Perge Antik Kenti'nde bulunan mozaik döşemeli JB-13 yapısının belgelenmesi, koruma önerileri ve sergilenmesi

Abstract

Bu tez çalışmasında arkeolojik alanda bulunan mozaik döşemeli bir yapının belgelenme çalışmaları yapılarak yerinde korunma ve sergileme yöntemleri araştırılmış ve bir öneri geliştirilmiştir. UNESCO Dünya Mirası Geçici Listesi'nde bulunan Perge Antik Kenti'nde, 2015 yılında Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi tarafından yürütülen kazı araştırmaları sonucu ortaya çıkan mozaik döşemeli Jb-13 yapısı çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Yakın zamanda ortaya çıkarılmış yapı için mevcut bilimsel çalışma ve yayın oldukça azdır. Perge Antik Kenti'ndeki diğer yapıların mimari özellikleri ve bilimsel çalışmalar ışığında yapının, ilk dönemi M.S. 1-2. yy, ikinci dönemi M.S. 5-6. yy olmak üzere iki dönemde farklı işlevlerle kullanıldığı ortaya konulmuştur. Her iki dönemde de kutsal bir mekan olduğu tahmin edilen yapının M.S. 5-6. yy döneminde bir ayazma olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, Jb-12, Jb-13 ve Jb-14'ün in situ bulunan halinin geleneksel ölçüm yöntemleri ve lazer tarama teknolojileriyle rölövesi hazırlanmıştır. Malzemeleri, bozulma tespitleri ve kazı arşivlerinden edinilen bilgiler doğrultusunda geçirdiği müdahaleler derlenmiştir. İkinci kısımda Jb-13 yapısının mevcut durumu ve bilimsel çalışmalara göre yukarıda bahsedildiği gibi yapının iki dönem restitüsyonu olduğu kanısına varlmıştır. Bu aşamada özellikle yapının güneyindeki kanal ve portik üzerinde durulmuştur. Yapıdaki kanalın erken döneme ait olup yapı, M.S. 5-6. yy işlevine dönüşürken tekrar açıldığı kanısına varılmıştır. Portik düzeni için Perge başta olmak üzere Anadolu'daki başka antik kentler incelenmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada önerilecek koruma ve sergileme yöntemine yönelik vaka çalışması yürütülmüştür. İtalya'dan Villa del Casale ve Herculaneum; Almanya'dan Badenweiler; Yunanistan'dan Mallia: Türkiye'den Efes Yamaç Evler, Çatalhöyük, Zeugma, Karatepe-Aslantaş, Arslantepe Höyüğü, Troya, Sardis, Pergamon, Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi ve Karkamış'ta bulunan koruma örtüleri çalışılmıştır. Bu örtüler mesnet yeri, aldığı doğrudan ışık, havalandırma, su önlemleri, geri alınabilirlik ve geliştirilebilirlik bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Yapının güney kısmının kazı araştırması henüz yapılmadığı için koruma örtüsünün kalıcı olması gerektiği düşünülmemiştir. Fakat inşa edilecek çatının iklim koşullarına ve bozulmalara karşı dirençli olması üzerine çalışmıştır. Kalıcı olmayacak olsa da çevresindeki araştırmanın seneler boyunca başlamama ihtimali göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Tasarımda, vaka çalışmalarında irdelenen hususlara ağırlık verilen bir çalışma yürütülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda Jb-13 mekanını mevcut geçici örtüsünden daha iyi şartlarda korunması ve sergilenmesini sağlayacak öneri geliştirilmiştir.In this thesis, a mosaic paved structure found in an archaeological site was documented, in situ conservation and exhibit methods were investigated and a design proposal was developed. Mosaic floored Unit Jb-13, which was uncovered as a result of the excavations that carried out by the Antalya Archaeology Museum in 2015 in the Ancient City of Perge, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List, was choosen as study area. There are few scientific studies and publications or papers available for this study area that uncovered recently. In the light of the architectural features of other monuments in the Ancient City of Perge and scientific studies, it was put forward that the unit was used for diffrent functions in two periods. The first period was identified in the 1-2th century AD and the second period was in the 5-6th century AD. It is tought that the unit, which was estimated as a sacred place in both periods, may have been a holy spring in the 5th-6th century AD. Unit Jb-13, which is the subject of this thesis, differs from the other mosaic paved floors in the Ancient City of Perge in terms of its iconographic, architectural and archaeological elements. The mosaic ornamenting the floor of the unit depicts a scene from Greek Mythology that is Iphigenia's sacrifice to the goddess Artemis. In this composition, it is understood through inscriptions that the figüre carrying Iphigenia is Nephele. There are frames around the main scene and poultry in the frames. The mosaic is well protected except for the high destruction in the northwest. On the south wall there are remains of paint and a niche covered with colored stone and marble. At the bottom of this niche, there is a canal built with block stones and covered with stone slabs. Travertine, rubble stone, brick, marble, and metal materials were used in the structure. This unit has been protected by the Antalya Archeology Museum with a temporary protective shelter so that it can be exhibited. Plaster interventions were carried out to stabilize the paint residues on the south wall. The east, west and North walls of the unit are highly damaged, and various and surface interventions were carried out due to the deterioration of these walls. No lintel belonging to the entrance was found during the excavations. Jb-12 was uncovered in 2018, Jb-14 was investigated in 2020 and a new protective shelter was built over Jb-14 unit in 2021. In the first phase of the study, the current conditions of Jb-12, Jb-13 and Jb-14 were documented and surveyed using both traditional methods and laser scanning technologies. As summarized above, the materials, deteriorations and the interventions of the unit were compiled chronologically in line with the information obtained from the excavation archives. In the second stage, the existing condition of Jb-13 and the scientific analysis were evaluated together and it was concluded that the unit has a two-phase restitution. In this step, the canal at the south of the unit and the colonnaded portico were particularly emphasized. It was concluded that the canal at the unit belongs to the early period and was reopened when the unit was transformed into its function in the 5-6th century AD. Ancient cities in Anatolia, especially Perge, were analyzed for the portico. One of the stongest evidence for the covering system of the units is the curvilinear traces seen on the southern walls of each units. These traces, which are observed more clearly especially in Jb-14, indicate a vault cover. During the 2020 excavation research, remains of a brick arch, which may belong to a vault, were found in unit Jb-14. Similarly, a large number of bricks were found during the excavations of Jb-13 and this was documented in the excavation reports. In addition, the finds belong to section V of the South Bath, which is estimated to have been built in the same period with Jb-13 according to Sevim Silay's dating, match the cover system estimated in Jb-13. Silay's master's degree study for the South Bath of Perge Ancient City is among the sources examined for the construction system. Another area where the construction system was investigated is the portico. The height of the columns found in situ in the area was taken as a basis for the portico. The measurements given by Aşkım Özdizbay in his PhD dissertation regarding the architectural elements used in the north-south oriented colonnaded street were compared with Haluk Abbasoğlu's eastern portico restitution proposal dated 1993, and the restitution proposal prepared by Fevziye Duygu Aksoy for the F3 Fountain was also taken consideration. With these studies, it has been analyzed that the porticos of the colonnaded streets in the ancient cities of Kremna, Aizanoi, Apamea are corunthian. As a result, a corinthian entablature and a sloping roof supported by wooden beans were proposed for the portico. The average size of the stone slabs in the south of the unit is 0.60 x 1.24 m. The canal under these stones is at -2.89 level and its width is approximately 110 cm. It was observed that the canal continues to the south through an arched passage under the south wall and this section was blocked with block stones. It is estimated that these block stones belong to the same period with the wall stones of the canal and it is thought thet entire canal existed before the Jb-13 unit. In this case, the canal lost its function with or before the construction of Jb- 13. On this assumption, it can be assumed that when Jb-13 was built in the 1-2th century AD, the floor was completely covered with mosaic tiles. It is thought that tihs canal was reopened and repurposed in 5th-6th century AD for the use of the unit as a holy spring. The compositional mismatch between the southern and northern section of the mosaic floor supports this view. As a result of the comparison of the elevation of the terracotta pipe seen in the canal with the elevation of the water canal on the street, it was assumed that clean water could be supplied to the unit through this terracotta pipe and that the used water was removed by the waste water canal on the street. This assessment was supported by Gülsün Tanyeli archive documents and information obtained from Çisem Çağlayan's master's thesis. The niche on the sout wall, the wall painting and the capital on the floor are also presumed to have been added in this late period. The presence of the capital on the floor suggests that there may have been a similar cap in the eastern part based on the mosaic deficiencies. In the first phase of the restitution proposal created in line with these evaluations, it is thought that the floor was completely covered with mosaic; in the second phase, the canal was re-functionalized and niche was added to the south wall. In the third stage, national and international case studies were examined with the aim of protecting and exhibiting the mosaic. In this context, the conservation practices at Villa del Casale, Herculaneum, Badenweiler, Mallia, Ephesus Hillside Houses, Çatalhöyük, Zeugma, Karatepe-Aslantaş, Arslantepe, Troy, Sardis, Pergamon, St. Nicholas Church and Carchemish were analyzed. These shelters were evaluated in terms of criteria such as support locations, light transmission, ventilation, waterproofing, retrievability and improvability. According to the result of case study, it is necessary to be careful when using transparent and translucent materials. It was observed that the transparent and translucent covering materials used in areas such as Villa del Casale and Badenweiler shelters created greeanhouse effect and caused the mosaic deteriorate. In the Church of St. Nicholas and Carchemish, it was observed that the pipes trying to remove water were very visible in the area. In general, the side openings did not provide sufficient protection against rain, but it was understood that these openings were necessary for air circulation. It was investigated how the protective shelters were installed without damaging the archaelogical site. In some cases, such as Çatalhöyük, it was observed that the load bearing system or the foundation caused irreversible damage. Finally, the adaptability of the protective shelters according to the excavations around them was investigated. Attention was paid to the possibility of disassembly and reassembly or as seen at Arslantepe Mound, the possibility of improvement. The final stage of the study is concerned with the conservation and exhibition methods of Jb-13. Pre-shelter conservation and shelter preparation works were described. The consolidation of the east-west-north walls was proposed. In addition, excavation of the southern part of the units should be carried out for possibility of improving the shelter design. As the southern part of the unit is yet to be extensively excavated, it was not considered that the protective shelter should be permanent. However, the shelter to be constructed should be resistant to climatic conditions and deterioration. A longlasting but temporary protective shelter was proposed. In the design. Emphasis was placed on the issues examined in the case studies. The climatic characteristics of the region were investigated. The shelter sloping to east-wesr directions was decided for the drainage of the rain that falls during the winter. The walls that east-west-north and the ground level in the south were chosen as the support locations. The interventions on the walls are proposed to be applied in a diştinguishable way without damaging the original texture. The side openings are covered with using structural elements to protect mosaic from sun and rain, except for the gaps for ventilation. It was ensured that the mosaic could be viewed from the top of the sloping structure that is placed to remove rainwater from the north, where the entrance of the building is located. Periodic maintenance activities for sustainable post-shelter protection are described. In particular, it was emphasized that plant growth should be prevent and the functionally of rainwater drainage systems should be maintained. In conclusion, this thesis proposes a more effective, archeologically ensitive and climatic-friendly method of conservation and exhibition of the Jb-13 unit compared to the existing temporary protective shelter.