Bomonti bira fabrikası restorasyon projesi

Abstract

Bu tez çalışmasında İstanbul, Şişli ilçesi sınırlan içinde kalan, Cumhuriyet Mahallesi, 1018 nolu ada üzerinde bulunan tarihi Bomonti Bira Fabrikasının, öncelikle rölöve çalışmalarıyla bugünkü durumunun doğru olarak belgelenmesi, çeşitli tarihsel kaynaklar yardımıyla yapının ilk inşa durumunun belirlenmesi ve son olarakta yapıya kendi içsel ve çevresel özellikleriyle uyumlu bir yeniden kullanım önerisi getirilmesi amaç edinilmiştir. 20. yy.'ın başında inşa edildiği bilinen (1902) bir endüstri yapısı olarak binanın tarihsel incelemesi sürecinde konuyla bağıntılı, fakat farklı branşlarda gerçekleştirilmiş çalışmalar da tez kapsamına özet olarak alınmıştır. Bu tip başlıklar içinde; 20. yy. başında Osmanlı'da ve bu zamana gelirken geçirilen süreçte Osmanlı ekonomik hayatı ve sanayisi ile ilgili iktisat tarihi çalışmaları, bira üretim süreçlerinin incelenmesi amacıyla gıda endüstrisi çalışmaları, yapının kentsel çevresiyle ilgili kent coğrafyası çalışmaları sayılabilir. Fonksiyonun getirdiği bir özellik olarak bina, yapım tarihinden buyana pek çok defalar değişik boyutlarda müdahalelere uğramış ve geniş bir alan üzerine dağılmış pek çok yapıdan oluşan bir kompleks görünümünü almıştır. Tezin içeriği bu kompleksin yapıları içinde tarihi çekirdeği oluşturan kısım tespit edilerek ve fiziksel koşullar da göz önünde bulundurularak uygun biçimde kısıtlanmıştır. Bu alan üzerinde rölöve çalışmaları klasik metodlar uygulanarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mekanlar harf ve sayılardan oluşan bir kodlama sistemiyle isimlendirilmiş ve mümkün olan en geniş kapsamda tarif edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Binanın ilk yapımına ilişkin çıkarımlar ve tipolojik araştırmalar sırasında ulaşılabilen her türlü yerli ve yabancı kaynak değerlendirilmiştir. Binanın yapımını takip eden ilk yıllarına ait fotoğrafların bulunması çalışmalar için oldukça faydalı olmuştur. Son olaraksa, çalışma alanına, binanın özgün tarihsel ve strüktürel özelliklerine uygun bir yeniden kullanım önerisi getirilmiş ve restorasyon projesi gerçekleştirilmiştir.

The subject matter of this thesis is an old brewery in İstanbul, named "Bomonti Bira Fabrikası", situated in the region of Şişli-Bomonti. Our main goals are: 1. To determine and document the present condition of the building using measured drawings. 2. To determine the original architectural aspects and structure of the building in the time when it was first constructed. 3. To propose a new function which is suitable with the qualities of the building as well as the features of its setting, by means of a restoration-rehabilitation project. An Outlook on Economic Life and Industry of Ottoman Empire at the End of the 19th Century and the Begining of the 20th Century It is known that the building was founded by two Swiss brothers, who had the surname Bomonti, in 1902. Their position as a foreign investor and the economical life of the Ottoman Country in the early 20th century are subjects closely related with each other and with the subject matter of this thesis, because these affected indirectly the construction of the factory. The industrialization movement in Ottoman Turkey began in the mid 19th century with some government investments. These were textile and leather factories that produced goods to respond the needs of the Ottoman palace and army. These factories were renovated through the years and new ones were founded. Another industrial formation was military industry that produced ammunition and weaponry. The private investment did not develop a private industry, instead they produced goods for the limited local market. Another very important reality of the economical life of the Ottoman Turkey was the changing face of the capitulations. These were some leagal and commercial advantages granted to foreign merchants and investors from the early 16th century onwards. They were granted to incite the commercial activity in newly conquered places. After the empire lost its military force in front of the western world, these advantages started to play negative roles. In the mid 19th century these were expanded, but,' of course, it is wrong to say that capitulations and their 19th century renovations were the only causes of the belate industrialization of Ottoman society. There are more reliable explanations for this fact. Ottoman Empire had a powerful central authority and control over the economy and it never shared this control with non-govermental organizations. This prevented the society to launch an agricultural revolution which is the first step leading to industrial revolution. Also population growth of the empire was in small amounts, resulting as having no spare productive labourforce to move to the urban areas. XVI The changes made with the "Tanzimat Fermanı" were some radical modifications of this system. But they could not be efficient and only could effect the economical life of the metropolitans like istanbul, Izmir or Bursa. Anatolia could not benefit out of this situation History of the Region Where the Factory is Situated The history of the region where the factory situated, was closely connected with the history of the building. In the times when the brewery was first constructed, the place was a suburban area on the vicinity of the city and no other building existed there. The land prices were cheap and suitable for an industrial settlement. Bomonti Brewery kept its solitary role as the only industrial formation of the region until 1923, for almost 21 years. From this time, one by one, factories of different production kinds came to the region, but the growth was not so rapid. 1955 is another important year in the history of Bomonti. In this year the region was pronounced as a zone of industrial development on the city plans by the central authorities, despite the fact that it was not a suburban area anymore. It was surrounded by residential areas. The local authority, Municipality of Istanbul resisted this decision but they could not be effective and in the plans of 1963 this decision was repeated. After 1955 the growth of industrialization drastically increased in the region. Many workshops in multi storey buildings appeared. In 1 973 the Bosphorus bridge was build and one of its connoting roads passed near the region, this helped it grow faster by providing rapid connection with other industrial areas in Istanbul. Chronology of the Brewey However the Bomonti Brothers were one of those above mentioned foreign investors. Before the brewery in Bomonti they had another workshop nearby at Feriköy which started in 1897. After the foundation of the factory in 1902 they had the monopoly of beer production and this continued until 1909. In this year another company called Nektar founded a brewery in Büyükdere. Their competition has continued for three years, then they decided to unite in 1912. Just two years after this event 1st World War began and beer consumption decreased in large quantities. But the company kept on working until 1938 when the new Turkish Republic's State Monopolies Administration (Tekel) took over the factory. Tekel managed the brewery and developed the methods of production, modernizing its technology and enlarging the scale of the complex of buildings until 1994. In this year they moved its machinery to the factory in Yozgat leaving the building empty and functionless. History of Brewing Techniques The history of brewing dates back to Babylonians. Historical documents show that they traded beer with Egyptians. In those ages beer was one of the main components of the diet of the ordinary people and made in bakeries. The method of making bread and beer had similarities. Beer was also a ritual beverage and used in religious ceremonies. xvu In the 14th century brewing developed with its individual techniques as a new branch of production. Until then, for more than three hundred years, it lived and developed in monasteries in Europe. The main beer producers of the Middle ages were monks. They produced beer not only for their needs but also for the population lived around the monastic communities. Commercial brewing developed in Europe and North America in the 18th century and in thelî)01 century there were many beweries in the western world as well as in the Ottoman Empire. By the time like many of the production kinds it developed as an industrial product. Today brewing is done with highly developed technical methods. Plan Characteristics of the Building Bomonti brewery is situated in the Cumhuriyet quarter of Şişli district and it gives its name to the region around itself. The building site is surrounded by Bomonti Caddesi from the south, Birahane Sokak from the east and Birahane Arkası Sokak from the north. The buildings of the complex are situated along the contours of the site forming a courtyard that has an irregular geometry. This formation is th result of many additions and substitutions of buildings by the time. Because of this reason it's hard to define the exact historical core of the complex but roughly they have to be the buildings situated around the corner that Bomonti Caddesi and Birahane Sokak intersects. Our thesis is limited with the oldest buildings of this historical core: The one with the monumental tower, known as the old malting and the one beside it from the north which is the entrance. The Old Malting can be examined in two parts. The one which has the monumental tower at the comer with the another lower mass around it and a rectangular mass adjacent to the first one from the north. The entrance of the building is on the second part, situated on the northwest comer, opening to the courtyard. Both of the part's have irregular levels, but in general we can say that there are five individual storeys. Different types of construction methods are used in the building and masonry is the main type. In the ground floor and in the foundations rubble stone masonry is examined, on top of those up to the roof there is brick masonry. Besides masonry there are some vertical load bearing elements made of "I" profiled steel beams. These can be observed from the ground floor up to the third floor. And in the fourth floor and the roof we find a timber construction. While the ceiling of the ground floor is quite high the upper floors are extremely low. This is a general characteristic of Maltings especially found in the Northwest Europe and in England. The entrance building, like the Old Malting, is a masonry construction. It is a two storey building which has a rectangular plan and it is adjacent to the Malting from the north. In the ground floor there is a wide opening situated near the Malting's north facade. This opening is a passage to the courtyard. All the other spaces of the ground floor have entrances directly opening to the courtyard. These are some service rooms. The entrance of the building and the upper floor is from the west facade. After the entrance we directly get in to a staircase which takes us to the upper floor. In this floor there are rooms for the offices of the managers of the brewery. XVM Facade Characteristics of the Building The inconsistent plan charactereristics of the building naturally effect the facades. The facade looking to the east which is on the Birahane Sokak consists of four main parts. The fist part on the south end is the facade of the monumental tower. It's 7.25 m. wide and 30 m. high. It is a blank surface except a line of five arched windows on the fourth floor. Adjacent to it from the north there is a 23 m. wide and 19 m. tall second part. There are four rows of windows on each storey, first three from the ground floor are arched and the ones on the fourth storey are spanned with lintels. Next part adjacent yo it from the North is 9.1 m. wide and 21.5 m. tall. It has a vertical effect like the tower and ends with a gable. There are seven rows of arched windows on this facade, two on each row, but most of them are closed during an intervention made in the 1960's. This will be discussded later on. The fourth and the last one is the facade of the entrance building. It is 9.5 m. tall and 30.5 m. wide. On the south end of the ground floor of the facade there is the opening of the passage. On the rest of this part there are five similar but different sized arched windows. Upper floor has eight windows, seven of these windows from the south are almost identical, and the last one on the north end is different from the other with its lintel spanning. Deteriorations and Interventions on the Building Most of the deteriorations which are observed on the building are causes of some interventions, because of this it will be right to discuss them together The most important intervention to the building is found in the Old Malting buildings on the northeast corner. It's known that in 1960-1970 the original floors of this part are all thorn away and new ones on different levels made of reinforced concrete are built. This is made to modernize the technology of malting. Of course the facade of this part on the Birahane Sokak is effected from the intervention. Most of the windows of the facade are closed because of not corresponding with the new flooring. Another important intervention to the building is a new one made in 1994 during the closing of the factory. The floor with joists of steel beams, of the third storey in the northwest comer of the building is completely thorn away because of no particular reason then to sell its metal scrap for reproduction. One of the most important interventions to the building is done to the roofing of the building. It's important because it is visible from the exterior. The original state of the roof had a mansard form. This can be clearly seen in photographs dating to 1900- 1920. Then probably at the same time with the intervention on the northeast corner the almost vertical sloped parts on the edges of the roof are thorn away. At the same time the metal covering of the roof has also changed. The new material (Cement plates with asbestos) were easily broken and led water into the building. This especially caused the deterioration of the timber structures of the fourth floor and the roof. XIX The Restitution Project and Decisions Data collected to prepare the restitution project are: Historical maps (Pervititch. 1925), photographs of the building site dating to 1907-1930, documents taken from the Office of Construction of Tekel, the memories of people who have worked in the factory during the time of its activity and the structural clues that the building gives by itself. After collecting enough document about the original state of the building we decided the date that the project should aim. The period 1920-1930 instead of the foundation date of 1902 are selected because those were the years that the historic core of the complex has reached to its mature form. The interventions to the northeast corner of The Old Malting dating to 1960-1970 are removed completely and original flooring is derived from the window levels of the east facade and functional relations with other building spaces. Of course the closed windows of the east facade are opened as in their original condition The lost flooring of the fourth storey is set back by the help of the signs of the cutted joists on the walls and knowing that it had a similar structure with the floor of the third storey. The roofing is going to be rebuilt in its original mansard form and other secondary interventions like some non constructive separation walls are removed. The entrance building was quite the same as it is today in the photographs of the1920's, only a bit shorter from the north side. The restitution is done regarding this situation. The Restoration Project and Decisions The most important problem of the restoration project was the scale difference between the studied area and the rest of the complex of buildings. It was impossible to propose a new function by denying the presence of the rest of the complex. Because of this, to rehabilitate the building as a cultural centre is thought to be logical, as it was possible to enlarge the program without effecting the existing structure. Then it is decided to keep the restoration project in the scope of the restitution project, because the brewery was the only example of this kind existing in İstanbul and in Anatolia, so it was important to preserve the building in its original state as a historic document. The industrial buildings are one of the most popular subjects of restoration work. The reasons of this phenomenon is numerous. These buildings were situated in suburban areas when they were built but with the rapid growth of the industrial city those areas became the inner city regions. Another reason is that they provide large, highly convertible interiors, plus because of their former function they have very strong structures. In addition to all the above they are morally valuable for the modern urban people as a symbol of development and improvement. XX BÖLÜM 1 GİRİŞ 1.1 Ondokuzuncu Yüzyıl Sonu - Yirminci Yüzyıl Başı İtibarıyla Osmanlı'da Ekonomik Hayat ve Sanayiye Genel Bakış Osmanlı'da sanayinin gelişme süreci diğer batı ülkelerinden oldukça farklıdır. Öncelikle bu süreç çok geç ortaya çıkmıştır, pek çok Avrupa devleti ağır sanayilerini kurmuş, diğer bütün sanayi dallarında farklı uzmanlıklar geliştirmiş, para ekonomisini oturtarak sanayi tipi kapitalizme geçiş süreçlerini tamamlamışlardır. Osmanlı'da bu oluşum daha aşağıda sayacağımız bazı nedenlerden gerçekleşememiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda sanayi toplumuna geçiş sürecinde ekonomik hayatı etkileyen en önemli olaylardan biri Tanzimat Fermanı sonucu yabancı yatırımcılara verilen geniş kapsamlı ayrıcalıklardır. 19. yüzyıl içinde gerçekleştirilen bu ticaret sözleşmeleri bazı tarihçiler tarafından Tanzimat'ın yol açtığı olumsuz gelişmelerden biri olarak yorumlanır. Batı ülkelerine tanınan ayrıcalıkların Osmanlı sanayisine olumsuz etkilerde bulunduğu, yerli sanayinin bu sebeplerden tamamen ortadan kalktığı, ve metropollere bağlı bir ekonomik yapı oluştuğu söylenir. Bu görüş ikinci meşrutiyetten beri gelişen ve çeşitli yazarlar tarafından savunulan "milli iktisat" akımının görüşüdür ve eleştirilere açıktır [1]. Ekonomik olarak dışa kapalı bir toplumun sanayileşmesi örneği batıdaki sanayileşme süreçleri incelendiğinde, hiç görülmez. İlk sanayileşen ve buna bağlı olarak kapitalist toplum düzeninde belirgin değişimler ortaya çıkarabilmiş toplum İngiliz toplumudur. Fakat İngiltere'nin deneyimini bile o dönem içindeki Avrupa konjonktüründen ayrı düşünmek mümkün değildir. Diğer sanayileşmiş Avrupa toplumları öyle veya böyle belirli bir süreç boyunca İngiliz sanayileşme deneyimini taklit etmiş, ona bağlı olarak gelişmişlerdir. Durağan bir ekonomik ve toplumsal kuruluşu tamamen içine kapalı olarak harekete geçirmek mümkün değildir. Bunlar modem iktisadın görüşleridir