Tek Yapı Koruma Ve Onarım Uygulamalarında Sorunların Yasal Ve Yönetimsel Yönden Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Kültür ve tabiat varlıklarının korunması, bakımı, onarımı, uygun kullanımlara açılması ve gelecek kuşaklara aktarılmasını sağlamak, geçmişe verilen değerin en etkin belirtisidir. Oysa, günümüz Türkiye'sinde koruma konusunda mevcut yasal ve yönetimsel önlemler ve çağdaş koruma ilkeleri ışığında, sahip olunun kültür varlıklarının, gereken şekilde koruma ve onarımı gerçekleştirilememektedir. Mevcut durumun saptanması, eserin tanımının yapılıp belgelenmesinin ardından, bakım, onarım ve değerlendirilmesine ilişkin kararla başlayan yapının teknik, estetik ve tarihi araştırmaları yanında, mevcut durumun analizi, bozulma nedenleri ve müdahale derecesinin konuyla ilgili yöntemi gösteren projeler üretilmesi ve bu projelere göre üretimin yapıldığı, uygulama ve kullanım aşamasına kadar olan süreçte, çeşitli ve çok sayıda sorun yaşanmaktadır. Sözkonusu sorunların belirlenmesinde, koruma ve onarım uygulamalarını üstlenen müteahhit firmalarla yapılan anket çalışmasının büyük katkısı olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuca göre, yürürlükteki korumayla ilgili yasal ve örgütsel düzenlemelerin, yapıcı bir biçimde değerlendirilmesiyle ve koruma politikasının önemine, korumanın esas sahibi olması gereken yerel yönetimlerle, halkın inandınlmasıyla, nitelikli koruma uygulamalarının sayısı artacaktır. Konuyla ilgili bilinçlenme / bilinçlendirme çabalarına ek olarak, bir an önce ele alınacak planlı koruma çalışmaları, konuya ayrılan ödeneklerin yeniden düzenlenmesi ve denetimli bir uygulama, zaten her geçen gün büyük kayıplar veren kültür varlıklarının daha fazla yok olmadan değerlendirilmesini sağlayacaktır.

The most evident indicator of the value given to the past ist to ensure the conservation, maintanance, repair of the cultural and natural heritage and allocating for appropriate usage and conserving for the future generations. In Turkey, although the existing administrative and legal mausures and contemporary conservation principles, the restorations till today has showed that conservation and restoration of the cultural heritage seems to be difficult by means of inexperienced contractors. For qualified restorations the urgent matter is to define and classify the problems and their reasons. These problems can be itemized as follows. In regard to the execution of works. 1. Legislative 2. Documentation and project work. 3. Selection of appropriate materials 4. Execution of works 5. Use values The questionare and interviews corried out with the construction firms undertaking conservation and restoration had great contribution in deterrriining the problems. As well known, in Turkey the first legislation about the conservation of the historical heritage is the Low of Antiquity (Eski Eserler Kanunu) of no. 1710 established in 1973. And after 10 years, in order to remove short cuts of this low and the hitches in implementation, the Low for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage (Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanunu) of No. 2863 has been established. As a consequence immovable Supreme Board of Ancient Monuments (Gayrimenkul Eski Eserler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu) which was the unique autority responsible for solving the problems about historic preservation under the previous law, was replaced with newly established. Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage Supreme Board. (Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Yüksek Kurulu), and the composition, duties and rights of this board was determined, and its regional branches was established. In spite of these relatively positive legal and organizational phases, a closer and detailed examination, unfortunately, will show that the general trend was not towards "conservation" but rather towards "renovations". Above all, the heavily bureaucratic proceedings in establishing boords for conservation of cultural and natural objects which takes important decisions and has the autority registering and scheduling -viii- immovable objects to be preserved and canceling registration as a result of the pressures either directly from the ministry or from the political parties when rewiewing inventories. With the low of No. 2863 the autority on making inventories preserving and controlling the immovable objects in need of conservation, except those which are owned by municipalities and pious foundations (Vakıf) which has been given to the ministry of Culture. However in addition to the fact that Ministry of Culture with its existing Limited Staff budget and tecnical possibilities can hardly conserve and control the cultural heritage. Also, there are such situations that some pious foundations and other establisment about this matter which are responsible for registering, documenting and conservation of mentioned objects. After the Ministry of Culture is tecnically and financialy reorganized can be responsible for conservation. In spite of the precautions with legislation for conservation weak public support accelaretes the lass of the cultural heritage. Conservation could be realized by organazing a campaign public consciousness for the matter. In the other hand unconcious local autorities who also have rights to control the conservation works could be influenced public conciousness. Architectural conservation needs documentation and scientific research in regard to the historical importance of the object. In this producedure, the first stage is to exemine the imperative such as legislotions and regulations, and to specify die group values and intervention degrees. Simultonesuly, such as historical, tecnical and asthetic researches and excavations, the analysis of subject in regard to conservation principles, and determining the cooperation of an interdiciplinary team (Figure 1). The works of firms in the phose of resourch. 10-. 8- a T: Tecnichal T: Aesthetic T: Historical H:Non A: The resourch are made by administration T.E.T.' T.t H [_J Execution of private possesion Execution of public possesion Figure 1. -IX- After defining the cultural identity of the object mesured drawings and restoration proposals are to be prepared. In this phase measured drawing state of conservation of the object, reconstitution drawings showing orginal forms and restoration project to define the interventions are to be prepared. Unfortunataly, inadequacy or absence of research causes restorations of poor quality. Beside inadequately defined items and statements in general principles of No. 14 established in 1988 and drafted for conservation and determining intervention degrees and classification criteria in implementation have brought hitches in pratice. In this phase, the insufficient conservation boards, causes the approval projects in longer periods and the political pressure on the conservation boords are the other negative factors. The mentioned Principle Decision (îlke Karan) which gives unsufficiant results in implementation, includes all buildings, deter, determines intervention degrees about general classification had been reviewed and Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritages Supreme Boord has adapted a new Principle Decision of No. 378, at 28 th. February 1995. Another matter to be focused on in conservation is the use of appropriate materials to match the traditional building materials and original construction techniques. Thus both should ba conserved in architectural conservation. Generaly major traditional building materials are wood, stone, brick, mortar and the materials such as glass, metal, plaster, glozed tiles are suplementary. Today following the contemporary development in building materials market reduced the usage of the traditional ones. Therefore, it is difficult to provide traditional building materials. In addition, the criteria for how the new materials to be used in new parts santiary installation, insulation and point work will be applied in conservation work or in their mechanical and pyscial properties how they will adapt to the traditional materials have not been determined. The determined ones have not been sperated to. Also in this subject must be particularly emphasized the ineffectiveness of the publications in the field about intervention for strengthening and conserving materials. On the other hand, the ministries concerning the production and consumption of the materials, research centers, public offices, design offices, manufactures, executers and users -all have determining effects on sellection off materials. The cretarias are shown at figure 2. which are used to choice materials by the construction firms undertaking conservation and restoratin. Consequently, it is necessary to cease theoretical lewel of studies carried out by reseaurch centres and more pratical work to support restoration executions should be encouraged and this the effect of these works must be seen in standarts and las. It is also necessary not to leave the control over executions of decision taken by conservation boards only to controller. One of the solution of this problem can be giving the right of controlling applications to the Laboratory of Restorasion and Conservation Centre in Istanbul unde Ministery of Culture, which has the right to analyse the materials and to specify execution method and tecnique. Specifications for unit price list, cost analyses which are the main documant in public executions are insufficient. Because, this documents does not indude the new conservation and cleaning tecniques and are also insufficient in regard to the current.-X- prices. According to results of the guestionare, the contractors emphasize the unit price list are not satisfoctory (Figure 3). The criteria of selection materials. 101 8-- 6 ?- U ?? =n=ri - Q.GKY QK.Y. YD. D: Experience G: Feedback K: Necessity of uses Y: Buildings' features Q Execution of private possesion Execution of public possesion Figure 2. Unit price list qualification 4- Lj Execution of private possesion Execution of public possesion YES NO Figure 3. -XI- Another factor determining the selection of materials is the consciousness of the historic building owners. Normaly the owner's opinion can be taken in selecting the materials and designing, but they often prapase, even impose inconvenient materials. In this point, the convincing attempts and knowledge of die architect about the matter gains importance. The architect must have at least general knowledge about the conservation of traditional building materials and selecting apropriate repair materials. In this contex, it is the responsibility of the educational institutions to educate the autorities. Involved in architectural conservation. The final point in conservation is execution phose in Turkey unfortunately concervation and restorations are employed to unspecialized contractors with (A) group contractor licence, at high ratio of price cutting under the State Transference Law of No.2886 (Devlet İhale Kanunu) Thus conservation and restoration works in Turkey are usually of poor quality as executied in short time and at lower costs, without depending to any prior resourch, and hence degrading the historical value of the old building. Another important point is that "Unit Prices the Conservation and Restoration of Ancient Works" (Eski Eser Birim Fiyatları.) issued each year depending on the increase rate due to inflation declared by Ministry of Public Works. Already few qualified contractors, personnel and masters specialized in conservation and restoration shift to easier and more profitable works. Restoration works involve special techniques and workmanship of high quality and the materials selected at the project phase have not been applied in accordonce with execution principles, the work loses its meaning. In this point, it is necessory to introduce new conservation and restoration tecniques, fallowing the examples of execution equipment, materials and methods used in Europe and U.S. A. At execution stage, efficiency of the control mechanism is important especially for materials and practice. In Turkey the rules determined for this purpose are inderquate Result of the questionare is shown on the figure 4 about this subject. The activity of control mechanism io-- I I Execution of private possesion Hi Execution of public possesion YES NO Figure 4. -xii- 130 Also, in order to conserve buildings it is advisible to have extended uses for them, as much as possible with minimum intervention. However, in adopted uses the function is determined in order to preserve the building, therefore the new function will not degrade the historic building, more preferably it should be reversible. ( Figure 5. ) The eveluation of the new function given to the monuments. 10" a-. &?. 4.. The monuments which continue to to the old function Figure 5. iza YES NO. SrTIMES Before embarking to restoration, decisions taken for new function must be taken into account from the planning phase. Conservation boards have rights to decide and approve about the appropriatness of the new function allocated to the historic building. Against difficulty in controlling the execution of works, methodic approach for intervening ancient buildings should be standardized. As a result, it may be stated that the number of restorations of hich quality will be increased by evaluating the current legislation and acts and by mens of convincing the people and local autorities in the importance of historic preservation. In addition to the efforts for being conscious and making consciouss of the matter, methodic conservation and restoration reorganisation of the allocations for conservation and controlled executions will somehow hinder the ongoing loss of cultural property.