Anadolu Selçuklu kapalı medreseleri ve kubbe-havuz ilişkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Anadolu Selçuklu Kapalı Medreseleri tüm özellikleri ile ele alınmaya çalışılmış, ancak ağırlıklı olarak kubbe-havuz ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Konunun seçilme nedenleri, kapsamı, yapılan araştırmalar ve çalışmada izlenen yöntem birinci bölümde yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde, kubbealtı havuz geleneği araştırılmakta, üçüncü bölümde ise, kapalı medreselerin kökeni incelenmekte ve ilk kapalı medreselerin tanımı yapılmaktadır. Anadolu Selçuklu Kapalı Medreseleri' nin inşa edildikleri dönem de, siyasal, sosyal, sanat ve bilim ortamları ile eğitim sisteminin ele alındığı bölüm dördüncü bölümdür. Beşinci bölümde, Anadolu Selçuklu Kapalı Medreseleri tek tek-, de taylı olarak ele alınmaya çalışılmış, havuzlarının varlığı ve kubbe ile ilişkileri araştırılmıştır.Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti eseri olmamakla birlikte,aynı zaman diliminde yapılmasından ötürü Divriği Turan Melik Şif ananesi de bu bölümde incelenmiştir. Anadolu Selçuklu Kapalı Medreseleri ' nde, kubbe-havuz ilişkisinin pragmatik ve simgesel anlamları üzerine yorumların bulunduğu, bunun yanısıra tek tek incelenirlerken, bugüne kadar bilinen bazı. özelliklerinin yeniden değerlendirildiği bölüm sonuncu bölümdür.

In this study, Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas are examined in detail and emphasis is given t o the dare-basin relation. The study consists of five sections. In tne first section, the reason of choosing this subject, its content, researches and method used in the study are mentioned. Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas, their origins, development and their effects on the organization of central space in "Ottoman Classical Architecture" are features of the study. The basin is also used in creating' the central space. The main objective of the studies on Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas is to question the existence of the basin, which is covered in some madrasas due to its narrowing effect on the space, and its relation with the dome in regards of the pragmatic and symbolic meanings it contains. Besides this, a full information currently available about the madrasas will be compiled and presented accordingly. The study has been started with a source research and then all the Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas are examined on spot. In the second section, the tradition of under-dome basins is examined. The origin of the dome-basin relation is considered to be Asia. The dome-basin relation witnessed in the Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas can also be seen in the early Dttornan mosques. In these units the basins are also just under the opening of the dome. Some of the basins are in the shapeofa' şadırvan (fountain for ablutions). The Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas are the main determinants of the process of an Asiatic tradition which reaches even to the masterpieces of Ottoman Classical Architecture. In the third section, the origin of the covered madrasas is examined and description of the first covered madrasas is given. Madrasas are considered as a wholly Turkish educational institutions and' claimed to be raised during the period of Sultan : Mahmud of.Ghazna': to develop Sunni belief against the Shiism. However, -xiv-Islamic writers usually accept Nizam Ül-mülk, the famous vezir af Seljuk sultans like Alpaslan and Melikshah, as the founder of madrasas. None of the famous Nizamiye madrasas survived today. It has also been assumed that madrasa architecture has connections with house architecture. Türkistan is accepted as the origin of the covered madrasas. The first known covered madrasas until the period when Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas are begun to be seen aretheBosra Gümüştekin, the Niksar Yağıbasan and the Ibkat Çukur Madrasas.The Basra Gümüştekin Madrasa which has a quite balanced plan and which is the first known covered madrasa, has not been repeated in Syria again but similar units are seen in Anatolia. The first covered madrasas in Anatolia are Nizamettin Yağıbasan Madrasas.The Tokat Çukur Madrasa and the Niksar Yağıbasan Madrasa which are works of Danishments are claimed to be planned and built by the same architect- in very close dates. The fourth section contains information about political, social, artistic, and scientific events during the period when the Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas are built. The time vten the Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas are built covers a period of_ 68 years -From 1210 vten tine Afyon Boyalıköy Madrasa _ which survives today as the first covered madrasa built, to 1278 when the last madrasa, Afyon Çay Madrasa is built. This period also covers the development and falling periods of the itetolian ?.Sel juk State. The period of Alaeddin Keykubad (1219-1236) is considered as the golden age of Anatolian Seljuks.As a result of the "Kösedağ Battle" which took place in 1243 they became a satellite state of Mongolians. It is proved that people from various cultures used to live in Anatolian in the 13th century. This resulted a tolerant attitude between the people. In this period, sufism was one of the features that formed the Anatolian society life. In that century, there was an. extensive construction activity. in Anatolia, therefore many artists from different cultures have arrived in Anatolia and created an artistic cycle. Islamic science, which lived its golden age in the 9th and 11th centuries, collapsed in the 13th century. It can be assumed that in this period, information gathered until then is used. The science language at that time was Arabic which is assumed from the works produced in Arabic during this period. -xv-Religious sciences as well as positive sciences were taught at the Anatolian Madrasas. They had approximately 40 students. There is no exact" information about the subjects of education. In the fifth section, Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas are examined one by one uith their special features in detail. The first covered madrasa to be built is believed to be the Afyon Sincanlı Boyalıköy Madrasa built in 1210. Due to its layout plan it is assumed that it has a khankah feature. Although it is almost completely ruined, it has been proved that this place certainly had a dome and it is also believed that it had a basin which is covered later an. The İsparta Atabey Ertokuş Madrasa was built in 1224. Its layout plan shows differences with the other Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas. Many materials collected from different places have been used in its construction. It is first in this madrasa that the ttirbeh is included in the structure. Its basin just under the dame is interesting due to < its water canals', It has been asserted that the water has been taken from its source and passed through this basin to Islamköy. The date of the construction of the Ifcnya Ali Gav Madrasa is unknown. Although it has been claimed that it belonged to the Emirates period there are no proofs and therefore it keeps the possibility that it has been built by Seljuks. It is possible that it was a covered madrasa and its basin is gradually covered. There are findings that prove it was a covered madrasa with a basin. The Rai^a Karatay Madrasa was built in 1251. It can be asserted that positive sciences and medical courses were held in its curriculum. It has a balanced layout plan. There is a basin just under the dome opening. The water canal and the tray of the water-jet by the basin, may have symbolic meanings. The experts describe the dome tiles as extraordinary. The Rx^a İnce Minareli Madrasa was built in 1260-1264 for study of Hadis science. It has a symmetric plan. There is a basin just under the dome opening. -xvi-Built in 1272,the Kırşehir Cac a bey Madrasa was assumed as an observatory. There was a well found just under the dome openning. When the building was converted into a mosque/it was closed. The last covered madrasa, namely the Afyon Çay Madrasa, was built in 1278. There are findings that suggest positive sciences were taught in that madrasa. Its plan is quite balanced. The basin built just under the dome has been closed when the building was converted into a mosque. The Mengücükogulları built the Divriği Hospital in 1228-1229 and this shall be included in this study since it is contemporary with Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas. It is not covered with a dame but with a vault construction. Hovewer, the tep of the vault covering the middle space is open and there is also a basin just under that.The portal of the hospital is accepted as a masterpiece and it has connotations with the* Gothic style. It has been concluded that the dome-basin relation in the Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas keeps the pragmatic and symbolic meanings together as a feature of the Turkish architecture. Besides, new interpretations are brought forward for some features of the mentioned madrasas. Findings collected during the observation of the madrasas may be summarized as below: 1-Ths Afyon -Sincanlı Boyalıköy Madrasa has the features of khankah due to its position. 2 -In the Isparta-Atabey Ertokuş Madrasa, due to architectural features, the madrasa has been added to the turbeh not the ttirbeh to the madrasa. 3-a) It is clear from the waqfiyah- that there was a fountain in the Kbnya, Karatay Madrasa. b) The resemblance of the tray near its basin to the marble basin situated in the iwan of the Kalavun Maris tan in Cairo is--- striking. c) The top of the dome of the" turbeh was planned as open but it has been covered later on. This may indicate that it had another function before it was used as a türbeh. -xvii-k- Tracks of the well suggest that i±e Kırşehir Cacabey Madrasa was used as an observatory. However, there are no traces or proofs showing that astronomical studies have been made there, but ^library is mentioned in the waqfiyah.. 5- It is presumed that the dome of the space suggested as a "mescid"in-tte Afyon Çay Madrasa has been planned as open and it was covered later on. The reason of this construction may be discussed due that the niche which was considered as the mihrab until now is actually a furnace. Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas has brought the dome which is an ancient Asiatic structural symbol into the Ottoman architecture and the dome has become a stylistic feature. Dome opening and basin, connection seen in Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas and early Ottoman mosques has not been repeated afterwards. This leads to a conclusion that when the contact of the middle space is broken with the outside by way of cells, the light and air were provided from the dome opening. However, sirh a procedure would not be- important at >._the domes which have- direct relations to the outside. Domes which determine, the central space in the Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas, are also the dominant feature in the Ottoman architecture. Therefore, the Anatolian Seljuk Covered Madrasas can be considered as reference structures in examination of the domed central space organization in the Ottrnan Architecture.