Boğaziçi kıyılarının görsel niteliklerinin turizm açısından değerlendirilmesi

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Tarih
1997
Yazarlar
Hatipoğlu, Ayşegül
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Özet
Kent kıyılarının, sanayi devrimi ile geleneksel işlevlerini yitirmesi, kentte yaşayanların kıyılardan faydalanmasını kısıtlamıştır. Özellikle tarihi ve doğal güzellikleri yoğun içeren kentlerde görsel nitelik kaybı fazla olmaktadır. Kentin bu değerli parçasına yeni fonksiyonlar kazandırmak için ıslah çalışmaları başlatılmıştır. Yörenin mevcut ve potansiyel niteliklerine uyumlu tasarımlar turist te çekmektedir. Çevresel özellikler ve insanların bu özellikler hakkındaki yorumları ile tasarıma önemli girdiler sağlanarak turist çekimi gerçekleştirilebilir. Bu özellik ve nitelikler hakkında daha çok bilgi edinmek daha uygun tasarımların yapılmasına yardımcı olur. Bu sebeple turistler için önemli olan özellikler kamunun onayını alacak şekilde tasarıma dahil edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada konu edilen kent kıyısı gelişmiş bir kent kıyışıdır. İstanbul kentinde yer alan tüm faaliyetleri içeren ve önemli bir turist çekim kaynağı olan Boğaziçi mekanıdır. Kentsel olmayan doğaları nedeniyle kırsal kıyılar da bu çalışma dışındadırlar. Turistlerin kent kıyılarını algılama sürecinde katılımı öngören bir yöntem ile bilgi toplanmıştır. Boğaziçi'ni deniz yolu ile gezen iki farklı turist grubu ile çalışılmıştır. Her iki grup için de amaç deniz, kum ve güneş içeren bir tatilden çok, tarihi yöreleri ve doğal kaynakları görmeye, yerel yemekleri tatmaya, müze ve sanat galerilerini gezmeye, yürümeye dayalı, tarih ve kültür içeren bir tatildir. Bu tür bir tatili seçenler için tüm olanaklara sahip olan İstanbul Boğazında mevcut durum en uygun biçimde korunarak değerlendirilmelidir. Boğaziçi özel bir topografyaya sahiptir. Bu topografyada barınan zengin tarih ve kültür birikiminin üzerine getirilen yeni yapılanmalar ile anonim görüntüler yaratılmıştır. Oysa düşünülmesi ve üzerinde çalışılması gereken konu Boğaziçi'nin görsel niteliklerine yapılabilecek katkılardır.
In nineteenseventies, western countries have a great improvement in urban waterfront developments which are abandoned and lost their functions. After industrial revolution, industry, docks, railways and motorways took place together with the traditional ports and fish bazars. This important part of the city both gained value and became useless. Urban waterfront designs those increase the meaning and aesthetic value of the existing physical, social, cultural resources were described as successful by users. Projects in harmony with the surrounding environment attract visitors. Studies of tourism activities are usually about the most concerned areas. Experiences of tourists can be raised only by collecting data and evaluating it by the vision of tourists. Some visual attributes of urban waterfronts have particular importance for tourists. The focus of this study is the visual attributes that influence the preferences of tourists. In this study, the relationship between the properties of Bosphorus which are important for tourists and tourist profile will be examined. There are currently two major theoretical approaches used in environmental behavior studies to explain how one perceives the visual attributes of the environment; information processing approach and ecological approach. According to information processing approach, one actually perceives a mental representation of the world which is a product of cognitive operations on sensory input. Perception is not in the environment nor in the person, but in the person's appraisal of the environment. Ecological approach suggest the direct examination of the environmental context, in order to capture the patterns of stimulation projected onto eye. This approach considers cognitive processes unnecessary. IX The information processing appoach has also been shown to generate useful applications for poicy and design, including works on citizen participation. The information processing approach is preferred for its greater ease of understanding and utilization in research. This study of visual features in urban waterfronts therefore is based upon the information processing approach. The subject is limited with some cases of tourism. The object urban waterfront is a part of of a developed city and consist of all activities which are taking place in istanbul. It is away from the center of the city and that much closer. In small cities building scale is also small. So, they are excluded. Because of their nature which is not urban, rural waterfronts are also excluded. The study area is limited with understanding the visual preferences. General problem then occurs that way: design of urban waterfronts for tourists and even for local people without damaging the attributes of environment. The effect of urban waterfront developments on environment mostly perceived by tourists as negative. Examples of such negative effects include reports of loss of uniquness and sense of place, and creation of repetitious and characterless environments. Waterfront features have been used and damaged by inappropriate planning. This has resulted in a loss of those environmental features that characterize the unique character of these places. Nowadays, the discussion is not about the identity of countries anymore, but about the identity of cities. Nature has an effective role in predicting the preferences. Urban waterfronts which have natural components are the most prefered ones. The potential effect of tourism on economy increased the projects related with tourism. Development and design for tourism, especially uses potentially attractive and important natural, built, social and cultural resources. Urban waterfronts intend these four elements. Personal differences between tourists and the motivations they have form different behaviors against the visual attributes of environment. Holiday is regarded as the most desired product by individual and family. Tourists have great expectations for the holiday they plan. The places those realize the expectations effect the preferences. Potential tourist unites the opportunities and the data in order to form a whole image. Lifestyle is the result of preference done by individuals according to their priorities. The behavior of travelling differs by lifestyle. General hipothesis is that: the preferences for urban waterfronts differs according to the properties of different lifestyles. Visual attributes of the environment are defined as the individual's cognitive interpretation of design features of the environment as perceived through visual senses. Visual attributes that act as indicators of preference based on existing literature; novelty, surprisingness, mystery, coherence, complexity, legibility, spaciousness, naturalness, prospect, refuge, authenticity. This list of attributes is not exclusive, there may be other attributes that could play a significant role in determining tourists' visual preference. The lack of sufficient emprical information on urban waterfront attributes, raises the serious question of which visual attributes are most significant in the design of urban waterfronts. In istanbul, there are three natural elements defining the identity of city: historical peninsula, The Golden Horn, Bosphorus. Bosphorus is a special geography then its nature, history and art. istanbul has an importance not only for Turkey but also international. It has architectural proofs of its history. By uniting the proofs with topographic data, it has impressive visions. istanbul protected most of its properties till fifties. But urbanization and building activities changed the look of the city. The motorways reached Bosphorus through the waterside and also through the plateaus. Squatter settlements raised between the watersise and the plateau. In seventies, There were developments about protecting historical values in Turkey. But at the same time the most damaging stage has begun. Waterside houses and the green pattern raising behind them were the charactheristics of Bosphorus design. When we came to the year 1995, we see that authentic physical attributes became anonymous. This general vision changes can be seen at once. Such a loss of properties, not only nationaly but also internationaly loss of architectural values. XI The goal of Bosphorus tourism research is to examine the individual properties, recreational activity preferences and thoughts of tourists related with Bosphorus. Tourists were asked open ended questions in order to describe their feelings with their own words, they are asked to evaluate 40 elements on a scale from 1 to 5. The data of this research is collected on May 1997 by questionaires. Subjects were two tourist groups Both were on a trip of Bosphorus and were doing the trip by waterway. First group of subjects was group A consist of 147 persons. It was a general vapur tour between Eminönü and Anadolu Kavağı. Group B consist of 50 persons and it was a special tour group on a private ship. 56% of group A was under 35 years of age, 53% was single and 73% was university level educated. 16% of group B was under 35, 60% was married and 38% were university level educated. Monthly income level is a little lower in group A, because it is more heterogeneous than group B. In recreational activity evaluation, there is not so much differences between the groups. They are similar. For both of them, sea, sand, sun were not the first level activities but local cuisine, visiting a big city, walking, museums, art galleries, seeing historical sites, seeing natural sites are popular recreational activities. While moving through a city, firstly recognized elements are carefully organized buildings rising to the sky and the respect to topography. If the topography of a city has powerful characteristics it will encourage the proper design. Bosphorus has a very special topography. New building activities make it look like anonymous. What we have to think about is the addition to its visual attributes. Both subject group choose to see bosphorus by waterway. The goal of the trip is to see history, nature, culture, castles, waterside houses, bridges, both side of Bosphorus. For group A, the travel conditions should be improved. Cheap and good quality travel opportunity is needed. The trend of repeating the trip is high in both group. XII Having all activities related with amusement in istanbul, group A and B have different goals about holiday. Bosphorus watersides with their wide visual angles decreases the feeling of crowded. Escaping from traffic jam and the noisy city, tourists have the chance to take a walk through the nature, to eat local meals, see the natural and historical sites. This research anticipates the use of existing tourist preferences for potential tourists. There should be new researchs in evaluating the preferences of tourists, use different models. Comparison of existing and potential conditions can be made between different groups of people. Place, goal and user groups differences make the research rich. Urban designers can use the results of this research as the basis while preparing their hypothesis. For waterfront development projects, design properties can be prepared proper for target mass, by using the lifestyle data. Waterfront development projects can utilize specific findings on tourists lifestyles by examining target tourist groups, and design features that relate to their preferences. Another area in which the results of this research can be used directly is advertisements in travel industry. The promotion elements which will attract visitors to urban waterfronts can be prepared by using the preferences. Non-visual perception is another research subject. In urban waterfronts, the smell of the water, the touch of sandy beaches or stone pavements, the sound of the sea gulls, can be very important in determining the preferences. In some cases, some of these non-visual senses may have a more powerful effect on preference than visual senses. The harm that is done by the people living in Bosphorus by uncontrolled development is more than the harm of negative effects of tourism development. In "inviting space" Bosphorus, tourism development only can be made by protecting the historical and natural resources. For this, extreme building development should be stopped, social life should be improved both for local people and tourists.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1997
Anahtar kelimeler
Kıyı alanları, Kıyı turizmi, Turizm alanları, Turizm pazarlaması, İstanbul-Boğaziçi, Coastal areas, Coastal tourism, Tourism areas, Tourism marketing, Istanbul-Bosphorus
Alıntı