1950'den günümüze Avrupa'da ve Türkiye'de konutlarda yaşama mekanının biçimsel ve boyutsal açıdan değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Tezin birinci bölümünde çalışmanın amacı açıklanmaktadır. Günümüzde nüfus yoğunluğunun artmasıyla kullanıcıların zamanlarının büyük kısmını harcadıkları yaşama, oturma, yemek yeme, çalışma gibi eylemlerin yapıldığı mekanı etkileyen çeşitli faktörler açıklanmıştır. Bu faktörlerin ışığında yaşama mekanı üzerinde inceleme yapmak yararlı olacaktır. Konut içinde eylemlerin çoğunun yapıldığı bu mekanın 1950 yıkıdan günümüze kadar Avrupa ve Türkiye'deki durumu inceleme konusu olarak seçilmiştir, amaç, yaşama mekanının biçimsel ve boyutsal olarak değerlendirilerek yurtiçi ve yurtdışı uygulamalarda hangi yaşama mekanı formunun belirli koşullarda daha çok tercih edildiğim ortaya çıkarmaktır. İkinci bölümde, konu tanımlamalar ve daha önce yapılmış uygulamalar üzerinde bilgi verilerek tanıtılmıştır. Böylece konunun daha iyi anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, konutlarda yaşama mekanlarının biçimsel ve boyutsal açıdan değerlendirilmesinde araştırmanın kapsamım ve uygulanan yöntem açıklanmıştır. Karşılaşılan güçlükler ve araştırmanın sınırlandırılmasının sebeplerinden sözedilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, kaynaklardan toplu konut uygulamalarından 371 adedi üzerinde inceleme yapılmış ve başka incelemelerde de kullanılabilecek bir arşiv ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde, 371 örnekte kullanılan yaşama mekanlarının ülkelere göre ayrılması, dağılma tabloları ile gösterilmiş, bu arada net konut alanındaki oran, kişi basma düşen yaşama mekanı payı, diğer mekanlarla olan ilişkisi incelenmiş, sonuçlar grafik olarak verilmiş ve yorumlar yapılmıştır. Tablolar, ülkeler ve yapım yılma göre gruplanmıştır. Altıncı bölümde, Avrupa geneli ile Türkiye'deki yaşama mekanı, form ile yaşama mekanı özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Yıllara göre kişi basma düşen yaşama mekanı payı, yaşama mekanının konut içindeki oranı, yaşama mekanı özelliklerini forma bağlı olarak verilmiş ve yorumlar yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmenin sonuçlan yaşama mekanı özelliklerine göre yazılmış, önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Man has used space for shelter families share their environment. The sheltering units are called housing. House is affected by society demographic changes, society population movements, regional developments, income level and distribution of income, social structure, sources, productive power, plot of vacant land and technology; quantitive and qualitative functions. Consequently housing is the smallest component of some physical and environment with social qualities. Many researches have been made for living space like the other parts of the house after The World War H Problems brought by the war and then because of the new technology occured demolished cities and houses after the war technology, create new housing approaches and new spatial abstracts. Migration from rural to urban areas caused change in spatial usage. Extended families divided as nucleus families therefore big houses became useless. Technological development has changed spaces and distribution of actions in house. Due to economical straits and becoming small family cause small dwellings and spaces. Larger space needs can be solved by planning spaces flexible. The basic aim of housing which provides the balance between man and nature, is the protection of harmful conditions for his physical and psychological health. It can be also mentioned that man has spent 2/3 of his time in house. This is a general ratio. This ratio increases during childhood and old age period which is open to many dangers to human's health. When we consider the subject from this point of view, the need of house which should provide the most convenient environment to human's spiritual and body health is obvious. It has been seen that most of the timein houses is spent for living, sitting and studying. We can name the space which covers all of the activities as living space. Living space should be designed according to the user's need. This will be possible by integrating built environment with natural environment and users needs. Dimensions of living space, connections between other spaces in dwelling and properties differences in every society. Life style of societies, their culture and economical income level have great influence on forming living space. Even there is some differences in the standards of every country. It would better have not been fall down below certain standards for human comfort. So examining some values of various countries and detennining lower and upper limits will be beneficial. XVI Living spaces have the biggest area in the spaces of houses. In addition, it is not only used by family members. The guest of families are also entertained in these spaces. It is used as guest bedroom in case of not having extra guest bedroom. It can be used as living room in day and bedroom at night. If we name living space as total of living, eating, studying and the spaceusing for guest, the importance of this thesis will be come out. Our aim is to determine the change and tendencies in living space from 1950's and recommend suggestions according to the results. So these suggestions will be useful sources for future resarchs and projects. Areas, dimensions, geometric forms, interior and exterior connections are the main subjects of this research. What are the upper and the lower limits? How has it changed last 40-50 years? What are the tendencies? These minimum and maximum limits in Europe and Turkey have been determined by calculating average value lists and graphical presentations. These lists and graphically presentations can be used both used in this thesis and other researches has become the starting point. Heating technique has great importance on designing living space. Changes in living space when there is in heating technique. Even owen in the kitchen importants effect on living space. Before the industry revolution, living space andkitchen were the same place for users in rural and urban areas. Today it continues just the same for rural areas. Cooking, eating, warming up, chating, playing ofchildrenare the main activities in this space with owen. If the economical situation of afamily is convenient, there is an extra room for guests. After the industry revolution, besides installation of electricity and plumbing, gas has used in houses. Kitchens do not have any place for the activities which belongs to living spaces. There are some reasons for this change. First, it is not necessary to use stove-owen for heating. Second, it can be dangereous for human life whwn there is gas leakage. So guest room in old houses has become living space and kithchen has been the small area. Houses are the most important elements of city structure. Living space is the most time spent place in houses. Living, eating, studying and activities in spare time are done in living space. After The World War II, many European cities had to renovate their houses. Human health and user's demands have become great importance after the war. It was decided to use mixed system in construction of new areas around the cities. When it is not desired not tohave high density, row houses with gardens or houses with atriums were built. It has seen that minimum user's comfort were taken into account in social housing in Europe XVI 1 High-rise housing blocks were proposed by Le Corbusier and Hilberseimer in 1920's in Europe. Hilberseimer was for the idea of low-rise houses and high-rise blocks as mixed system. After The World War II, International Architectural Exhibition - ' Hansa Viertel ' was held in West Berlin. (1957) It was the application of anew way of living in green areas with modern high-rise housing blocks within green areas. It became very common to solve parking under the ground after 1970' s in Europe. C Closing 3 or 4 sides of housing blocks to form a court. It was aimed to to protect houses from the wind by partially. This court is mainly used by children and old people Well-designed examples were built in IBA'87 Berlin. First application on social housing in Istanbul/ Turkey has begun in 1960's by building houses with garden (row houses, twin houses) These were good examples for human-green area settlements. With the thought of less area usage and building cost, multi storey blocks by using the technology and the developments of the other countries after The World War H One of the leading social housing applier 'Türkiye Emlak Kredi Bankası' built houses for middle incom level in 1960's. It offered very reasonable payment schedule. Houses which were built in Ataköy (District 1, 2, 3, 4) were contemporary for these years. Even District 3 and 4 could be contemporary with some small changes. As the planning and building time were too long and mistakes while correcting plans made District 5 out of fashion. As the planning and building schedule were too long, The revision of District 5 is not contemporary, after the construction of District 5, Emlak Bankası has changed its client range. It started to build high quality houses with large areas. Houses for middle income level have examined in this research. Examples from some European countries between 1950 and 1994 (Germany, France, The Netherlands, Great Britain, Scandinavian countries, Switzerland and Italy) andTurkey after 1960 have been examined. It is aimed to choose only social housing examples. So there is wide range of examples from garden houses to multi storey apartman blocks. Searching examples and saving some records were done in the first semester. The number of examples were stopped to 371 at the end of the semester. There is some difficulties in increasing the number of examples for a master degree thesis. Lack of time, increase of thesis pages and calculation for every example causes some problems. Method can be enlarged and used in other scientific researches. Examples have chosen from social housing applications in Europe and Turkey. It is generally used from published foreign and Turkish architectural sources. Some home-works and thesis were used for examples from our country. XVlll 51 sources were used for preparing this thesis. 27 of them are foreign, 15 of them are Turkish and 8 of them were taken from home-work and thesis. Total number of chosen examples are 371, 305 from Europe and 66 from Turkey. The aim of the research is explained in the first chapter of the thesis. In this thesis, for areas high density settlements, factors which are effective on the most time spent actions of users such as living, eating and studying, are explained. In the thesis by the help of these factors, making research on living space is considered as beneficial. Living space which is the place for most of the activities, has chosen as research subject for Europe and Turkey from 1950's to today. The aim is to evaluate living space according to formal and dimensional point of view in Turkey and abroad. In the second chapter, giving information about descriptions and applications made before are presented. This presemtationis aimed to show the problems of subject area. In the third chapter, method which is used for evaluating living space as formal and dimensional ways has given. The difficulties and limitation of research which were faced in the research,are mentioned. In the fourth chapter, 371 examples of house are examined and an archieve has been made which slso be used in other researches. In the fifth chapter, 371 examples of houses are classified to their features, shown the ratio of living space areas to net housing areas living share for one person, connection with other spaces. Results are given as graphical explanations and comments on the examples are made according to the graphics. In the sixth chapter, form of living space and living space features in Europe and Turkey has been evaluated. The ratio of living space features are given as tables and graphics according to years and living spaces are made. The result of this evsaluation is written according to living space feature and recommendation. Due to great housing need and economical benefit, modest houses without using stove for heating are in the period of 1950-1959. It is generally determined as single facade and rather small houses. There was always effort for being better houses throughout the period. Then bigger balcony with bigger facade or garden, more than 1 door and direct connection to the kitchen. It has brought new way of thinking during fuel crisis in 1979-1980. Openings to exterior decreased, more smaller and closer living spaces have been chosen. xix It is so hard to buy a social house due to high inflation and straits in cash. This really causes big problem to build social housing for middle income level in Turkey. Besides, lots of high quality group houses has been built for higher income level. But this does not happen because of demand. The aim is to increase the price. As a conclusion, living space is the most important place in houses. It should be designed to user's minimum needs. As it is the most time-spent space, it should have some standards for number of people. Dimensions, connections between other spaces in house and number of facade opening outside should be carefully considered. Otherwise, user will face with lots of problems and some changes will be made by user.