled forms. These cantilevers are supported with many different props. There are also guillotine and leaf windows, and doors with one/two leaves. The windows have frameworks and the doors have windows on the top. In addition to cantilevers, mouldings and door-posts, in the facade there are motives belonging to the Empire-style, Art Nouveau and Neo-Classic time, and some decorative profiles are used in the interior places of the building. In Zeyrek, the buildings in an harmony with the traditional character have been begun to be built between 1930 and 1945. Some reinforced concrete buildings have been seen after 1950. As uniting the building plots to another for the defective, reinforced concrete buildings, the traditional character of the city has begun to disappear. In contemporary this action still goes on. In Byzantine Period, Zeyrek has been a socially developed region with its residences and monasteries having cradles of the emperors. The Latin people have also settled around the Pantokrator Monastery. In the Ottoman Period the region has a social life i XXXI with its Dervish lodges and Muslim theological schools in addition to its residence loaded structure. After 1950's the region loosing its importance from the beginning of the 20th century has been a settlement for the immigrants that have come from their towns, instead of the rich families. The owners have partially lended it since it has been so big for them. The studies on the region that have been done by some German universities between 1975-82 have examined the social characteristics also. According to these examinations, the origins of the people are as follows: 20.4 % Siirt, 12.8 % Istanbul, 8.8 % Kastamonu, 7 % Malatya, 4.6 % Trabzon and 4.3 % Çankırı. Most of the residents are tenants. They are mostly housewives, workers and also mobile sellers and independent jobs. At the end of the examination done by the ITU Scientific Department of Restoration in 1996, it was found that 96 % of the residents have not being thought of move and 90 % of them have been against the conservation studies. Some conservation studies have been done for the monuments of Byzantine and Ottoman Period in Zeyrek at various time. In 1981, the conservation and adornment aimed prosperity plan for the lake dwellers' village of Zeyrek has been done by the Municipality of Fatih. In contemporary these planning studies and also regulating the environment and studies on restoration still go on. SECTION 3 THE EVALUATION PROCESS AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANSION In this section, the historical past, the architectural and structural characteristics of the mansion and the damages in the building were examined. The date of the construction and the first owner are unknown. The building plot is 1590.57 m2 in official documents. There is a photo taken in 1895 and that shows the exterior walls of the building. Also there are some other photos taken in 1913 and 1918. The building has been bought by the present owners in 1927. It has been used by them for a long time and day by day it has been parted with walls and then lended. The mansion has been registered in 1965 and then given permission for constructing in the building plot. There is a document dated 1976 and tells that the building is decayed in structure, and it also recommends the building to be run out by its tenants. The building has been registered again at 9.4.1997 by the 5781 numbered decision of G.E.A.Y.K. The Women's Quarter of the building has been died out because of the fire in 1979. The building is placed in the north side of Zeyrek Church-Mosque. It consists of two separate parts called Men's Quarter and Women's Quarter. It also has gardens at two different levels and in three different ways. The doors of the north-east garden and stairs have been closed. The trace of a pond and a well can be seen in the north-east xxxu garden. In south-west, the wall of the garden has been demolished and there is only the ruin of it, with a height of 7.20 m. In contemporary, there are cellars covered with vault for the underground services, and there are also bath, room and sofa for the upperground services. The place called A01 has a rectangular form and covered with vault. There are two doors and one window in it. The places called A02 and A03 have forms close to square and they are covered with barrel- vault. The places of underground services have stoned walls, and are covered with bricked vault. As the upperground services, there are bath, sofa and a room with a plan having coved curves. These places are opened to rectangular formed place Ü01, the sofa.. In sofa there are three doors and a window. The place named Ü02 is a private bath with its flat cover and motives. The place named Ü03 has a marbled original Turkish style WC. The place named Ü04 has qualifications of a rectangular formed, corridor covered with timber framed vault. The place named Ü05, includes the cantilever in the north-east facade. It has been demolished on May 15th 1997. The place named Ü06 is formed with a rectangular coved at two curves and has two windows and two doors. One of the doors has been out of order. In the Women's Quarter, the walls of the underground services are stone made, the walls of the bath and the cover of the underground services are brick made. The iron reinforcing beam can be seen at the beginning of the vault in A01. The upperground service places Ü01, Ü05 and Ü06 have been built by wooden frame. The Men's Quarter consists of two floors. In the first one the places Z01 and Z04 have a function of circulation. The place named Z02 is a rectangular formed room. Its wall in the north-east is not original and at the out of this wall there are ruins that belong to the place. Z03, being WC has an original lavatory and a Turkish style closet. In Z04, all the walls except the south-east one have been built then. Here there is stairs connecting this place to the upperground services. Opening to that place, Z08 is a kitchen functioned place. It has only one window. The rectangular formed Z07 has not lost its original characteristics. In this place there are two windows. In the ground floor Z05 and Z06 can be reached through a common entrance door. Z06 is rectangular formed room having one window. Its wall in the south-east has been built then. KZS9, the door of Z05 opening to Z04 has been out of order. There is one window of the store functioned Z05. The 1st floor of the Men's Quarter consists of two places opening to the corridor. One of these corridors 101, is rectangular formed and has one window. This corridor that has an opening to 104, can be reached through the stairs in Z04. 104 is a rectangular formed room having two windows. The cabinet in this room has been conserved as original. The place named 102 can be reached through the marble stepped stairs between kitchen and 103. The place 103 has a rectangular form and two windows. There is a ruin of cabinet in it. So many different construction techniques can be observed in the facades of the buildings. There are ruins that the details of the timber framed system with brick-stone-bricked and stoned walls, can be seen on. In contemporary great depravation can be seen in the buildings because of the fire, atmospheric effects, bad usage and lack of care. The great part of the Women's Quarter has been burned in 1979. The materials that belonged to the demolished xxxni parts have been used in various places of the structure with the aim of repair and having combustible pieces. The cover of the place A01 has become open after the fire and some plants and trees have grown up on it. At that time the rain water cause much moisture on the cover and the walls, and also give harm to the materials and wall-drawings. Some similar demolishment caused by the water rising from the ground can be coincided in the groundfloor services. The demolishment and deficiency of the stones and bricks that are observed in the facades, and the absence created in the wall weaken the structural system. The wooden materials have been damaged by the effects of insects, mould and suberization. In the building the places have been divided by extra walls according to the needs of the tenants. There are extra concrete structures in the place of kitchen in the south-west garden. Some of these places are left neglected since they are used as stores. SECTION 4 THE RESTITUTION In this section, the structure is chronologically analyzed and studied in the scope of restitution. At the end of the studies on construction techniques and material characteristics it leads to the conclusion that there can be three periods belonging to the structure. It is thought that the cellars were built before, the bath and probably wooden mansion were added then, the wooden parts of the structure probably died out because of the fire in late 18th century and also that the present mansion was built in the middle of 19th century. Depending on the explanations of the owners and on the present ruins, it is determined that Women's Quarter is formed with ground floor, mezzanine floor, 1st floor and 2nd floor and also that in the middle it has a sofa with a form having coved curves. The corridors have been used for passing through the places. In the ground floor of Men's Quarter, there are three rooms that lead to the Z01 sofa and it is passed through the corridor to the Z06 place. It is known that There have been a room and a stairs in the north-east garden before and also that the garden doors have been used. There are two rooms and a WC on the corridor of the Men's Quarter 1st floor. SECTION 5 THE RESTORATION In this section, the interventions which are essential to repair the structure and to give a function for it, were established. Since a big part of the structure has died out and the restitution data have been restricted, it has been thought that the present parts would be made firm and would be conserved as they were, and also that the given function would be eased with the structure proposed to be built in the proper part of the building plot. The new proposed structure should be in harmony with the traditional materials and should not affect the silhouette of the street in a negative way. The cultural and artistic contents of the function given to the structure is so appropriate since it will cause the residents be educated and the region be lively again. The degrees of intervention proposals were given for the repair of the structure.