Yerleşme düzenlerinin bilgisayar yardımıyla üretilmesi ve değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Bu tez kapsamında bilgisayar yardımıyla mimari tasa - rımda yerleşme düzeni ile ilgili bir üniversite kampus yer leşme modeli incelenmiş ve bu incelenen yerleşme modeline bir değerlendirme yöntemi önerilmiştir, önerilen değerlen dirme yöntemi FORTRAN 77 dilinde kodlanmıştır. 1. Bölümde, mimari tasarımda yardımcı araç olarak kullanılan bilgisayarlar ile geliştirilen yerleşme düzenle ri ile ilgili kararlar incelenip, bu tez kapsamında çalış manın amacı belirtilmiştir. 2. Bölümde, incelenen yerleşme düzeninin üniversite kampus ihtiyaçlarına uygulandığı düşünülerek üniversiteler hakkında genel teorik bilgiler verilmiştir. Bu teorik bil gilerde, üniversitelerin geçmişten günümüze kadar geçirdi ği evreler, yerleşim sistemleri, büyüme ve gelişme prensip leri, kampüse geçiş kararları incelenmiş, konuya örnek ola rak çeşitli üniversite kampus yerleşme düzenleri verilmiş tir. 3. Bölümde, model kavramı belirlenip, bilgisayar des tekli tasarımda mekan planlaması modelleri incelenmiş ve mekan planlamasında eylem kalıplarının önemi belirtilmiş - tir. Konunun daha iyi kavranabilmesi açısından daha önce yapılmış ve çeşitli üniversite ihtiyaç programlarına uygu lanmış çeşitli model örnekleri verilmiştir. 4. Bölümde ise, yerleşme düzeni ile ilgili daha önce den geliştirilen model güncelleştirilmiş ve üniversite kampus ihtiyaçlarına uygulanarak, bir yerleşme düzeni elde edilmiştir. Bu yerleşme düzenine bu çalışmanın amacı olan bir değerlendirme yöntemi önerilerek, yerleşme düzeninin irdelenmesi sağlanmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde hazırlanan modelin amaca uygunluğu ve sağladığı olanaklar tartışılmıştır. Ekte ise yerleşme düzeni ile ilgili güncelleştirilen ve değerlendirme için geliştirilen bilgisayar programları, bu programların data örnekleri ve programların çıktıları yer almaktadır.

In this study, a computer program which were generated by Sağlamer and Keskinel to obtain site layouts for university campus, is investigated and developed according to the present software and hardware facilities. In order to go a step forward in architectural design process an evaluation model is developed to evaluate site layouts in this connection. In architectural design process, information which have been gathered at the beginning of the process and design knowledge of the architects which are based on their previous experiences and cultural background affect.the dimensions of the solution space. In Chapter 1 the design parameters, which can be processed in logical procedures, are investigated. As logical operations can be simulated in computer programs, the generation of site layouts are formulated and coded in a computer language. In this chapter the role of the computers in architectural design is discussed. In Chapter 2, some theoretical knowledge about the universities are given. These are listed below; o The definition and the Development of the Universities in Historical Time. o University Settlement Systems These are;. The System in the Middge Ages. The "Oxbridge" Settlement System. The "Bath" Settlement System in England o The Development of Forms and Structures of the Universities These are;. The Additive System vii . The Clamped System. The Integrated System o The type of Areas of the Universities These are.}. The Academical Areas. The Social Areas. The Housing Areas o The Development and the Growth of the Universities o The Criteria of the University Location These are;. The Geographic Criteria. The Population Criteria. The Social and Economic Criteria o The Desicions related to the University Location At the end of the first chapter some examples of the university campus' are given. These examples are;. The Campus of I.T.U.. The Campus of O.D.T.U.. The Campus of K.T.U. In Chapter 3, the problems of spatial synthesis in computer-aided design are explained. These problems in spatial synthesis can be called as ill-defined and wicked problems. The solution to these problems can be obtained by; o Analitical Models o Mathematical Models o Heuristic Models Synthesis generated by analitical formulations are called Analitical Models. Synthesis generated by mathematical formulations are called Mathematical Models. V11X Synthesis generated by heuristics are called Heuristic Models. One of these Heuristic Models is used in this study for generating site layouts. The spatial synthesis problems are solved by different aproaches, these are; o Generative Approaches o Permutationel Approaches The heuristic p rogr a railing methods that are used in these approaches are; o Generate and Test Method o Improvement/Hill-Climbing Method. o Heuristic Search Method This chapter, also includes the help of the computers into a design process. In Computer-Aided Design (CAD) the solutions are reached by the models. A model is a representation of a reality, in which the representation is made by the expession of certain relevant characteristics of the observed reality and where reality consists of the objects or systems that exists, have existed, or may exist. The classification of the models according to the objectives are; o Descriptive Models o Predictive Models o Prescriptive Models ; In Computer- Aided Design the evaluation of the design product is made by predictive models. There are three goals of this evaluation; o To improve the solution o To determine the best solution o To use the knowledge which can be obtained in this process. In this chapter also the activity patterns are exlained. These activity patterns are differentiated in the building scale and in the city scale. The study will have to examine how the various groups of people who engage in these varied activities choose the places which ax they do, and how these activities vary at different hours of the day and on different days of week; in short, how detailed patterns of activity are arranged in tine and space. The allocation of times to different activities by individuals are called as time-budget in these sort of studies. After giving the detailed explanation about activity patterns and time-budget some examples are given for demonstrating the results. The studies titled "A model for Cambridge University" and "A model for Stirling University" are used as examples. In Chapter 4, a site layout generation procedures in computer-aided design are studied and adapted to the present hardware and software facilities and a computer programme which can evaluate the generated site layouts are developed. In this chapter, first an algorithm for generating site layout, the problems of this generation process and some related examples are studied. Afterwords, a university campus model (CAMP) developed by Sağlamer and Keskinel is desribed. In this study CAMP is adapted to the present conditions and it is applied to the input data of I.T.U. Ayazaga Campus. By the help of this model, site layouts of I.T.U. Ayazaga campus are obtained. The aim of the model is to have an optimized settlement. In this heuristic model, there is a relationship matrix. This matrix gives the relationship values for each pair of departments, plus values of "internal" relationships for the elements within each department. Each department is therefore assumed to consist of a number of elements, all of a standart area. In addition, the site is divided into a regular grid of the same standard dimensions (20.000 m2 squares) and site grid location which is established is evaluated according to the preferences which are based on its scenery, load- bearing capacity, landscape, etc. The program takes these preferences into consideration in the location process of the departments on the site. After running the program an initial site layout can be obtained. As a second step an evaluative program is used to examine the generated layout. This evaluative program begins with analizing the campus site. In this program's data the campus site is divided into grids as 5000 m2 squares according to the topography of the site. By the help of this computer program the coordinates of a cross-section in the site are determined. By the help of this cross-section the topography of the site can be drawn easily. In this chapter also the evaluation of the circulation system is carried out. By measuring each length of the circulation distance between the departments those are located on the site, the circulation distances between them are determined. In general there are two ways to determine the circulation distances*, o Radial Measurement o Perpendicular Measurement It is prooved that the distances measured by the perpendicular measurement are more convenient to use than the other in the evaluation systems. After having measured the circulation distances between the gravity centers of the departments, by the help of the computer program, an average value is calculated. By this calculation we can easily see the deviated values between the circulation distances and the average value. In this study an evaluative model is proposed for the site layouts of university campus*. This model is realized by the help of the computer and is coded in FORTRAN 77 programming language. The lists of the programs, the related data and the obtained results are given in appendix.