Antalya Kaleiçi'nde Yenikapı Gavur hamamı restorasyon projesi

Abstract

Antalya Kaleiçi'nin güneyinde Yenikapı mevkiinde sur içinde yer alan Gâvur Hamamı (Yenikapı Hamamı), Antalyalı Rumlar tarafından, eski Rum Mahallesi'nde yapılmış olmakla beraber "Türk Hamamı" şemasına sahiptir. Hamamın güneybatı cephesinde bulunan kitabesinin okunamamasına rağmen, gerek yapım tekniği, gerekse malzemeleri, Gâvur Hamamı'm, XIX. yüzyıl ikinci yarışma tarihlendirir. Gâvur Hamamı, 1929 yılındaki mübadelede Tevviz (Dağıtım) Komisyonu tarafından satın alınır ve 1933'de Yanya mübadillerine satılır. 1940'lann ortasına kadar hamam olarak işlevini sürdürür. 1950'li ve 1960'h yıllarda hububat deposu olarak kullanılır. 1979'da anıtsal yapı olarak tescil edilen hamamın, 1995 Ocak ayı içinde restorasyonuna başlanmıştır. Tezin konusu; birinci bölümde açıklanan çalışma amaç ve yönteminin ışığında, toplam sekiz ana başlık altoda ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde az işlenmişliği ve unutulan bir bölge olmasından dolayı, Antalya bölgesinin tarihsel gelişimi irdelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm, hamamların, özellikle de Türk Hamamı'mn tanım, tarihçe ve mimarîsi hakkındaki genel bilgileri içerir. Hamamların başta, dinsel inançlar doğrultusunda biçimlenmesi ve mimarî bütünlüğü paralelinde gelişen hamam folkloru da, bu bölümde ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölüm, Gâvur Hamamı'nm günümüze ulaşan halinin tanımlanmasını içermektedir. Çevre ölçeğindeki tanımlamada, hamamın çevre yapılarla ilişkisi ve konumu anlatılmaktadır. Yapı ölçeğindeki tanımlama ise yapının işlevsel öğelerinin, strüktürel, malzeme ve yapım tekniği özelliklerinin anlatılmasını içerir. Beşinci bölümde yapıdaki bozulma nedenleri, iç ve dış nedenli olarak incelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde karşılaştırmalı bir çalışmayla Antalya'daki hamamlar incelenerek, restitüsyona hazırlık yapılmıştır. Yedinci bölüm daha önceki bölüme de dayanarak, yapıdan ve yapı dışından elde edilen kaynaklar doğrultusunda Gâvur Hamamı'mn iki aşamalı restitüsyonu konusundaki düşünceleri içermektedir. Sekizinci ve son bölümdeyse, hamamın yapıya ve yöreye uygun bir işlevle ve yöre halkının talepleri doğrultusunda, Türk Hamamı'mn âdet ve folklorunun tanıtılması amaçlı, yine bir hamam olarak kullanımı için restorasyon önerisi geliştirilmekte, bu işleve uygun kullanım için gerekli müdahaleler önerilmektedir. Anıtsal yapıların yeniden işlevlendirilmeleri, doğru zamanda, gerçek ve samimî talepler doğrultusunda ve uygun konumdalarsa, yaşamlarını sürdürmeleri için sağlanmalıdır. Gâvur Hamamı'na duyulan manevî sevgi, belki de mübadelenin getirdiği karşılıklı değişimin ve özlemin mümkün olduğunca aza indirilmesi için eski Antalyalı'lann, Kaleiçi'nde yaşayanların, tarih sevgisi ve eskiye saygısı olan herkesin isteği, yapının tekrar bir hamam olarak kullanıma açılmasıdır.

Gâvur Hamamı is a public bath serving ladies and men sequently, located in the south of Antalya Citadel. Having been very near to the city wall and an old city gate (Yenikapı), the bath has an important location. It is thought when travelers were allowed to enter with in the city walls, they had a bath near the city gate. For this reason the setting of the public baths, in and near Antalya Citadel, can be easily understood. The construction date and the architect of Gâvur Hamamı is not known, but according to its architectural design aııd forms and the materials used, it is assumed that it is a late 19th century building and was probably constructed by Greek craftsmen. In 1929 during Exchange, the bath changd its owner and users, like the city. The city lost 1/5 of its citizens. The building was used as a bath since mid 1940's. Ltı 1950's and 1960's, the building was used as a storehouse for grains. Then in 1979 the building was registered as a monumental building. The restoration works started at January 1995 and it is stili continuing. This public bath was chosen as the subject of this thesis because, it is the largest monumental building from local Greeks and the only bath in and near Antalya which was built by Christian people. Although the bath was built under the influence of Christian culture, apart from the typical western, southwest facade was influeced by other 19th century buildings, but the plannimetry is similar that of a classical Ottoman Bath. The thesis is based upon the principle of documenting and determining the place of Gâvur Hamamı in the historic development of the Turkish baths and determining its place in the history of architecture and preparing analytical and critical reports, comparing with the other pubüc baths in Antalya, to prepare the reconstitution and restoration projects of the building. The plan of Gâvur Hamamı is oriented towards southwest. The entrance is on the southeastern facade from a two leaf wooden door which has an unreadable inscription. The door opens to "soyunmalık" which was used to be the dressing hail of the bath, but the dressing cells are no more existing. In the middle of square planned "soyunmalık", there is a stone well. A wooden gallery is erected on eight wooden pillars that are settled symmetrical to the well, in main directions. The upper floor is covered by a saddle roof, that has a timber-framed lantern to illuminate the space in the middle. This lantern has an octagonal plan, having a window on each side and rests on eight wooden pillars. One can not reach the upper floor since the stairs do not exist. There used to be two staircases, one in the north and other in the east corner of "soyunmalık", but today only the remnants of the one in the north corner can be seen. It is a wooden "L" shaped staircase carried by two wooden beams on each side. Just above the stairs there are two squinches and between the squinches, there stands a discharging arch. This type of arches can also be seen on southeast and northvvest walls. But on the southwest wall, neither the squinches nor the arches can be inspected. This wall is slendered at the level of the spring of the squinches. There is an oval window in the middle of this wall and one more rectangular window above it. On the southeast wa!l, there are two oval windows and on the northwest wall there is a rectangular window like that of the one on the southeast wall. Between southwest and northeast walls and the wooden pillars, the roof is covered by a timber framed vault in southwest-northeast direction, which is hidden under a saddle roof. Southwest and northeast walls form a gable wall that makes the front facade seem like a basiliea. The ground floor of "soyunmalık" is illuminated by four windows, two on the southeast wall and two on the southwest wall on the sides of entrance gate. From a small arched door on the southeast wall, one can enter toilets which are non-existing today, but their existence is understood by the floor paving. There are "L" formed stepped stone seats (seki) along the "soyunmalık" walls, exeept the northeast wall having stairs and an archway leading to the rectangular planned space called "ılıklık" (a volume which is luke warm). "Ilıklık" consists of a 9.95x6.67 m. dimensioned main room where the long side leads to the wall of "soyunmalık". There are two small rooms in the southeast, one having two bathtubs. A 205 cm. wide corridor lies in between and on the sides of the stone seats of 25 cm. elevated. On the southwest wall, on two sides of the door, there exists two basins on the 20 cm. high "seki". The other basin is attached to the northvvest wall. Two 217 cm. wide sekis are attached northeast wall and are used for resting. This section is cooler than the main washing room and although it is a passing part between cold and hot rooms, it is specially used in summers for washing and as a dressing hail in winters. Each smaller room on the southeast of this main room of "ılıklık" have a basin and can be thought that they were used as "usturalık" or "tıraşlık" (a place for shaving). But since Turks don't have a tradition like washing in a bathtub, the purpose of them are not known. These bathtubs might have a relation with Christians religious rituals. The roof of the main room of "ılıklık" is covered with a domical vault. There are 104 "filgözü" (circular holes on the roof), in five concentric rows. The transition element to the domical vault is squinch which is difFerent than the ones in small rooms. Each small room has 32 "filgözü" in three concentric rows on the dome and the transition element is a pendentive. From a door on the axial route, one can enter to "sıcaklık" which is the hottest section and used only for washing. In the middle of this 9.69x9.73 m. dimensioned square planned room, there is an octagonal marble podium called "göbek taşı" approximately 55 cm. elevated from the floor which serves for resting, sweating and massage. Although "sıcaklık" is percepted as an uribroken space; from the traces of the lost walls on the floor, it is understood that the space was used to have private rooms separated from each other by brick walls. As seen in the reconstitution project, "sıcaklık" had a plan of four cells at the corner bays and three eyvan (iwans) at northeast, northwest and southeast directions . Each section had a basin and a marble seat. On the northeast wall of the eyvan, in the symmetrycal axis of the doors of Soyunmalık-Ilıklık-Sıcaklık, stands a marble basin, quite different than the others. Its decorative details are influenced by the Ottoman Baroc style. "sıcaklık" is covered by 9.70 m. diametered dome. There are 89 "filgözü" in six radio-concentric sequences. On the southeast wall, just above the basin in the eyvan, there's a 63 cm. wide, steam window opening to the "külhan" where the fire is burning for heating the bath. "Külhan" is attached to the southeast wall of "sıcaklık". On the northeast wall of "külhan" there's an archway 190 cm. wide, facing the steam window. The space is covered by a barrel vault and there is a 30x30 cm. dimensioned opening on the center of the intrados of the vault. There is no remnant of the water tank and probably the fire place is below ground. The cells for the storage of the wood, lies under the pools where the cold water was stored. The mass of these cells breaks the unity of the symmetrycal plan by an irregular shaped extension. Although the building was abandoned many years ago, its structure is in a reasonably good state of conservation. But some elements like window casements and frames, doors, wooden steps of the stairs and wooden balusters of the upper floor are lost due neglect. This thesis consists of eight chapters and it is aimed to determine and to describe the characteristics of the building, such as preparatory procedure for the structura! deficiencies and failures, as well as to inspect and document its present state of conservation, preparing restoration proposals and the reuse. Lost forms are reinstated in the reconstitution drawings. The first chapter entails an introduction and explanations about the aim scope and the methodology of the work. The tools used to measure the spaces and the different ways used for measuring are clearly explained. The second chapter provides a general information about the city of Antalya; its geographical location and the historical development of region. The communities who had settled the area during the period from the Hellenistic Age up to the present time was briefly summarized. Historical maps, drawings of some important historical buildings at Antalya Citadel are given to support the historical development of the region. The notes from the books of Turkish and foreign travellers, like îbn-i Batuta, Evliya Çelebi, Lanckoronsky, are taken down to explain the existing state of the city during the times they had lived. In the third chapter, the history of the bathing tradition and public baths, including especially the Turkish bath, was researched. Since it's known that bathing became a tradition after Grreks, simple spaces and rooms used as a bath in early times are explained by given examples. After that a Roman Bath is defined, because today sections of a public bath is named after the sections of a Roman Bath. While defining the volumes of a Turkish public bath, besides the examples of the Ottoman Baths, Seljuk Baths were also surveyed. The most established lay out and architectural evolution of the different parts of public baths, including "soyunmalık" (dressing hail), "ılıklık" (passing room between dressing hail to the hottest room), "sıcakhk" (the space where you can find private and common washing rooms), "külhan" (fiırnace of the bath) are given in a hierarchical way according to their development in history. Besides these, public bath folklore was traced from literary sources. In this chapter, examples of general and regional traditional bathing activities and examples of ceremonies which took place in the baths were described to analyze the original fiınction. You can also find special small dictioanry including the words and phrases related with baths, in suffix B and the regulations about the baths in 1936, published by Antalya municipality, in suffix C, related with this chapter. In the fourth chapter; the present state of conservation and its relations in regard to its setting was analyzed. Information about its setting in the urban texture, the historic development of the building and the general characteristics were defined in this part. Interiors and facades of the building was described. Scaled dravvings, illustrations, tables and photographs were used to support the analytical report. Typology of the different windows, basins, bathtubs and ete., design of the strueture (foundations, the elevated strueture and the roofing), the construction techniques and the original materials of the building were analytically researched. Besides lighting, water and heating installations and the decoration were explained briefly. In chapter five, intrinsic and extrinsic causes of deterioration and the structural failures of the building was elarified. Damage caused by an inappropriate re-use and long term negleet was analyzed. It was not surprising to see that the building was mostly deteıiorated by human provoked causes, especially in recent restoration interventions. These interventions were done without the permission of AKTVKK (The Council of Conservation of Cultural and Natural Values in Antalya). They tried to give harm to the interiors, but by the help of the people who are sensible to the conservation of historical values, they were stopped; but during this time, the marble coverings of the interiors, göbek taşı (marbel platform in the middle of "sıcaklık"), some of the marble basins, timber beams and coverings of the upper fioor of "soyunmalık" have been lost. The sbcth chapter is about the baths in and near Antalya Citadel. Six of the historical baths were examined comparatively in regard to their plannimetry to derive data for the reconstitution drawings. In the seventh chapter, there's a reconstitution proposal in two different periods of the building's historic development, considering the existing physical evidence and the data obtained from the extrinsic sources. Existing physical evidences are given under two headlines; functioanl properties and constructional properties. Data collected from the extrinsic sources are obtained from written and orai sources and from analogical approaches. Finally chapter nine contains a proposal for the conservation and re-use of the building as a bath again, where in the extended use, building was rehabilitated to meet the requirements of the modern age and fiılfill touristic purposes. This chapter also contains the existing analyzes of the environment, definition and the program of the new function, fîtting of the new function to the physical, volumetric and techniqal capacity of the building. After that interventions, suggested for the restoration of the building due to the needs of function are defined. interventions, which are preservation, consolidation (consolidation of structure and consoüdation of material), reintegration, reconstruction and addings for contemporary needs, are examined under five main headlines in a hierarchical order.