İnşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik yönetimi
İnşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik yönetimi
Dosyalar
Tarih
2002
Yazarlar
Akkoyun, Işılay
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Özet
Dünyamız yüzyıllar boyunca pek çok önemli değişim ile karşılaşmıştır. 21. yy. 'da endüstri devrimi, enformasyon devrimi gibi çok önemli iki değişimi aynı yüzyılda yaşamıştır. Değişim kavramı 90'larm sonundan beri daha fazla etkili olmaya başlamıştır. Bu değişimin kaynağı yeni teknolojilerin sonunda dünyayı taşıdığı yeni enformasyon çağıdır. Enformasyon ve bilgi kavramları tüm iş aktivitelerinde en önemli kaynak haline gelmiştir. Ekonomik ve iş ile ilgili öncelikler taktiksel ve kısa dönemlilikten uzun dönemli ve stratejik olmaya doğru evrimleşmiştir. Pek çok sektörde ve yaygın olarak, enformasyon teknolojilerinin gelişmesi enformasyon devrimi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Diğer sektörlerde enformasyon teknolojileri ile değişime bu kadar önem verilirken inşaat endüstrisinin de etkilenmesi kaçınılmaz olmuştur. înşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojileri endüstri yapısında önemli etkiler yaramıştır. Fakat bu etkiler, diğer sektörlerle kıyaslandığında enformasyon teknolojilerinin kullanımında stratejik yönetimin prensiplerinin uygulanmamasından dolayı ertelenmiştir. înşaat sektörü yeni teknolojilerin difüzyonunda ve teknolojik değişimlerin adaptasyonunda, geleneksel, kendi sürecini geliştirmeye pek az katkı yapan bir sektör olarak görülmüş ve bu durumdan sektörün doğası sorumlu tutulmuştur. Fakat bunun yanında endüstride değişimi zorlayan pek çok unsur vardır. Enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik unsurlar olarak ele alınması ihtiyacı, enformasyon teknolojileri düşüncesindeki değişimlerle bir arada ele alınmalıdır. Çünkü enformasyon teknolojileri inşaat sektöründeki pek çok uygulamayı desteklemektedir. Modern iş dünyasında enformasyon teknolojileri, bilgi işlemedeki destek teknolojisi özelliğinden dolayı stratejik önem kazanmaktadır. İnşaat sektöründe E.T.'nin kullanımı hem organizasyon stratejileri hem de enformasyon teknolojisi stratejileri anlamında modellerin, kuralların ve tekniklerin tanımlanmasını gerektirmektedir. Teknoloji, inşaat endüstrisinin en önemli sorunlarından birisi olan entegrasyon problemini çözdüğü için anahtar bir unsurdur. Enformasyon teknolojilerindeki köklü değişimler, organizasyonların tüm faaliyet alanlarında ve iş süreçlerinde uygulanmaktadır. İnşaat işi kavramı da şimdilerde daha dinamik bir içeriğe kavuşmaktadır. Tüm inşaat organizasyonları iş süreçlerini ve işi ele alış biçimlerini tekrar düşünmek zorundadırlar. Teknoloji, rekabet avantajı ve pazar değişimleri gibi pek çok unsur yeni stratejik cevaplar oluşturulmasını gerektirmektedir. İnşaat aktivitesinin doğası ve çalışılan değişken çevre koşulları düşünüldüğünde stratejik yönetimin uzun zamandan beri, en azından var olmak için kullanıldığı düşünülebilir. Artan iş hedefleri rekabet avantajı, teknoloji strateji gibi kavramlarla yakından ilişkilidir. Rekabet avantajı elde etmenin pek çok yolu vardır ve özellikle inşaat endüstrisinde enformasyon teknolojileri, organizasyonel seviyede tüm bu yollan destekleyen bir unsurdur. İnşaat endüstrisindeki stratejik yönetimin uygulamaları, diğer sektörlerdeki gibi yaygın ve kurallı değildir. İnşaat endüstrisinde enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik yönetimi ile ilgili metot ve teknikler, diğer endüstrilerde kullanılan pratiklerden türetilebilir. Organizasyonlar yeni iş dünyasının stratejilerini anlayabilmek için, modern enformasyon teknolojisi stratejileri geliştirmelidirler. Bu durum yeni iş dünyasının rekabetçi ortamı ile birleştiğinde inşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojileri daha etkin hale gelecektir. Bu bağlamda bu tez çalışmasının amaçlan inşaat sektöründe stratejik yönetim yaklaşımları ile enformasyon teknolojisi stratejisi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek, tanımlanan değişim, entegrasyon sorunlarına önemli bir cevap olan enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik planlaması için inşaat organizasyonunun kontrol etmesi gereken hususlar ve tez genelinde açıklanacak olan planlama modellerinin hangi aşamalarda kullanılabileceğini belirlemeye yönelik olarak bir araştırma yapmaktır. Çalışma kapsamında birinci bölümde, çalışmanın arka planı, problemin kaynakları üzerinde durulmuş; problemin tanımı yapılarak araştırmanın amacı ortaya konmuştur. İkinci bölümde teknoloji kavramı ve teknolojinin, yönetim ve organizasyon kavramlarına etkileri ve genel olarak Enformasyon Teknolojileri açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, inşaat sektöründeki mevcut stratejik yönetim, yaklaşım ve metotları enformasyon teknolojileri ile birlikte ele alınarak enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik planlama ve yönetim tekniklerinin iş stratejilerinde nasıl yer bulduğu açıklanmıştır. Daha fazla önem verilmesi gereken stratejik alanlar belirtilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde inşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojileri incelenmiş kavramsal ve nesnel boyutta enformasyon teknolojilerinin bileşenleri, kullanımları ve özelikleri ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik öneminin kapsamı açıklanmıştır ve inşaat sektöründeki enformasyon teknolojileri uygulamaları, süreç ile entegre stratejik bir bakış açısı ile açıklanmıştır. Bu bölümde sektördeki enformasyon teknolojisi uygulamalarının stratejilerle desteklenmeyen operasyonel, teknolojik önceliklerle gerçekleşmesinin; uzun dönemde stratejik fayda sağlamayacağı belirtilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde genel olarak, enformasyon teknolojilerinin organizasyonel dönüşüm, inşaat sürecinin yeniden yapılandırılması ile ilgili stratejik modeller ile enformasyon teknolojisi ve sistemleri stratejisi planlama yöntemlerine ilişkin modeller açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra enformasyon teknolojilerinin pratikteki uygulaması ile ilgili prensipler ele alınmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik planlamasına karar veren bir inşaat organizasyonunun incelenen modeller ışığında ele alması gereken konular için kontrol parametreleri bütünleşik bir stratejik düzey yaklaşımının parçası olarak önerilmiştir. İnşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojilerine olan ihtiyaç, teknolojik gelişmelerin öncülüğünde kalite ve süre taleplerinin arttırmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Enformasyon teknolojileri endüstrideki entegrasyon, inşaat süreci, stratejiler arasında bütünleştirici bir rol almalıdır. Bu hususlar akılda tutularak bu tez çalışmasında inşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojilerinin stratejik rolü ile ilgili olarak teknolojinin kavramsal yönleri de analiz edilmiştir ve stratejik yönetim prensipleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Tez çalışmasında enformasyon teknolojileri ile ilgili fırsatlara ilişkin kapsam tanımlanmış ve strateji formülasyonunda kullanılabilecek modeller açıklanarak, inşaat sektöründe kullanılan mevcut enformasyon teknolojileri sınıflandırılmıştır. İnşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojilerinin ayrık süreçleri koordine etmede sunduğu fırsatlar iyi anlaşılmalıdır. İnşaat sektöründe enformasyon teknolojileri, taktiksel teknoloji anlamından, içsel verimliliği arttıracak stratejik teknoloji anlayışına değişerek endüstrinin sınırlarını yeniden tanımlamada stratejik unsurlar olarak kullanılabilir. İnşaat sektöründe etkin enformasyon teknolojisi kullanımı stratejik ve taktiksel gelişmelerin kombinasyonunu gerektirmektedir. Etkin enformasyon teknolojisi kullanımı teknolojik olarak mümkündür fakat kullanımın stratejilerle rasyonalize edilmesi gereklidir.
Our world lived a lot of significant changes during the centuries. But most important and sudden change occurred in 21st century. During this century we have lived industrial revolution, atomic age and finally information revolution one after another. The term change is one of the words that we have begun to hear from various sources in the late 90's. Change and relative word transformation are now leading the world to the new information era. Information is a key source within any business activity. There have been important chances in economic and business planning priorities, the short term and tactical to the long term and strategic. The widespread development of IT in many sector of the economy is commonly described as a technological revolution. Given the magnitude of change associated with the introduction of IT in other sectors, it would not be surprising if the construction industry is also being affected. Impact of IT in construction shows a substantial change in industry structure but this impact has been delayed in comparison to other sector because of the strategic management principles absence. Construction is this often seen as mature or traditional sector which makes only a minor contribution to its own process and product as an obstacle to the introduction and diffusion of technological change and therefore often blamed for the traditional nature of the building sector. At the same time, however, there' re very strong pressures for change in sector. The emergence of the need for IT to be considered strategically has combined with chances in IT thinking. Because, the use of IT is appropriate for many types of application in construction. IT has become of strategic significance in modern business from a position of being a support technology for information processing. Strategic exploitation of IT in construction requires explanation of issues of models, techniques, rules and approaches about strategies of firm and strategies of IT. The use of IT in construction is becoming increasingly, sophisticated. Technological change is a principle and key driver of competition that has a major role in construction because of it's potential for solving integration problems in sector. Fundamental changes in information technology is now being applied to all XII application areas, for a variety of functions and for communication between organizations. The construction context is becoming increasingly dynamic. All construction organizations need to think differently about how they conduct their business. Technology regulations, competitive advantage and market changes are causing new strategic response. Competition is coming from the more unexpected sources and IT is becoming a key competitive resource as a strategic weapon. Given the level of risks involved in construction activities and turbulent environment in which they operate, it might be thought that construction firms would have been undertaking strategic management for a long time, simply to survive. Increasingly, business goals are related to the concepts of competitive advantage, technology and strategy. There are range of weapons available to attain a competitive advantage or strategically advantageous position. IT can support all of them and is a key lever in obtaining competitive advantage at the organizational level. Strategic management is applied in construction at present but not as extensive or formal a way as in other industries. The methods and techniques for construction can be derived from other industries for strategic management of IT in construction. To effectively realize new business strategies as an organization, and to effectively exploit modern IT strategies are required. It is this in combination with the challenging business environment, that brings the "economic imperative of IT in construction." In this regards, this following study intends to research the functionality's of Information Technology in Construction, to reconsider the strategic management and strategic management of IT in technology era and to propose a control parameter list with integrated strategic planning approach for IT strategy of a construction organization at the end. Chapter one, handles the background and definition of the problem, the scope and boundaries of research. In chapter two, effects of technological chance to organizations and management is determined and also the strategic role of IT in modern business thinking is introduced by explaining the change and integration problems towards the technological changes. In chapter three, strategic concepts, models and approaches are reviewed and process analysis and principles of strategic management are defined and shown why they are important for IT strategy formulation. In this chapter the strategic areas that must have more attention are focused on. This chapter is explained also the importance of business process analysis and redesign in allowing strategic use of IT. In chapter four, Information Technologies analyzed in detail, concerning both the subjective and the conceptual components. The usage of IT in construction industry is also explained. This chapter introduces major strategic advantage; through using IT in response to change. In this chapter major IT applications within construction are reviewed with process basis approach and examined in the light of the strategic XIII issues regarding the scope of IT in construction. A conclusion drawn from chapter four, general is that much of our current construction IT practice is immature and IT applications are too technologically oriented than strategically. In chapter five, the information technology strategy is dealt with both on organizational strategy level and strategy planning techniques. The aim of chapter five has been to examine how range of models and approaches used by IT strategists in other sectors also apply to construction. The speculation was that they may provide a strategic contribution to current technological progress towards innovation in construction. The findings of this chapter support the view that there is a need for more focused research into defining an industry accepted methodologies for strategic IT planning. Chapter five also introduces the issues concerned with the strategic exploitation of IT, and shows how IT has moved into a new era in modern business by being of fundamental strategic business importance. It is also introduced number of techniques that can be used for planning IT strategy. Technical architecture has resulted, the next problem then becomes implementing the strategy by implementing the technology. This chapter has been given a general overview on the subject of IT implementation. It's not meant to be a detailed manual. In the final of the thesis, after all of these issues that have been carried out and researched, an integrated strategic level approach will be proposed with control parameter list for strategic IT planning of a construction organizations. In this context the control table is proposed with this thesis for the solution of problems takes place. The need for automation in construction is made by increasingly sophisticated demands for quality and time that are made by technological developments. IT should play a part in and be integral with industry, strategies, activities and construction processes. Having these aspects in mind, this thesis aims to define strategic role of IT, analyze its aspects and finding out the parameters of concept's of technology. The aim of this thesis was to be broad and identify scope rather than deep analysis and in confirming opportunities. The main results of the chapter are that many of the models and techniques do apply and much of current IT practice can classify by these models. These techniques is used in final chapter for propose an integrated strategic level approach and derive a IT strategy parameters control table. Business must recognize that the opportunities which IT can give far beyond to chance to improve discrete processes, since IT has an important coordinating influence on construction processes. The use of IT in construction has so far concentrated on discrete applications. Shifting from tactical technology for internal efficiency to a strategic technology redefining the boundaries of industry is the starting point for using IT for strategic advantage. The effective of application of IT in construction requires a combination of strategic and tactical developments. The achievement of effective IT use in construction may be technologically possible but to be a business proposition it requires rationalising the implementation issue with strategies.
Our world lived a lot of significant changes during the centuries. But most important and sudden change occurred in 21st century. During this century we have lived industrial revolution, atomic age and finally information revolution one after another. The term change is one of the words that we have begun to hear from various sources in the late 90's. Change and relative word transformation are now leading the world to the new information era. Information is a key source within any business activity. There have been important chances in economic and business planning priorities, the short term and tactical to the long term and strategic. The widespread development of IT in many sector of the economy is commonly described as a technological revolution. Given the magnitude of change associated with the introduction of IT in other sectors, it would not be surprising if the construction industry is also being affected. Impact of IT in construction shows a substantial change in industry structure but this impact has been delayed in comparison to other sector because of the strategic management principles absence. Construction is this often seen as mature or traditional sector which makes only a minor contribution to its own process and product as an obstacle to the introduction and diffusion of technological change and therefore often blamed for the traditional nature of the building sector. At the same time, however, there' re very strong pressures for change in sector. The emergence of the need for IT to be considered strategically has combined with chances in IT thinking. Because, the use of IT is appropriate for many types of application in construction. IT has become of strategic significance in modern business from a position of being a support technology for information processing. Strategic exploitation of IT in construction requires explanation of issues of models, techniques, rules and approaches about strategies of firm and strategies of IT. The use of IT in construction is becoming increasingly, sophisticated. Technological change is a principle and key driver of competition that has a major role in construction because of it's potential for solving integration problems in sector. Fundamental changes in information technology is now being applied to all XII application areas, for a variety of functions and for communication between organizations. The construction context is becoming increasingly dynamic. All construction organizations need to think differently about how they conduct their business. Technology regulations, competitive advantage and market changes are causing new strategic response. Competition is coming from the more unexpected sources and IT is becoming a key competitive resource as a strategic weapon. Given the level of risks involved in construction activities and turbulent environment in which they operate, it might be thought that construction firms would have been undertaking strategic management for a long time, simply to survive. Increasingly, business goals are related to the concepts of competitive advantage, technology and strategy. There are range of weapons available to attain a competitive advantage or strategically advantageous position. IT can support all of them and is a key lever in obtaining competitive advantage at the organizational level. Strategic management is applied in construction at present but not as extensive or formal a way as in other industries. The methods and techniques for construction can be derived from other industries for strategic management of IT in construction. To effectively realize new business strategies as an organization, and to effectively exploit modern IT strategies are required. It is this in combination with the challenging business environment, that brings the "economic imperative of IT in construction." In this regards, this following study intends to research the functionality's of Information Technology in Construction, to reconsider the strategic management and strategic management of IT in technology era and to propose a control parameter list with integrated strategic planning approach for IT strategy of a construction organization at the end. Chapter one, handles the background and definition of the problem, the scope and boundaries of research. In chapter two, effects of technological chance to organizations and management is determined and also the strategic role of IT in modern business thinking is introduced by explaining the change and integration problems towards the technological changes. In chapter three, strategic concepts, models and approaches are reviewed and process analysis and principles of strategic management are defined and shown why they are important for IT strategy formulation. In this chapter the strategic areas that must have more attention are focused on. This chapter is explained also the importance of business process analysis and redesign in allowing strategic use of IT. In chapter four, Information Technologies analyzed in detail, concerning both the subjective and the conceptual components. The usage of IT in construction industry is also explained. This chapter introduces major strategic advantage; through using IT in response to change. In this chapter major IT applications within construction are reviewed with process basis approach and examined in the light of the strategic XIII issues regarding the scope of IT in construction. A conclusion drawn from chapter four, general is that much of our current construction IT practice is immature and IT applications are too technologically oriented than strategically. In chapter five, the information technology strategy is dealt with both on organizational strategy level and strategy planning techniques. The aim of chapter five has been to examine how range of models and approaches used by IT strategists in other sectors also apply to construction. The speculation was that they may provide a strategic contribution to current technological progress towards innovation in construction. The findings of this chapter support the view that there is a need for more focused research into defining an industry accepted methodologies for strategic IT planning. Chapter five also introduces the issues concerned with the strategic exploitation of IT, and shows how IT has moved into a new era in modern business by being of fundamental strategic business importance. It is also introduced number of techniques that can be used for planning IT strategy. Technical architecture has resulted, the next problem then becomes implementing the strategy by implementing the technology. This chapter has been given a general overview on the subject of IT implementation. It's not meant to be a detailed manual. In the final of the thesis, after all of these issues that have been carried out and researched, an integrated strategic level approach will be proposed with control parameter list for strategic IT planning of a construction organizations. In this context the control table is proposed with this thesis for the solution of problems takes place. The need for automation in construction is made by increasingly sophisticated demands for quality and time that are made by technological developments. IT should play a part in and be integral with industry, strategies, activities and construction processes. Having these aspects in mind, this thesis aims to define strategic role of IT, analyze its aspects and finding out the parameters of concept's of technology. The aim of this thesis was to be broad and identify scope rather than deep analysis and in confirming opportunities. The main results of the chapter are that many of the models and techniques do apply and much of current IT practice can classify by these models. These techniques is used in final chapter for propose an integrated strategic level approach and derive a IT strategy parameters control table. Business must recognize that the opportunities which IT can give far beyond to chance to improve discrete processes, since IT has an important coordinating influence on construction processes. The use of IT in construction has so far concentrated on discrete applications. Shifting from tactical technology for internal efficiency to a strategic technology redefining the boundaries of industry is the starting point for using IT for strategic advantage. The effective of application of IT in construction requires a combination of strategic and tactical developments. The achievement of effective IT use in construction may be technologically possible but to be a business proposition it requires rationalising the implementation issue with strategies.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002
Anahtar kelimeler
Bilgi teknolojisi,
Stratejik yönetim,
İnşaat sektörü,
Information technology,
Strategic management,
Construction sector