Foto Düzenleyicilerin Pamuk Lifi Takviyeli Düşük Yoğunluklu Polietilen Kompozit Malzemelerin Mekanik Özelliklerine Ve Yüzey Analizine Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Foto Düzenleyicilerin Pamuk Lifi Takviyeli Düşük Yoğunluklu Polietilen Kompozit Malzemelerin Mekanik Özelliklerine Ve Yüzey Analizine Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Dosyalar
Tarih
2015-07-06
Yazarlar
Sönmez, Hasret Ece
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science And Technology
Institute of Science And Technology
Özet
Doğal lif takviyeli kompozit malzemeler son yıllarda önem kazanmıştır. Cam, karbon ve aramid lifleri gibi sentetik lifler, yüksek sertlik ve dayanım özelliğine sahip olduklarından dolayı polimer katkılı kompozit malzemelerde yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Doğal lifler 3 ana bileşender oluşurlar: selüloz, hemiselüloz ve lignin. Selüloz doğal liflerin ana bileşenidir. Lignin, amorf ve aromatik bir yapıya sahiptir. Termal olarak kararlı olan lignin yapısı en az nem absorpsiyonu özelliğine sahiptir. Lignin yapısının en önemli özelliği ise doğal lif içinde UV bozunmasına karşı sorumlu olmasıdır. Ligninin pamuk lifinin yapısında %0,7-1,6 oranında bulunması bir avantajdır. Doğal lif takviyeli kompozit malzemeler dış ortam şartlarında kullanıldıklarında ultraviyole radyasyonun neden foto bozunmaya uğrarlar. Bu bozunma ilk olarak karakteristik renk değişiminden sorumlu olan lignin yapısında gerçekleşir. Pamuk lifi, lif takviyeli plastik kompozitlerde kullanılabilecek kadar önemli fiziksel özelliklere sahiptir. Fakat literatürde pamuk lifi takviyeli plastik kompozit malzemeler ile ilgili çok fazla çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Matris malzemesi olarak kullanılan düşük yoğunluklu polietilen UV ışığına maruz bırakıldığında mekanik özelliklerini kaybeder ve foto oksidatif bozunmaya maruz kalırlar. Polietilen zinciri üzerinde oluşan serbest radikaller uzun polimer zincirlerini kırarak daha kısa moleküllere dönüştürürler ve böylece daha gevrek bir polimer malzeme oluşur. Kompozitlerin dış ortam şartlarına dayanıklılığınına etki eden nedenler termal stabilite, nem dayanımı, mantar dayanımı ve ultraviyole ışına maruz kalmadır. UV ışınına maruz kalma kompozit malzememelerin dayanıklılığı açısında en önemli etkenlerden biridir. Örneğin, UV ışınları kompozit malzemelerde foto bozunmaya neden olurlar ve bunun sonucunda mekanik dayanımda azalma ve kompozit yüzeyinde mikro çatlaklar ve renk değişimi meydana gelir. Foto bozunmayı önlemek için pamuk lifi takviyeli düşün yoğunluklu polietilen kompozitler, birçok düzenleyiciler kullanılarak UV ışığına maruz kalmayı ortadan kaldırmak veya geciktirmek ya da uyarılmış durumdaki moleküllerin enerjisini dağıtarak korunabilir. Bu çalışmada, ultraviyole absorplayıcı, ışık stabilizatörleri ve antioksidantlar gibi foto dengeleyiciler pamuk lifi takviyeli düşük yoğunluklu polietilen kompozit malzemelerde UV ışığının etkisini azaltmak için kullanılmıştır. Pamuk lifi takviyeli düşük yoğunluklu polietilen kompozit malzemeler tek vidalı ekstruder ile üretilmiştir. CNC freze ile çekme ne darbe numuneleri hazırlamış daha sonra Suntest CPS cihazına konularak UV ışığına maruz bırakılmış ve 120 saat ve 240 saat bekleme sürelerinde örnekler alınmıştır. Katkılı ve katkısız kompozit malzemelerin mekanik özellikleri incelenmiştir ve her biri kendi içlerinde analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca FTIR, DSC ve renk ölçümü analizleri malzemelere uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar birbiri içerisinde karşılaştırılmış ve yorumlanmıştır.
Fiber reinforced composites have gained much acceptance in recent years. Synthetic fibers like glass, carbon and aramid are widely being used in polymer based composites because of their high stiffness and strength properties. However, these fibers have serious disadvantages in terms of their biodegradability, costs, recyclability, energy consumption etc. Although synthetic fibers currently dominate the polymer industry, the use of natural fibers as reinforcing substance in the thermoplastic industry has become more accepted. The use of cotton fiber could be an alternative reinforcement in the replacement of wood fiber, especially in the outdoor environment. The natural fiber composites expose outdoors undergo expecially photo-oxidation degradation caused by ultraviolet radiation. This degradation takes place primarily in the lignin substance, which is responsible for the characteristic color changes. The presence of 0.7-1.6% lignin content in the cotton structure is advantage for the cotton fiber. Cotton fiber have very promising physical properties as a fiber in plastic/fiber composites but there have been few studies about plastic/cotton fiber composites. Thermal stability, moisture resistance, fungal resistance and ultraviolet exposure (UV) are included in the outdoor durability of composites. UV exposure is one of the important concern about the durability of these composites when exposed to outdoor environment. For example, UV exposure can cause the composites to undergo photo-degradation leading to undersirable effects, including a loss in mechanical properties and surface quality, i.e. surface micro-cracking and color change. To prevent the photodegradation and extend service life of cotton fiber reinforced polyethylene (CF/LDPE) composites, various stabilizers were introduced to eliminate or delay the UV light exposure on the CF/LDPE composites, or dissipate the enegry of molecules in the excited state. In this study, the use of photo-stabilizers such as UV absorbers (UVA), hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS-free radical scavengers) and antioxidants were used to minimize the effect of UV exposure in the cotton fiber reinforced low density polyethylene composites.. Cotton fiber reinforced LDPE (CF/LDPE) composites were manufactured by using a custom made single screw extruder. After the manufacturing process, composite plates were pressed to maintain constant thickness and flatness. Samples were cut out by using a desktop CNC milling machine for tensile and impact testing. Composite materials were exposed to both Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure for the time periods of up to 240h. To investigate the effect of photostabilizers on mechanical properties of stabilized and unstabilized CF/LDPE composites, tensile testing was applied to the all composites and compared to each other. Tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and strain at break were calculated from the tensile testing. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to study changes in the surface of chemistry of polyethylene. Carbonyl index of all composites were determined to investigate the degradation of composites upon UV weathering. DSC analysis were determined for obtaining the thermal properties of CF/LDPE composites. The crystallinity values were calculated from DSC curves. The crystallinity values of composites indicates that the chain scission mechanism of polyethylene matrix during photo-degradation. Color measurement of CF/LDPE composites were determined. The lightness (L*) and chromaticy coordinates (a* and b*) were measured and color change (∆E*) was calculated.
Fiber reinforced composites have gained much acceptance in recent years. Synthetic fibers like glass, carbon and aramid are widely being used in polymer based composites because of their high stiffness and strength properties. However, these fibers have serious disadvantages in terms of their biodegradability, costs, recyclability, energy consumption etc. Although synthetic fibers currently dominate the polymer industry, the use of natural fibers as reinforcing substance in the thermoplastic industry has become more accepted. The use of cotton fiber could be an alternative reinforcement in the replacement of wood fiber, especially in the outdoor environment. The natural fiber composites expose outdoors undergo expecially photo-oxidation degradation caused by ultraviolet radiation. This degradation takes place primarily in the lignin substance, which is responsible for the characteristic color changes. The presence of 0.7-1.6% lignin content in the cotton structure is advantage for the cotton fiber. Cotton fiber have very promising physical properties as a fiber in plastic/fiber composites but there have been few studies about plastic/cotton fiber composites. Thermal stability, moisture resistance, fungal resistance and ultraviolet exposure (UV) are included in the outdoor durability of composites. UV exposure is one of the important concern about the durability of these composites when exposed to outdoor environment. For example, UV exposure can cause the composites to undergo photo-degradation leading to undersirable effects, including a loss in mechanical properties and surface quality, i.e. surface micro-cracking and color change. To prevent the photodegradation and extend service life of cotton fiber reinforced polyethylene (CF/LDPE) composites, various stabilizers were introduced to eliminate or delay the UV light exposure on the CF/LDPE composites, or dissipate the enegry of molecules in the excited state. In this study, the use of photo-stabilizers such as UV absorbers (UVA), hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS-free radical scavengers) and antioxidants were used to minimize the effect of UV exposure in the cotton fiber reinforced low density polyethylene composites.. Cotton fiber reinforced LDPE (CF/LDPE) composites were manufactured by using a custom made single screw extruder. After the manufacturing process, composite plates were pressed to maintain constant thickness and flatness. Samples were cut out by using a desktop CNC milling machine for tensile and impact testing. Composite materials were exposed to both Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure for the time periods of up to 240h. To investigate the effect of photostabilizers on mechanical properties of stabilized and unstabilized CF/LDPE composites, tensile testing was applied to the all composites and compared to each other. Tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and strain at break were calculated from the tensile testing. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to study changes in the surface of chemistry of polyethylene. Carbonyl index of all composites were determined to investigate the degradation of composites upon UV weathering. DSC analysis were determined for obtaining the thermal properties of CF/LDPE composites. The crystallinity values were calculated from DSC curves. The crystallinity values of composites indicates that the chain scission mechanism of polyethylene matrix during photo-degradation. Color measurement of CF/LDPE composites were determined. The lightness (L*) and chromaticy coordinates (a* and b*) were measured and color change (∆E*) was calculated.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler
doğal lif takviyeli kompozit malzemeler,
AYPE,
pamuk lifi,
iklimlendirme,
natural fiber reinforced composites,
LDPE,
cotton fiber,
weathering