Mimarlık Eleştirisi Üzerine Geliştirilen Metot Yaklaşımının 1985 Sonrası İstanbul Binalarında Uygulanması

Abstract

İstanbul 'da son on yılda yapılan binalar üzerinde bir eleştiri metodu geliştirme amacını taşıyan tezin birinci bölümünde tez kapsam ve amacı belirlenmiş, takip edilen yol açıklanmıştır. ikinci bölümde; ilk aşama olarak, literatürden edinilen bilgilerle, eleştiri tanımı yapılmış, sanatın ve bilimin eleştiriye bakışı, mimarlıkla paralellikler kurularak açıklanmış, mimarlığın sanatsal yönü ile benzer değerlere sahip olan edebiyat eleştirisi üzerinde durulmuş ve daha önceden yapılmış mimari eleştiri türleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Eleştirinin yapılabilmesi için gerekli bilgilerin algılanması ve yorumlanmasında önemli yeri olan temel bilgilenme mekanizmalarına değinilmiş ve metodun- gelişmesine ışık tutacak eleştiri metotları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde /edinilen bilgiler ışığında eleştirinin öznelliği kabul edilerek, daha nesnel sonuçlar elde edebilmek amacıyla eleştiri metodunun ilk aşamasını oluşturan sorgulama yöntemi ile, mimari eleştiri kriterleri, önem derecelerine göre saptanmış ve literatür araştırmaları yardımıyla tanımları yapılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde; geliştirilen metodu uygulama kolaylığı açısından, yakın çevre içinde yer alan, özel nitelikli, yeniliklerin denenme cesaretinin gösterildiği bir kent olan İstanbul seçilmiştir. Bu özellikler doğrultusunda, kentin kısaca konumuna, tarihine, özelliklerine ve değerlerine değinilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, geliştirilen metot, saptanan eleştiri kriterleri yardımı ile, istanbul'da seçilen,iyi bilinen ve özellikli bir kaç bina üzerinde uygulanmış, buna göre sonuçlar ortaya konulmuştur.

A person's training progress when criticising begins. New ideas come to mind while telling thoughts to each other. in order to teli thoughts, knowledge has to be given. Architecture is part of a societies living. A building that an architect built directly ör indirectly influences the society. For that reason an architect has to have responsibility on doing his work and on the society. To direct the things done before ör will be done in the future in a good way, a subjective ör an objective criticism has to be done. But according to the critic's education, culture, philisophy, physicology, ideology the way of criticism changes. This shows the subjective part of criticism while the whole societies way of living shows the objective part of it. in some countries ör societies criticism is used as the meaning of.judgement but on the other hand it is to give meaning to perceived objects. Perceiving depends on the critic's mood and çare. it is not only the negative properties but also the positive ones. Parallel to these thoughts the purpose of this thesis is, to create a critical method on architecture. With the achieved requirements, having the historical and architectural values, istanbul is chosen to be worked on. Due to the contents of criticism, the categories of having knowledge,perceiving knowledge, criticising it and having new knowledge is explained by Newell and Simon's knowledge Processing System. Ömer Akın used the same K system on Design Knowledge Processing System. These two systems formed the basic parts of Critical Knowledge Processing System in this thesis. Table S-l shows Newell and Simon's Knowledge Processing System and Table S-2 shows Ömer Akın's Design Knowledge Processing System. This system is more close to architecture and criticism. Table S-l Knovrledge Processing System EFFECTS *" *" MEMOKf ENVTRONMENT ' ' PROCESS « j REACTION j ^ g^ Table S-2 Design Knowledge Processing System 1.period r ı ı ı "; * Knowledge EFFECTS Design DESİGN about *" P^eıved knowledge *" KNOWLEDSE knovrledge design l l transfor- problem REACTION matıon PT^ solving ^proposing method ^O Knowxeage, 2. period l Leading to these methods, Critical Knowledge Progressing System on Architecture is improved. First step is thought to give knowledge about criticism in general and architectural. Second step is perceiving the given knowledge -and giving meanings. These two steps form the first period of the thought system. Second period is a kind of application of the system. in the first period meanings of criticism and its relation with art and science is explained. The kinds and X methods of criticism in general, also architectural are basicly set. The perception and meaning have big roles in architecture also in eriticisin. Perceiving things and, giving them meanings is a kind of criticising. Within this peculiarity the subjective part of criticism is seen. in order to direct criticism into somewhat objectiveness, two analysis are made by the help of thirty new graduates and ten experienced architects. in order not to strict the thoughts in minds, the guestions are set openended. Within the results the critical imagination is shown and criterias about the architectural criticism are set. Table S-3 shows the first period of the architectural critical knowledge progressing system. That is giving knowledge about criticism and perceiving the given information. The knowledge is taken from the literatüre and the two point of view is seen about criticism. Öne is the artistic and the other is the scientifiç part of it. The kinds of criticism is divided socially and technically. Also perceiving is thought as orderly perceiving ör guantitative and associative perceiving.From these two kinds of point of view. Subjective and objective part of it is clearly seen. And architectural critical method's fomalistic ör descriptive and interpretive approaches are defined in these two categories. > XI Table S-3 Period of Architectural critical knowledge progressing system MEANINGS OF CRITICISM ABOUT ARCHITECTURAI. CRITICISM Artistic part of meaning Scientific part of meaning KINDS OF LITERATURE CRITICISM Inner aritiaism meaningful sentimental External aritiaism historical social formal KINDS OP ARCHITECTURAL CRITICISM Political Philisophical- Religious Economical and social Physico- physiological Materialist Technical t PERCEPTION Associational Quantitative Elective Dissociative In order MEANING Metaphors Simple meaning ARCHITECTURAL CRITICAL METHOD Interpretation Descriptive Formalistle xn After having information about criticism, interpretive kind of criticism is chosen to be practised. The purpose is to describe the elements and their relations of the architectural entirety. Using the forward chaining inference method, another analyse is made by the help of the criterias, on the chosen buildings in Istanbul.. The revealed results will show the two point of view; one is the scientific part on criticising an architectural object, that's its functional properties. Second is the artistic quality that's its form and meaning. What is to be done, is to keep these two qualities together while criticising an architectural object. Table S-4 Architectural Critical Knowledge Progressing System KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ARCHITECTURAL CRITICISM ARCHITECTURAL WHOLE PERCEPTION IDENTIFY SCIENTIFIC PBTTTriTeM c&xmsxsH h METAPHORIC THOUGHT TOTALITERIAN THOUGHT SUBJECTIVE CRITICISM CRITERIAS OF ARCHITECTURAL CRITICISM INTERPRETIVE CRITICISM MEANING DISCOVERIES M- OBJECTIVE CRITICISM f INFORMATION! ABOUT ISTANBUL