Katı atık depolama alanlarında stabilite
Katı atık depolama alanlarında stabilite
Dosyalar
Tarih
1994
Yazarlar
Bilgiş, Ogün
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Özet
Katı atıkların düzensiz depolanması, fiziksel özelliklerinin zamanla değişmesi, katı atık kitlesi içinde reaksiyonlar sonucu oluşan gazın patlaması ve sızan suların tabanda düşük kayma mukavemetli yüzeyler oluşturması sonucu depolama alanlarında bir takım stabilite problemleri belirmektedir. Stabilite problemlerine yaklaşırken önce katı atık ile ilgili değerlendirmelerin gözönüne alınması gereği düşünülerek bu konu ile ilgili açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Katı atıkların düzenli depolanmasının ve bu depolama da kullanılan yapay kil örtü tabakalarının stabiliteye olan etkisine dikkat çekildikten sonra katı atık depolama alanlarında stabilitenin incelenmesi ele alınmıştır. Katı atık ve zemin şartları önce ayrı ayrı sonra beraber düşünülerek stabilite analizleri için düzlemsel kayma ve sonsuz yamaçta denge metotları kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucu katı atık yüksekliğinin, katı atık dolgusunun oluşturduğu şev açısının, boşluk suyu basıncının ve kohezyon değerlerinin stabiliteyi etkileyen faktörler olduğu görüldü. Bir sonraki aşamada ise katı atık depolama alanların da stabilitenin etkinliği için yapılabilecek çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. En etkili çalışmanın boşluk suyu basıncının sönümlenmesi açısından sızıntı suyunun drenajı olduğu ifade edildi.
Solid waste problems have increased and reached to a dangerous level with industrial developments and technological advancements. The Solid Waste materials causing environmental pollution have great impact on human health. The development and flourist of geotechnology play an important role to find solutions for Solid Waste problems. Solid Waste slope stability created important problems in human life. Waste can be generated in the form of solids, sludges, liquids, gases and any combination thereof. With increasing industrialization the quantity of waste has increased immensely. Some of these wastes depending on the source of generation can degrade into harmless products wheras others can be non-degradable and hazardous. Hazardous wastes pose potential risk to human health and living organisms. Such wastes are not degradable and can have a cumulative detrimental effect. Landfills are heterogeneous mixtures of wastes which are primarily of residental and commercial origin. The composition of the fill materials will depend on the type of commerce and industry. A municipal landfill typically consists of food and garden wastes, paper products, plastics and rubber, textiles, wood, ashes and the soils used as cover material. In section three, landfills and waste disposal facilities are explained. Their design conditions are overviewed. Landfills are a necessary component of any municipal solid solid waste management system. Despite of the capacity and environmental concerns associated vi with landfill operation, every waste management system must still have access to a landfill. There are several issues that have impact for site selection for a solid waste disposal facility on land. In broad terms, the three major issues are environmental, economic and politic. The geotechnical and hydrogeological parameters fall within the environmental category. The political factor is heavily impacted by public attitude. For a siting study to achieve public acceptance, citizen groups should participate in identifying the siting criteria and their relative importance. The ultimate goal is to select a site where the greatest protection to the environment is provided in the tecnology, presumably affording protection, fails. The American Society of Civil Engineers defines a sanitary landfill as "a method of disposing of refuse on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area, to reduce it to the smallest practical volume, and to cover it with a layer of earth at the con elusion of each day's operation or at such more frequent intervals as may be necessary". Sanitary landfill design steps are: 1- Determine Waste Characteristics 2- Site Physical Characteristics 3- Geotechnical Data 4- Climatological Data 5- Transportation systems 6- Design of fill Area 7- Develop Basic Design Concepts 8- Develop Final Design Drawings 9- Estimate Waste Storage Volume and Cover Requirements 10- Estimate Life of Site 11- Prepare Construction and Operating Permit The objective of a waste disposal facility is to contain the waste in a manner that is protective of human health and the environment. Because no endeavor of mankind can be undertaken without some risk, there is always a risk that a landfill will fail to perform up to expections. vxi Liner systems are basic components of an engineered waste disposal facility. Low-hydraulic conductivity soil liners are given various names, including soil liner and clay liner. There are three types of clay liners: 1- naturally occuring clay liners 2- compacted clay liners 3- geosenthetic clay liners A clay liner serves as a hydraulic barrier to flow of fluids. The key elements controlling the behaviour of a clay liner are the compaction, moisture content, method of compaction, quality control during compaction, and potential increase in the hydraulic conductivity due to interaction with waste liquids. The Turkish Solid Waste Regulations published in 14.3.1991 require a liner thickness of 60cm. with a maximum permeability value of itrm/sec. to be constructed under solid waste disposal sites. Landfill covers are the other components of an engineered waste disposal facility. The major function of a cover is to minimize percolation. Other functions are vector control, gas control, future site use, and aesthetics. The key geotechnical elements for the design are the stability of the cover against sliding and its resistance to crack. There are usually five types of landfill covers in sanitary landfill: 1- Vegetative cover 2- Biotic barrier 3- Drainage layer 4- Hydraulic barrier 5- Gas control-foundation layer The vegetative cover helps to reduce percolation by drawing moisture for transpiration and to mitigate erosion. A biotic barrier is a gravel and rock layer designed to prevent intrusion of burrowings animals into the landfill area. Biotic barrier also serves as the surface water collection-drainage layer. The drainage layer beneath the top soil has the function of diverting the infiltration to a conveyance system and, therefore reduce percolation. Thus, the drainage layer to cover has a similar function to that of a liner. In addition, Vlll the drainage layer helps future utility of the site by enhancing mobility. The hydraulic barrier has the same function as the liner. In this case, maintaining the integrity of the barrier is difficult on refuse because of the large differential settlement, which could cause cracking of a clay cover. The gas control or foundation layer provides the platform for installing the hydraulic barrier and transition to the underlying gas control medium. In section four, stability methods of the waste landfill are investigated. The stability of the waste landfill is influenced by several, interacting factors; the most important are: 1- the geotechnical properties of in situ wastes (in turn depending on initial composition, methods of putting in place and compaction, chemical and physical conditions of waste mineralization, settlements and elapsed time since waste deposition), 2- the geotechnical properties of intermediate, and final covering soils, 3- the inclination and heigth of slopes, 4- the presence of biogas in the waste landfill, 5- the presence of water seeping into the waste landfill, and the pore pressure regime. If the most significant refuse parameters
Solid waste problems have increased and reached to a dangerous level with industrial developments and technological advancements. The Solid Waste materials causing environmental pollution have great impact on human health. The development and flourist of geotechnology play an important role to find solutions for Solid Waste problems. Solid Waste slope stability created important problems in human life. Waste can be generated in the form of solids, sludges, liquids, gases and any combination thereof. With increasing industrialization the quantity of waste has increased immensely. Some of these wastes depending on the source of generation can degrade into harmless products wheras others can be non-degradable and hazardous. Hazardous wastes pose potential risk to human health and living organisms. Such wastes are not degradable and can have a cumulative detrimental effect. Landfills are heterogeneous mixtures of wastes which are primarily of residental and commercial origin. The composition of the fill materials will depend on the type of commerce and industry. A municipal landfill typically consists of food and garden wastes, paper products, plastics and rubber, textiles, wood, ashes and the soils used as cover material. In section three, landfills and waste disposal facilities are explained. Their design conditions are overviewed. Landfills are a necessary component of any municipal solid solid waste management system. Despite of the capacity and environmental concerns associated vi with landfill operation, every waste management system must still have access to a landfill. There are several issues that have impact for site selection for a solid waste disposal facility on land. In broad terms, the three major issues are environmental, economic and politic. The geotechnical and hydrogeological parameters fall within the environmental category. The political factor is heavily impacted by public attitude. For a siting study to achieve public acceptance, citizen groups should participate in identifying the siting criteria and their relative importance. The ultimate goal is to select a site where the greatest protection to the environment is provided in the tecnology, presumably affording protection, fails. The American Society of Civil Engineers defines a sanitary landfill as "a method of disposing of refuse on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area, to reduce it to the smallest practical volume, and to cover it with a layer of earth at the con elusion of each day's operation or at such more frequent intervals as may be necessary". Sanitary landfill design steps are: 1- Determine Waste Characteristics 2- Site Physical Characteristics 3- Geotechnical Data 4- Climatological Data 5- Transportation systems 6- Design of fill Area 7- Develop Basic Design Concepts 8- Develop Final Design Drawings 9- Estimate Waste Storage Volume and Cover Requirements 10- Estimate Life of Site 11- Prepare Construction and Operating Permit The objective of a waste disposal facility is to contain the waste in a manner that is protective of human health and the environment. Because no endeavor of mankind can be undertaken without some risk, there is always a risk that a landfill will fail to perform up to expections. vxi Liner systems are basic components of an engineered waste disposal facility. Low-hydraulic conductivity soil liners are given various names, including soil liner and clay liner. There are three types of clay liners: 1- naturally occuring clay liners 2- compacted clay liners 3- geosenthetic clay liners A clay liner serves as a hydraulic barrier to flow of fluids. The key elements controlling the behaviour of a clay liner are the compaction, moisture content, method of compaction, quality control during compaction, and potential increase in the hydraulic conductivity due to interaction with waste liquids. The Turkish Solid Waste Regulations published in 14.3.1991 require a liner thickness of 60cm. with a maximum permeability value of itrm/sec. to be constructed under solid waste disposal sites. Landfill covers are the other components of an engineered waste disposal facility. The major function of a cover is to minimize percolation. Other functions are vector control, gas control, future site use, and aesthetics. The key geotechnical elements for the design are the stability of the cover against sliding and its resistance to crack. There are usually five types of landfill covers in sanitary landfill: 1- Vegetative cover 2- Biotic barrier 3- Drainage layer 4- Hydraulic barrier 5- Gas control-foundation layer The vegetative cover helps to reduce percolation by drawing moisture for transpiration and to mitigate erosion. A biotic barrier is a gravel and rock layer designed to prevent intrusion of burrowings animals into the landfill area. Biotic barrier also serves as the surface water collection-drainage layer. The drainage layer beneath the top soil has the function of diverting the infiltration to a conveyance system and, therefore reduce percolation. Thus, the drainage layer to cover has a similar function to that of a liner. In addition, Vlll the drainage layer helps future utility of the site by enhancing mobility. The hydraulic barrier has the same function as the liner. In this case, maintaining the integrity of the barrier is difficult on refuse because of the large differential settlement, which could cause cracking of a clay cover. The gas control or foundation layer provides the platform for installing the hydraulic barrier and transition to the underlying gas control medium. In section four, stability methods of the waste landfill are investigated. The stability of the waste landfill is influenced by several, interacting factors; the most important are: 1- the geotechnical properties of in situ wastes (in turn depending on initial composition, methods of putting in place and compaction, chemical and physical conditions of waste mineralization, settlements and elapsed time since waste deposition), 2- the geotechnical properties of intermediate, and final covering soils, 3- the inclination and heigth of slopes, 4- the presence of biogas in the waste landfill, 5- the presence of water seeping into the waste landfill, and the pore pressure regime. If the most significant refuse parameters
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1994
Anahtar kelimeler
Atık depolama alanları,
Kararlılık,
Katı atıklar,
Waste disposal areas,
Stability,
Solid wastes