Fpga Tabanlı Şifreli Kablosuz Haberleşme Sistemi
Fpga Tabanlı Şifreli Kablosuz Haberleşme Sistemi
Dosyalar
Tarih
2014-02-18
Yazarlar
Az, Ilgaz
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
Özet
Önerilen sistemde, iki farklı noktada bulunan kullanıcılar arasında şifreli mesaj, resim ve ses verisi gönderip alabilen düşük güçlü ve maliyet-etkin FPGA tabanlı kablosuz haberleşme sistemi tasarımı yapılmıştır. Kullanıcılar, donanım tabanlı sistemleri sayesinde birbirleri arasında ister şifreli ister şifresiz haberleşme kanalı üzerinden veri alış-verişi yapabilmektedir. Şifreli kanal seçimi kullanıcı tarafından arayüz programı yardımıyla yapılabilmektedir. Donanım tabanlı olan sistem, FPGA geliştirme kartı üzerine kurulmuştur. FPGA geliştirme kartı, sistemin ana kontrolcüsü olarak çalışmaktadır. Sistemde kullanılan geliştirme kartı Digilent firmasına ait Nexys-2 modelindeki karttır. Sistemde kablosuz haberleşme, ses örnekleme ve ses çıktısı üretme işlemleri çevresel birim kartlarıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. FPGA geliştirme kartına bağlanabilen çevresel birim kartları, IEEE 802.15.4 kablosuz haberleşme standardını gerçekleme, ses girdisi alma ve ses çıktısı üretme işlevlerini yerine getirmektedir. Mesaj ve resim verileri bilgisayar ortamında C# programlama dili kullanarak oluşturulan arayüz üzerinden girilebilmektedir. Kullanıcı arayüz programı ile FPGA kartı UART seri arayüz protokolü ile haberleşmektedir. Sistemde kullanılan şifreleme algoritması AES-128 simetrik blok şifreleme algoritmasıdır. Algoritmanın hem şifreleme hem de şifre çözme adımları FPGA üzerinde gerçeklenmiştir. Sistemin yazılımsal altyapısı FPGA üzerinde VHDL kullanarak oluşturulmuştur. Şifre ve şifre çözme algoritmaları, kablosuz haberleşme, UART arayüzü, ses örnekleme ve ses çıkış ana kontrol ve alt birim yazılım modülleri VHDL kullanarak oluşturulmuştur. Sistemin yazılımsal tasarımında, sistemi kontrol eden yapılar en küçük işlevsel bloklara kadar ayrılmış ve tasarımlarında alttan-üste (bottom-up) yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Alt birimleri kontrol eden yazılım modülleri tasarlandıktan sonra bu modülleri üst seviyede kontrol edecek yazılım modülleri tasarlanmıştır. Bu sayede, hata ayıklama işlemleri kolaylaştırılmıştır. Sistem testlerinde, standardın verdiği mesafelerde konumlanan iki kullanıcıya donanım birimleri kurulmuş ve donanımlar UART arayüzü üzerinden kullanıcı arayüz programına bağlanmıştır. Bilgisayarda bulunan kullanıcı arayüz programı üzerinden şifreli haberleşme işlevi aktif edilmiş ve mesaj ve resim verileri gönderilip alınmıştır. Aynı zamanda, ses giriş biriminden alınan sayısal ses verisi, karşı kullanıcıya gönderilip ses çıkışı alınmıştır. Bu özelliklerinden ötürü, tüm sistem yakın konumlanan güvenli arayüze sahip haberleşme cihazı şeklinde çalıştığı düşünülebilir. Sistem, iki kullanıcı arasında yarı-zamanlı (half-duplex) yapıda haberleşme arayüzü sağlamaktadır ancak yazılım altyapısında kurulan mimari sayesinde kullanıcılar birbirlerine veri gönderimi yaparken herhangi bir zamansal kısıtları bulunmamaktadır. Kullanıcılar aynı anda veri gönderimi yapsalar dahi, sistem bu verileri kaydedip haberleşme kanalının boş olduğu zamanda verilerin iletimini gerçekleştirmektedir. Sistem, yazılım teknikleri ve mimarisi sayesinde (saat darbesini gerekli zamanlarda aktif etme, aktif olmayan modülleri kapatma vb.) literatürde önerilen diğer sistem tasarımlarına göre görece düşük güç tüketimi değerlerine sahiptir. Kullanılan yazılım teknikleri sayesinde (en küçük işlevsel modüllere ayırma vb.) FPGA üzerinde az sayıda kaynak harcanarak tasarlanmaya çalışılmış ve daha ucuz FPGA yongalarıyla da bu tasarımın gerçeklenmesine çalışılmıştır.
Wireless communication is transmission method that uses electromagnetic waves, which has no physical connection between users. Most widespread used wireless communication systems are television, cellular mobile phones, radios, wireless modems, walkie-talkie and satellites. Given systems transmit or receive electromagnetic waves and render meaningful data. Cryptography is ciphering science. It is used to prevent of using, monitoring and changing data and information. Today, cryptographic algorithms are generally implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and Application-Specific Integrated Circuits for speed, area and power specific application fields. One of the application fields of cryptographic algorithms are wireless communication systems. For wireless communication systems such as cellular phones, sensor networks, low-power consumption will arise as a main concern. So, it becomes important to choose right cryptographic algorithm for low power and low complexity required wireless communication applications. AES-Rijndael algorithm is good choice in terms of simplicity and high security level. In thesis, wireless communication and cryptography topics are integrated in hardware basis. FPGA-based encrypted wireless communication system is designed for establishing secure communication link between distinctly located users. Wireless personal area network (IEEE 802.15.4, WPAN) is preferred which is especially customized for low power applications and AES-Rijndael algorithm is chosen for establishing data security between users. Low power consumption, low cost design and high processing power are main concerns of implementation. To fulfill power consumption issue, WPAN protocol is chosen which designed for low power applications. To fulfill low cost design issue, total resource usage of FPGA tries to be reduced with iterative implementations. To fulfill high processing power issue, it is followed recommended ways of software implementation in terms of parallelism of FPGA. Hardware based system is implemented on FPGA development board. FPGA development board, which is the main controller of the system, is Nexys-2 that is produced and manufacturer by Digilent Inc. Proposed system is able to transmit and receive message, image and audio. Wireless communication, audio sampling/digitizing and audio reconstruction functions are implemented by peripheral boards. Peripheral boards, which can be easily plugged to FPGA development board, are responsible to implement IEEE 802.15.4 wireless communication standard, audio digitizing from microphone unit and audio reconstruction. Message transmission and reception is implemented over UART interface. Proposed system has two software bases, one is FPGA software and other is graphical user interface. FPGA software modules are written with VHDL. Encryption/decryption module, UART interface module, audio controller module, wireless communication controller modules are all implemented with VHDL on FPGA. While designing given controller modules, low cost design and high processing power requirements of system are considered. In software module design, functionality and requirements of whole system is deeply examined. After functionality of system becomes clear, it is divided into functional elementary submodules. Such submodules are responsible to implement minor functions. It is such as wireless, audio peripheral board controlling, UART communication with PC and encryption/decryption process controlling. These submodules are getting together with bottom-up design approach. By bottom-up approach and minor functionality submodule design, high processing power requirement is achieved. Given approaches makes simple and straightforward to describe desired functionality in terms of VHDL statements. Additionally, debugging processes becomes simpler when design has minor submodules. System has graphical user interface to transmit and receive message and image from user’s computer. There are message box that is used to write any type of message and history box that is used to monitor received message. There is selection box for image data. Any type of image can be selected from computer. User can also select to enable/disable encryption process and microphone module from GUI. GUI establishes communication link over UART interface between computer and FPGA. It is written with C# language. System is able to transmit and receive different data types such as message, image and audio. To classify such data, data packaging protocol is implemented. Every data package has header, length of data, data and footer bytes. Thus, data types can be separated and related channeling can be provided. Message and image data can be routed to UART interface and audio data can be routed to peripheral board. Encryption algorithm of system is symmetric-key block cipher AES-128 algorithm. Mathematical complexity of AES is suitable to implement it in hardware basis. Additionally, security level of AES is high because of consisting non-linear transformations and using long key length. Algorithmic flow of AES includes; key addition, substitution of bytes, shifting rows of bytes, mixing columns of bytes. Given operations are iteratively applied on input data for several turns according to key length. AES encryption and decryption processes are purely implemented on FPGA by using VHDL. The communication link style of system is point-to-point. There are two user in system and they can communicate directly each other. Nature of WPAN link is half-duplex, one should listen when other transmits. However, software implementation of system let the users not to care about transmission time slot. Before transmission, data are buffered and if the link is idle, data is transmitted. Otherwise, system waits the link to become idle. So, system automatically listens the line and transmit data when it is idle. In literature, cryptographic algorithm and wireless communication implementations on hardware are deeply studied. Most of studies are based on either algorithmic or wireless communication implementations. In our study, two topics are integrated and implemented. In addition, low power and low cost design approaches take into account in design phase. Our system gives relatively good results compared to other systems. There are also some COTS products, which are communicating over GSM and 3G band. These devices are encrypted mobile phones. They are able to be used as usual mobile phone, but they are also capable to send message and voice after encrypted. The main purpose of the system is to close the gap and be an alternative between encrypted wireless sensor networks and encrypted mobile phones. For future works, it is planned to be communicated more users in designed system’s network. Also, security level will be improved changing AES-128 to AES-256. Coverage area will be increased by changing wireless communication protocol.
Wireless communication is transmission method that uses electromagnetic waves, which has no physical connection between users. Most widespread used wireless communication systems are television, cellular mobile phones, radios, wireless modems, walkie-talkie and satellites. Given systems transmit or receive electromagnetic waves and render meaningful data. Cryptography is ciphering science. It is used to prevent of using, monitoring and changing data and information. Today, cryptographic algorithms are generally implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) and Application-Specific Integrated Circuits for speed, area and power specific application fields. One of the application fields of cryptographic algorithms are wireless communication systems. For wireless communication systems such as cellular phones, sensor networks, low-power consumption will arise as a main concern. So, it becomes important to choose right cryptographic algorithm for low power and low complexity required wireless communication applications. AES-Rijndael algorithm is good choice in terms of simplicity and high security level. In thesis, wireless communication and cryptography topics are integrated in hardware basis. FPGA-based encrypted wireless communication system is designed for establishing secure communication link between distinctly located users. Wireless personal area network (IEEE 802.15.4, WPAN) is preferred which is especially customized for low power applications and AES-Rijndael algorithm is chosen for establishing data security between users. Low power consumption, low cost design and high processing power are main concerns of implementation. To fulfill power consumption issue, WPAN protocol is chosen which designed for low power applications. To fulfill low cost design issue, total resource usage of FPGA tries to be reduced with iterative implementations. To fulfill high processing power issue, it is followed recommended ways of software implementation in terms of parallelism of FPGA. Hardware based system is implemented on FPGA development board. FPGA development board, which is the main controller of the system, is Nexys-2 that is produced and manufacturer by Digilent Inc. Proposed system is able to transmit and receive message, image and audio. Wireless communication, audio sampling/digitizing and audio reconstruction functions are implemented by peripheral boards. Peripheral boards, which can be easily plugged to FPGA development board, are responsible to implement IEEE 802.15.4 wireless communication standard, audio digitizing from microphone unit and audio reconstruction. Message transmission and reception is implemented over UART interface. Proposed system has two software bases, one is FPGA software and other is graphical user interface. FPGA software modules are written with VHDL. Encryption/decryption module, UART interface module, audio controller module, wireless communication controller modules are all implemented with VHDL on FPGA. While designing given controller modules, low cost design and high processing power requirements of system are considered. In software module design, functionality and requirements of whole system is deeply examined. After functionality of system becomes clear, it is divided into functional elementary submodules. Such submodules are responsible to implement minor functions. It is such as wireless, audio peripheral board controlling, UART communication with PC and encryption/decryption process controlling. These submodules are getting together with bottom-up design approach. By bottom-up approach and minor functionality submodule design, high processing power requirement is achieved. Given approaches makes simple and straightforward to describe desired functionality in terms of VHDL statements. Additionally, debugging processes becomes simpler when design has minor submodules. System has graphical user interface to transmit and receive message and image from user’s computer. There are message box that is used to write any type of message and history box that is used to monitor received message. There is selection box for image data. Any type of image can be selected from computer. User can also select to enable/disable encryption process and microphone module from GUI. GUI establishes communication link over UART interface between computer and FPGA. It is written with C# language. System is able to transmit and receive different data types such as message, image and audio. To classify such data, data packaging protocol is implemented. Every data package has header, length of data, data and footer bytes. Thus, data types can be separated and related channeling can be provided. Message and image data can be routed to UART interface and audio data can be routed to peripheral board. Encryption algorithm of system is symmetric-key block cipher AES-128 algorithm. Mathematical complexity of AES is suitable to implement it in hardware basis. Additionally, security level of AES is high because of consisting non-linear transformations and using long key length. Algorithmic flow of AES includes; key addition, substitution of bytes, shifting rows of bytes, mixing columns of bytes. Given operations are iteratively applied on input data for several turns according to key length. AES encryption and decryption processes are purely implemented on FPGA by using VHDL. The communication link style of system is point-to-point. There are two user in system and they can communicate directly each other. Nature of WPAN link is half-duplex, one should listen when other transmits. However, software implementation of system let the users not to care about transmission time slot. Before transmission, data are buffered and if the link is idle, data is transmitted. Otherwise, system waits the link to become idle. So, system automatically listens the line and transmit data when it is idle. In literature, cryptographic algorithm and wireless communication implementations on hardware are deeply studied. Most of studies are based on either algorithmic or wireless communication implementations. In our study, two topics are integrated and implemented. In addition, low power and low cost design approaches take into account in design phase. Our system gives relatively good results compared to other systems. There are also some COTS products, which are communicating over GSM and 3G band. These devices are encrypted mobile phones. They are able to be used as usual mobile phone, but they are also capable to send message and voice after encrypted. The main purpose of the system is to close the gap and be an alternative between encrypted wireless sensor networks and encrypted mobile phones. For future works, it is planned to be communicated more users in designed system’s network. Also, security level will be improved changing AES-128 to AES-256. Coverage area will be increased by changing wireless communication protocol.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2014
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2014
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2014
Anahtar kelimeler
FPGA,
Şifreleme,
Kablosuz Haberleşme,
AES,
FPGA,
Encryption,
Wireless Communication,
AES