Kayısı Çekirdeği Yağının Ekstraksiyonunda Enzim Etkisi: Ekstraksiyon Koşullarının Optimizasyonu
Kayısı Çekirdeği Yağının Ekstraksiyonunda Enzim Etkisi: Ekstraksiyon Koşullarının Optimizasyonu
Dosyalar
Tarih
2011-06-20
Yazarlar
Demir, Kevser Nehir
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
Özet
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’ de yılda 700 bin ton üretilmekte olan kayısının tohumlarına, çevre dostu ve ekonomik olması nedeni ile çözücü ekstraksiyonuna alternatif olması açısından, sulu enzimatik yağ ekstraksiyonu ve yüzey aktif madde destekli sulu ekstraksiyon uygulanmıştır. Kayısı (Prunus armeniaca L.), A, B, C ve E vitaminleri, β-karoten, yüksek miktarda potasyum, demir, protein, pektin içeren bir meyvedir. Kayısı tohumu, önemli miktarda protein ve mineral madde içeriğinin yanında, % 40-50 civarında yenilebilir nitelikte yağ içermesinden dolayı gıda değeri bakımından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Kayısı tohumunun bileşeni olan ve kansere karsı kullanılmakta olan en etkili bitkisel kökenli maddelerden amigdalin, ünlü bir kanser ilacının temel bileşenidir. Kayısı yağı, astım, öksürük ve kabızlık tedavisinde, masaj yağı olarak, besleyici ve nemlendirici özelliği ile makyaj ürünlerinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle kayısı tohumlarının yağ içeriği Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu ile belirlenmiş ve yağ içeriği % 44,2 bulunmuştur. Kayısı tohumlarından yağ elde etmek için sulu ekstraksiyonda, tohumların hücre zarının bozunmasını sağlayacak proteaz, selülaz ve pektinaz enzimleri kullanılmıştır. Yağ verimine reaksiyon parametrelerinin (pH, süre, enzim cinsi ve miktarı, tanecik boyutu, sıcaklık) etkisi incelenmiş ve reaksiyon parametreleri optimize edilmiştir. Enzimatik sulu ekstraksiyonlar, 0,6-1mm aralığında olan tane boyutlarındaki kayısı tohumları ile, 1:7 tohum:tampon çözelti oranında, pH 4-8 aralığında, 0,25-1,00 mL enzim/g tohum miktarlarında ve 4-24 saatlik sürede gerçekleştirilmiştir. Proteaz olarak Alcalase 2.5L, selülaz olarak Celluclast 1.5L ve pektinaz olarak Pectinex 5XL ticari enzimleri kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ayrıca sulu ekstraksiyon ortamına bir non-iyonik (Disponil NP 10) bir de anyonik (Labsa 101) yüzey aktif madde katılmış ve yüzey aktif maddenin yağ verimine olan etkisi de incelenmiştir. Proteaz, sulu enzimatik ekstraksiyonda en etkili enzim olmuştur. pH 7’de, 0,50 mL proteaz/g tohum kullanılarak 24 saat enzimatik işlem uygulandığında, küspede kalan yağ miktarının tespiti ile tohum yağının % 86,5’ inin hücrelerden sulu ortama geçmiş olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna karşılık sulu ekstraksiyon ortamından % 48,8 verimle yağ elde edilebilmiştir. Yağ-su emülsiyonunun kırılamaması nedeniyle bu kayıp oluşmaktadır. Optimum koşullarda, proteaz enzimi ile birlikte % 5’ lik NaCl çözeltisi ve Labsa 101 adlı yüzey aktif madde kullanıldığı zaman gayet başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Yağ verimi % 54,6 olmuş, emülsiyon oluşumu azalarak oluşan yağ üstten pastör pipeti ile rahatça alınmış ve yağ verimi % 48,1 olmuştur.
In this study, aqueous enzymatic extraction and surfactant based aqueous extraction were applied on apricot seeds. These methods are alternative to solvent extraction because of being environmental friendly and economical. Annual production of apricot is 700000 tons in Turkey. Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a fruit that contains vitamin A, B, C and E, β-carotene, high amount of potassium, iron, protein and pectin. In addition to high amount of protein and minerals contents, apricot seeds contain 40-50 % nutritious edible oil. Amygdalin is the main component of apricot seed which is used for anticancer drug. Apricot seed oil is used for treatment of asthma, cough and constipation, aromatherapy, feature of moisturiser and nourishing for cosmetics. In this study, at first oil contents of apricot seeds were determined by Soxhlet extraction method and apricot seeds contained 44.2 % oil. Protease, cellulase and pectinase enzymes which could degrade the cell walls of seeds were used to obtain oil from apricot kernels during aqueous enzymatic extraction. The effects of reaction parameters (pH, time, type and amount of enzymes, particle size and temperature) on the oil yield were investigated and optimized. Enymatic extractions were conducted with particle size between 0.6-1 mm taking a seed-to-buffer solution ratio of 1:7, between pH 4 to 8, using 0.25 - 1.00 mL/g enzyme amounts for 4 - 24 hr. Alcalase 2.5L, Celluclast 1.5L and Pectinex 5XL commercial enzymes were used as protease, cellulase and pectinase enzymes, respectively. Finally an non-ionic (Disponil NP10) and anionic (LABSA 101) surfactants were added to aqueous extraction medium and also surfactant effect on the oil yield was investigated. Protease was the most effective enzyme in aqueous enzymatic process. When the enzymatic process conducted with 0.50 mL protease/g seed at pH 7 for 24 h, the residual oil amount of the meal revealed that 86.5 % of oil released from the seeds. On the other hand, 48.8 % of total oil in the seeds was collected from extraction medium due to the formation of non-degradable oil in water emulsion and oil is lost in emulsion. When the enzymatic process conducted with optimum conditions with protease, 5 % solution of NaCl, surfactant as Labsa 101, the oil yield was increased from 48.8 % to 54.6 %. In addition to increasing oil yield, decreased formation of stable oil in water emulsion and oil was gotten by a pasteur pipette and yield was 48.1 % by this method.
In this study, aqueous enzymatic extraction and surfactant based aqueous extraction were applied on apricot seeds. These methods are alternative to solvent extraction because of being environmental friendly and economical. Annual production of apricot is 700000 tons in Turkey. Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a fruit that contains vitamin A, B, C and E, β-carotene, high amount of potassium, iron, protein and pectin. In addition to high amount of protein and minerals contents, apricot seeds contain 40-50 % nutritious edible oil. Amygdalin is the main component of apricot seed which is used for anticancer drug. Apricot seed oil is used for treatment of asthma, cough and constipation, aromatherapy, feature of moisturiser and nourishing for cosmetics. In this study, at first oil contents of apricot seeds were determined by Soxhlet extraction method and apricot seeds contained 44.2 % oil. Protease, cellulase and pectinase enzymes which could degrade the cell walls of seeds were used to obtain oil from apricot kernels during aqueous enzymatic extraction. The effects of reaction parameters (pH, time, type and amount of enzymes, particle size and temperature) on the oil yield were investigated and optimized. Enymatic extractions were conducted with particle size between 0.6-1 mm taking a seed-to-buffer solution ratio of 1:7, between pH 4 to 8, using 0.25 - 1.00 mL/g enzyme amounts for 4 - 24 hr. Alcalase 2.5L, Celluclast 1.5L and Pectinex 5XL commercial enzymes were used as protease, cellulase and pectinase enzymes, respectively. Finally an non-ionic (Disponil NP10) and anionic (LABSA 101) surfactants were added to aqueous extraction medium and also surfactant effect on the oil yield was investigated. Protease was the most effective enzyme in aqueous enzymatic process. When the enzymatic process conducted with 0.50 mL protease/g seed at pH 7 for 24 h, the residual oil amount of the meal revealed that 86.5 % of oil released from the seeds. On the other hand, 48.8 % of total oil in the seeds was collected from extraction medium due to the formation of non-degradable oil in water emulsion and oil is lost in emulsion. When the enzymatic process conducted with optimum conditions with protease, 5 % solution of NaCl, surfactant as Labsa 101, the oil yield was increased from 48.8 % to 54.6 %. In addition to increasing oil yield, decreased formation of stable oil in water emulsion and oil was gotten by a pasteur pipette and yield was 48.1 % by this method.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler
kayısı,
kayısı tohumu yağı,
enzimatik sulu ekstraksiyon,
yüzey aktif madde,
apricot,
apricot seed oil,
aqueous enzymatic extraction,
surfactant