İnsan-mekan İlişkileri Kapsamında Çalışma Ortamı-çalışan Psikolojisi Etkileşimi

Abstract

"İnsan - mekan ilişkileri kapsamında çalışma ortamı - çalışan psikolojisi etkileşimi" başlıklı bu tezin konusu özellikle çalışanların çalışma mekanlarını nasıl algıladıkları, anlamlandırdıkları ve bunun dışında kullanıcı olarak ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması açısından üretkenliklerinin ele alınmasıdır. Giriş bölümünde, tez çalışmasında ele alman problemin tanımı yapılmış, kapsamı belirlenmiştir. İnsan-çevre ilişkileri temelinde ele alınan çalışmanın kavramsal belirlemeleri yapılmış, söz konusu ilişkinin her iki tarafında genelden özele doğru ilk sınırlar çizilmiştir. Bölüm 2'de çevreye ait tanımlar yapılmış, çevrenin bileşenleri ve farklı çevre türleri açıklanmıştır. Çevrenin nitelik ve özelliklerinin insan üzerindeki etkileri irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca insan-çevre ilişkileri üzerine daha önce uygulanmış modeller ve bu konudaki temel kuramlar incelenmiştir. Bölüm 3'te temel davranış süreçleri ele alınmaktadır. Özellikle çalışma ortamlarında çalışanların çevrelerini nasıl algıladıkları, anlamlandırdıkları ve bunun sonucu olarak davranış motifleri irdelenmektedir. Bunun dışında algılama ve anlamlandırma türleri ile mekansal davranış ve aktivite motiflerine de değinilmiştir. Bölüm 4'te kullanıcı olarak insan ele alınmaktadır. Özellikle çalışma ortamlarında insanların fiziksel ve psiko-sosyal ihtiyaçlarının ne olduğu ve bu ihtiyaçların yeterince iyi karşılanamaması durumunda çalışan üretkenliğinin nasıl etkileneceği irdelenmektedir. Bölüm 5'te bürolarda bir davranış analizini yürütebilmek için ne gibi hususlann ele alınması ve nelere dikkat edilmesi gerektiği hakkında bazı bilgiler açıklanmaktadır. Bölüm 6, bürolarda yapılmış bir uygulamanın değerlendirilmesini içermektedir. Uygulamanın amacı, kapsamı ve kullanılan metodlar da açıklanmıştır. Bölüm 7, sonuç bölümü olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışma mekanlarında çalışan üretkenliğinin artması, en azından düşmemesi için alınması gereken önlemler konusuna değinilmektedir. Tezin ek bölümünde, bölümde 6'da açıklanan uygulamada kullanılan anket formu yer almaktadır.

In our time, human - environment relations have been evaluated of great importance than ever. In earlier times, the environment had been evaluated individually free from the human, namely its user as well as the human had been evaluated individually free from the environment. Yet,,thas been widely accepted that these two sides have to be evaluated together aj parts of a whole. In Part I, the main structure of the study, its content and purpose has been stated. The problem is defined in terms of human - environment relations. The study aims to investigate psychological problems and solutions of these problems in a built environment, especially in office space. Thus, "productivity of working people" is included in the subject. In Part II, human - environment relation is studied in a more detailed way. After making a description of environment and clarifying the components of the environment, the built environment is studied specifically according to different concepts. Environment is an open system, that its boundaries are defined in terms of its relations with other physical and social systems. According to the Environmental Psychologists, the environment is classified into two groups as man built (or man changed) and natural environments. Besides this classification, behavioural, subjective, objective, psychological, social, socio-cultural, symbolic etc., types of environment are subject to be discussed. Environment, in this study, has been considered in man-built interior scale. In this part main psychological concepts related to human-environment relations are sudied. These concepts are; - Psychoanalysis Concept - Geştalt Concept - Behaviourist Concept After studying these concepts human-environment relations are studied in details in a way enlighted by these concepts. In Section 2.6 of thir Part, the models applied to the human-environment relations are studied under four different titles; - Mechanical Model of Human - Perceptual-Cognitive-Motivation Model of Human VI - Behavioral Model of Human - Social Systems, Ecologic Model of Human In Section 2.7. the role of culture in the human-environment relations is described. The role of culture is studied in terms of description of culture, cultural environment and the space specifying property of the culture. In Part 111, Basic behavioural concepts are discussed in terms of environmental perception, environmental meaning, spatial behavior & activity patterns and finally the personal and cultural differences between these terms. Perception, in general meaning is the process of receiving information from the environment. This is an active and aimed process, a point where the reality and the understanding intersect. There have been many studies about how we percieve, what we do. The relation between the human and the environment is realized by the expression way which is a compound of environmental factors, the messages sent to human by this form and the perception of these messages by the human. In the section related to environmental perception, the Geştalt theorem of perception and types of percepiion, - which are visual perception, olfactory, audial perception, kinesthetics perception, thermal perception and spatial perception - are revised. In the section of environmental meaning, following a description of environmental meaning, the levels of architectural meaning are discussed. These are; - Presentational meaning - Referential meaning - Affective meaning - Evaluative meaning - Prescriptive meaning Ideas related to working environment meaning is added at the end.. In the third section of this part, spatial behaviour and activity patterns are studied under two titles; the spatial behaviour where it is stated that as perception is the receival of the information and meaning is the processing of this information, spatial behaviour is the sensitivity and activity formed as a result of these processes, and as the second title; behaviour setting & activity patterns where the patterns mentioned in the title are described related to the ideas described under the first title. And finally in the last section of the part, cultural and personal differences in perception, meaning and behaviour, considering all the ideas and the patterns mentioned above. Human being is socialized differently as each of them is grown up in different geographic and social conditions. There has been also differntiations observed in their motivations. They look at their environments with different eyes, they percieve different and use in different ways. A system is observed in these differentiations. So how will these differentiations be classified? VII In part IV, human-environment relations are studied in a narrower perspective; the working environment. Human is both a physical object and a living organism in its environment. As a physical object, it has been gaining a property with its size, density and form; it -as a component to its environment- shows a sensitivity to its environment as well as it is directed by its environment. Therefore, while changing the environment according to its needs, values and wants, human is affected in terms of personality and psychology by the environment that has already been changed, and gains new needs and wants in this way. First section of this part studies the requirements of the human as a user. Following the general requirement of human as a user, it is studied in a more specific way, describing the requirements of office workers. The requirements of office workers are studied in two main categories which are - Physical requirements - Psycho-social requirements in the offices Physical requirements are -in details- as follows; - Spatial requirements - Thermal requirements - Visual requirements - Acustical requirements - Safety and Health requirements Psycho-social requirements are -in details- as follows; - Privacy - Personal Space - Territorial Behaviour It is clarified that, satisfying these requirement is directly related to the productivity of the working people. Another factor that effects productivity of the working people is "crowding" which comes from either the human-furniture crowding in a sufficient amount of space or directly from insufficient amount of space. Then, the effects of crowding in the office spaces are studied in different aspects In the third section of this part; proper designing principals for office workers considering the ideas mentioned above, are discussed revising both general requirements and worker requirements in the office space. Finally appropriateness of working spaces to human behaviours is discussed in the last section of this part. The use of purpose built spaces for different functions forces human behaviours and it brings down other psychological defects. There are also Vlll flexible designed spaces which allow people to change these spaces according to the changing requirements of human and behaviours. In Part V, a behavioural analysis made for offices is presented with an application made in the office spaces. In office designing all unexpected possibilities of behaviour should be taken into account. It is important to find a way to explain the behaviour in terms of both time and space, and to connect this behaviour systematically to its physical environment by developping the requirements for its environment. It would be the right thing to observe the behaviour in its own ecological environment rather than a laboratory environment. The problem of relating the behaviors of the users of an environment to the design of this environment is formed of two steps. The first step is to clarify the behavioural requirements of the users. The second step is to convert these requirements to the components of the physical environment. There are some basic elements of behavioural pattern analysis in the physical setting. The characteristic of a behaviour is changed as a component of the physical setting is changed which is very important in terms of the designer's understanding the effects of changes in the physical elements of the environment on the behaviours of the users. It is quite important to specify the physical elements that have effect on the user behaviours and to understand the relationship of these behavioural patterns with the physical elements. A behavioural analysis for the office spaces in terms of - Methodology - Basics forming the analysis - Points of Activity - Setting of the Environment - Settings other than organization - Physical factors for working people's behaviours In part VI, an application made in the office spaces is presented. Following the description of the purpose of this application, the methods used in the application are explained. Then the results of this application is summarized in two groups; - Process of the data related to the office spaces - Process of the data related to the office staff. In Part VII, a conclusion is presented including statements implemented from the previous parts of the study. Final statements about the human - environment relation in an explanatory way are presented in this part. It is explained that the main theme of this study is how the productivity of the working people is affected by their working environment and the problem of how the negative effects of working environment on the productivity should be solved. Under the coverage of this study, the aspects that the human - environment relation is studied, are how the working people percieve and mean their environment in terms of their physical and psycho - social requirements. Environment can not be taken seperately from the human as well as the human cannot be taken separately from the environment. They both effect each other as the parts of a whole. Especially, the human - environment relation is quiet important in terms of the productivity of the working people in their working environment. Human can be productive if he is happy, peaceful and not affected negatively by anything in its environment. In this study, the way of directing the workers productivity, not affecting in the negative way and the best way of satisfying the requirements of the users by the environmental conditions is worked out. It is not possible to say that satisfying physical and psycho-social requirements is sufficient for a working human to be completely productive and to make the environment meaningful. Yet, only these components have been taken as the affecting factors of human productivity in this study. In terms of productivity, these components are of great importance.