Geleneksel çevreler için bir konut tasarım algoritması

Abstract

Kültürel yapının ve çevre özelliklerinin yeni konut binalarına yansıtılma- ması, günümüzün kimliksiz kent ortamlarım doğurmaktadır. Gelenekselin kavram sal boyutunun, yeni konut oluşumlarına katkısının araştırıldığı bu tez çalışmasının girişinde, problem ve bu alanda yapılmış çalışmalar tanıtılmakta, yöntem açıklan maktadır. îkinci bölümde, çevre ve kültür ile bağlı kavramların açıklamalarına yer verilmiştir: însan, yaşammı bir çevre içinde sürdürürken, çevre ile ilişkisi değişme- değiştirme süreci olarak gelişir. Bu sürecin arakesitinde ortaya çıkan kültür, en genel anlamda, insanın yaptığı ve yarattığı herşey, olarak tanımlanır. Bu bakımdan, kültürün değişim ve süreklilik özellikleri, konut oluşumuna etkileri bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, öncelikle tarih, gelenek ve tarihsel süreklilik kavram ları açıklanarak, tarihsel süreklilik ile mimarinin ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Ana tema, tarihsel sürekliliğin, gelenekselin ilkelerinden yararlanmak olduğudur. Bölüm, tarihsel süreklilik içinde Türk Evi geleneğinin açıklanmasıyla devam etmek te ve gelenekten yararlanan tasarım yaklaşımlarının açıklanmasıyla son bulmakta dır. Dördüncü bölümde, gelenekselin, günümüz konut oluşumlarında kav ramsal boyutuyla etkili olmasını sağlayacak bir algoritma geliştirilmiştir. Burada tasarımcı, veri toplamada geleneğin kavramsal boyutuna ulaşacak şekilde yönlendiri lirken, çözümünde serbest bırakılmaktadır. Algoritmanın geçerliliği, son bölümdeki uygulama çalışması ile kontrol edilmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, çevrenin hem görsel, hem de sosyo-kültürel verile ri incelenerek, gelenekselin kavramsal boyutunun ortaya çıkarılması gerektiği sonu cuna varılmıştır. Ancak, tasarımında kavramsal boyutun etkili olduğu konut binaları çevreye katkıda bulunacak, diğerleri ise çevre imajım ve çevresel devamlılığı zedele yecektir.

The aim of this study is to construct a model to search the conceptual bases of the traditional environments and to use these conceptual bases on new house designs. In Introduction, the aim and the extend of the study, differencies and similarities between the other studies on this field and the thesis are explained. The Second Chapter describes the concepts of environment and culture that must be effective on formation of architectural environments, especially formation of houses. Environment: Man's environment is total of the factors that effects him directly or indirectly. In this thesis, it is accepted that man is a part of environment. So, environment is a very broad concept and it could be studied only by separating it to its components. The relationships between the components must be included in the study. According to Çalan, environment consist of 3 components: 1) Cosmic Component that contains all the factors except man. 2) Man Component that contains all the properties of man. 3) Culture Component that contains all the action patterns created by man. These 3 components of environment interact continuously with each other by psychological processes and stay at balance. (Fig 1) Man-Environment relation is a continuous interaction; man changes environment, changing environment changes him. Environmental image, which is a contact point between man and environment, is mental schema of physical world. Like the visual components of environment, historical, economic, politic components and properties of man effect also the formation of this image. Figure 1: The Components of Culture Actions of man in environment depends to environmental image and images changes from man to man. In spite of this changing, there are big similarities between images of the same group members. Culture: Culture is a complex entire that includes knowledges, believes, arts, traditions, customs, habits and skills that man got as a member of society. According to this description, culture has 3 components: 1) Normative order 2) Action order 3) Symbolical and material products order Rapoport connects culture to action by a hierarchy (Fig 2): Culture World View Values Image/Schema Life Style Actions Figure 2: Culture-Action Hierarchy Culture is the result of man-environment interaction, so changes by changing of man or environment. With the same reason, different society cultures, which has similar man and environment properties, can be similar. Continuity and changing are two important properties of culture. These properties show their effects on architecture, especially on house designs. Because, man reflects his life style to his house directly. The 3ri Chapter is about the past concept and the design approaches that benefit from this concept. For rescuing from cultural complexity, it must be get a relation with the past. This can only occur base on space. VI The Past Concept: The past has 2 components; history and tradition. History is the part of time, which includes man actions. Tradition contains man actions, events and objects, come from the past, but still valid and current. Historical continuity can be get by evaluating datums of the past, according to conditions of today. While benefit from the past, architects' task is to transfer principles of the past to present in a contempopary way; not to use solutions of the past without changing anything. Conceptual bases and principles of traditional houses must be revealed and used on new house designs. Traditional Houses: In this part of the 3rd chapter, traditional Turkish Houses are studied and tried to found some general principles that affect the formation of it: 1) The main principle of Turkish House Tradition is the contrast like rooms/sofa, headroom/room, haremlik/selamlik, open/close.... 2) Turkish Houses are light and spaciousness. 3) Turkish Houses have wooden structure. 4) Ground floor uses for secondary functions. These principles are very general so, for each traditional environment, which new house will be built, environments principles must be studied again. The Design Approaches Benefit From The Past: The current design approaches that benefit from the past are; 1) Symbolical forms 2) Protection of old with the same function 3) Protection of old with a new function 4) Using of old form 5) Synthetic researches 6) Harmonious building To benefit from the past's principles on new house designs, be riched environment in form and space, add the time dimension to environment and provide the continuity of environmental image. Model: In 5th Chapter, a model that is about systematic analysis of environment is constructed. This algorithm reveals all the components of environment. The principles of tradition, which are found by the model, will be use as datum on new house- designs, (fig 3) vn Applying Study: In 6th chapter, model is controlled by an applying study in Sultantepe and Fıstıkağacı. According to the model, a house is designed by using environments' conceptual bases. The aim of this thesis is especially to help designers on their housing designs in traditional environments. The algorithm is completely directed towards applying studies. The thesis differs from the other studies on this field with this property. viu START POSSIBILITIES OF LAND LEGAL POSSIBILITIES "JK NEW BUILDING RESTORATION * LEGAL POSSIBILITIES ANYTHING YES SUITABLE FOR RESTORATION? VISUAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT NO NO SUITABLE FOR NEW BUILDING? YES YES SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT SUITABLE FOR NEW BUILDING? YES NO DESIGN * USER PREFERENCES ACCORDING TO SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC PROPERTIES OF USER IS THE USER DETERMINED? YES NO PROBABLE USER NEEDS ACCORDING TO SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC PROPERTIES OF ENVIRONMENT BUILDING NECESSITY PROGRAM PROBABLE USER * PREFERENCES Figure 3. A Housing Design Algorithm for Traditional Environments