Kastamonu Yakup Ağa Külliyesinde Medrese Ve Sıbyan Mektebi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Kastamonu Yakup ağa Külliyesi içinde yer alan I. ve II. Medrese ile sıbyan mektebi; kent mimarisi içindeki yerleri, kentin tarihinin ve coğrafi yapısının oluşumlarındaki etkileri göz önüne alınarak incelenmişlerdir. Bu incelemelere dayanarak yapılar için restitüsyon ve restorasyon projeleri hazırlanmış, korunmaları ile ilgili olarak önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bölüm 1'de Kastamonu kentinin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi içerisindeki yeri belirtilmiş; Yakup Ağa Külliyesi’nin Kastamonu kentinin gelişimi açısından önemi anlatılmış, çalışmanın hedefleri ortaya konmuştur.Bölüm 2'de Kastamonu ilinin konumu, fiziksel yapısı ve tarihçesi tanıtılmıştır.Bölüm 3 'de Yakup Ağa Külliyesi'nin genel yerleşme şeması anlatılmış,yaptıranlardan bahsedilerek tarihçesine değinilmiştir. Bölüm 4'de Külliye yapılarının plan ve cephe özellikleri, yapım tekniği ve incelenerek, iç ve dış nedenlerden kaynaklanan bozulmalardan bahsedilmiştir.Bölüm 5'te yapı tipleri olarak medrese ve sıbyan mekteplerinin doğuşu ve gelişimi ile tipolojileri hakkındaki bilgiler derlenerek, buradan yola çıkarak iki medrese ve sıbyan mektebi çağdaşları ile karşılaştırmıştır. Bölüm 6'da önceki bölümlerde yapılan çalışmalara göre restitüsyon yapılmıştır. Bölüm 7'de çevreye ve yapının durumuna uygun müdahalelere ve kentin sosyal yapısına uygun işlevlere dayanarak restorasyon projesi hazırlanmıştır. Bölüm 8'de yapıların korunumuna ilişkin öneriler sunulmuştur.

In this study three educational buildings within the Yakup Ağa Complex in Kastamonu are studied. After a full investigation and architectural survey the two madrasas and the primary school the restitution drawings and the restoration proposals are prepared. This study comprises eight chapters. In Chapter1, Introduction; the impotance of the Yakup Ağa Complex in the development of Kastamonu is outlined. The position of the complex within the city and the scope and the aim of the study are defined. The Frst and the Second Madrasas are studied because they haven’t been seriously repaired in the recent centuries and have been going ruined day by day by the internel and externel effects. In Chapter 2 The Physical Properties and the History of Kastamonu; some information is given about the location, the geographic structure and the history of Kastamonu. It is clear that the location and the geographic structure of city’s growth. Kastamonu is situated on a rough area formed by the north Anatolia mauntains and is also in the basin of the Kızılırmak and Karadeniz. The city center has been developing within the valey formed by Kastamonu Suyu, which is located between two hills with important buildings on them; the clock tower on the hill Srayüstü on the east side and the hill of castle on the west side. Since the first settlements many battles, rivolts, and political disorders took place in the city. In Chapter 3 The History of the Yakup Ağa Complex and the Buildings within it; the Yakup Ağa Complex is important for Kastamonu because it consists of two madrasas, a primary school, and a pubic kitchen (Drw. 001). The complex had been built in two periods: According to the inscription on the door of the mosque, The mosque had been repaired in 1457, so it can be derivedthat it had been built earlier than 1457.. According to its devotions, Halimi Çelebi (the teacher of Yavuz Sultan Selim) had the first madrasa, primary school and the mosque built. In 1454 while the mosque had been being repaired the 2nd. Madrasa and the public kitchen were added by Yakup Ağa (not clear which Yakup Ağa) to the building group to form the complex. The function of 2nd. Madrasa is not clarified by the written reports, it might also be a guest house for the public kitchen.In Chapter 4 The Descriptions of the Yakup Ağa Complex and the Buildings within it; the complex and the buildings within it are studied individually producing detailed descriptions of architectural features. The condition of the supporting structure is surveyed in detail. All structural elements such as foundations, walls, columns, transition elements, domes- vaults ...etc. are studied in dfetail.The characteristics of architectural elements such as doors and windows, fire places and chimneys are explained. The decay mecanism acting upon the buildings; their rates and causes are explained. Because of the topographic structure the buildings within the complex are located in disorder.The mosque has a square plan and transtition elements to the dame are squinches. The public kitchen is located in north-west part of the complex, it has L plan, 6 rooms with domes and a revak with seven domes.The First Madrasa has L plan with 8 rooms with barrel vaults. There are six rooms on its long part along east-west destination and two rooms on the other.The Second Madrasa has I plan with four rooms with domes and a revak with six domes.The primary school has two classes; one is closed and has a dome and the other is open. In Chapter 5 Definitions of Madrasa and Primary School, the Properties of Buildings of XII. Century, and Comparing the Buildings with their Contemporary and Resembles. The comperative studies were made about Ottoman Madrasas and primary schools. The historical development of madrasas and primary schools were inwestigated. The madrasas and the primary school in Yakup Ağa Complex were compered with other Ottoman madrasas and primary schools of 16th. century. In Chapter 6 Reconstitution; reconstitution drawings are introduced. These rely on the historical evidence and comperative studies. Some of the destroyed parts are reconstituted according to drawings, insignifificent transformations on additions are removed. In Chapter 7, Restoration of Buildings and Environmental Arrangements; the proposals for restoration are presented. The physical to the buildings and problems related to reuse are discussed. In Chapter 8, Conclution and Proposals; this chapter contains conclutions and proposals for future maintenance and conservation.Today the three buildings are ruined. The conservation of historic buildings shouldn’t be thought only as phisical repairements, unused buildings start to decay after a period because because of not having continious maintenance. First of all the buildings should be repaired, then some functions about weaving the culturel chracteristic of the region can be settled in the two madrasas such as exhibition, classes, selling departments. As the primary school is a bit far from them it should be have a different function such as book shop where meetings about books are held. The principle of the restoration should be to repair the buildings with minimum cleaning, conservation and renovation. First madrasa hasn’t been changed a lot but the wooden revak has been completely disappeared, only their traces are held on the old photos so the revak is reconstructed. Second madrasa hasn’t been changed a lot, but the domes of one of the rooms and two of the revak has been fallen down, they are renovated, little holes on the domes are repaired. The fire places and chimneys are reconstructed. The stone constructions arround doors and windows and iron fences are renovated. The primary school; the north-west wall had been cut off passing through the open class in 1925 to build the road. That wall is completed. Inside of the windows are cleaned, the stone constructions arround doors and windows and iron fences are renovated