Simav çayı'nın hidrojeokimyası

Abstract

Kütahya iline bağlı Simav ilçesinden doğup, Balıkesir'in ilçelerinden geçerek Marmara Denizi'ne dökülen Simav Çayı üzerinde yapılan bu çalışmada belli noktalardan su numuneleri ve kum numuneleri alınmıştır. Su numunelerinin pH ve oksijen değerleri yerinde ölçülmüştür. Çalışma esnasında 1/25.000 ölçekli harita kullanılmıştır. Laboratuvarda yapılan çalışmalarda Kondüktivite, K+, Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, CI", F", N03=, HCO3-, C03=, B203 miktarları tesbit edilmiştir. Alüvyonlardan alman kum örnekleri de çeşitli eleklerden geçirildikten sonra boyutlarına göre incelenmiştir. Arazi ve laboratuvar çalışmalarına bağlı olarak çeşitli grafikler, haritalar ve tablolar oluşturulmuştur.

The area of study is the Simav brook arising from Kütahya, Simav and flowing in to the Marmara Sea passing through Sındırgı and Bigadiç basin, and environs. The subjects of the study is the Hydro-chemistry of the Simav brook. During this study, water and sand samples were collected from certain points. The water samples were kept in plastic containers and their pH values were measured at the points where they were obtained. A map with a scale of 1/25000 was used and different graphs, maps and tables were produced after field and laboratory studies. The need for water becomes bigger and bigger everyday. The increasing contamination of the water sources in the world is considered to be a big danger in respect of our future. The most important reason for this pollution is the waste and sewage liquids mixing with running water as a result of industrialization. The conclusions of the geological study of Simav brook and surroundings are as follows: The old palaeozoic rocks are generally formed of metamorphic schistes and marbles. Mesozoic rocks are mostly consisted of strongly folded limestones and. Old Mesozoic plutonic rocks are serpentines while surface rocks are represented by the rhyolites. Tertiary old rocks can be considered in two groups: Eocene and Neogen old rocks. The first group is formed by flysch series. The old Neogen formations cover the most part of the study area. These formations are clay, sand, marl, limestone serie, tuff and andesites from down to up respectively. The Simav brook is studied under three groups in hydrogeological point of view: Paleosoic, Mesozoic and plutonic formations. The schist and marbles contacts of the paleozoic formations, it is frequently possible to meet springs with higher flow values. Mesozoic formations cannot transfer the ground water as they have been strongly deformed. The flows of the springs from Eocene Limestones is maximum 11/sec. and there are water springs with high flow rate in old neogen tuffs.Considering the hydro-chemistry of the Simav brook, the water samples were sistem atically collected from different parts of the brook. First sample was taken from Çaygören dam with the subsequent ones at 8 kms away in the west of the mentioned dam, 11 kms thereafter before Bigadiç, 8 kms therefrom at Bigadiç, then at Yeniköy 11 kms away from Bigadiç, 9 kms after at Mahmudiye, 8 kms therefrom at Mahmudiye, 8 kms after at Ho taşlar, 11 kms thereafter at Tekkeköy, 7 kms therefrom at Keçidere, 10 kms after at Yıldı zköy, 8 kms therefrom at Sultançayırı, 8 kms away at Susurluk, 11 kms thereafter at Yahyaköy and at Beyköy 8 kms away from the latter respectively. The pH and O2 values of the collected water samples were measured in the field while their Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, COg=, HCO3", NOgv CI", F", B203 values were determined with conductimetnc analysis through different experiments conducted in laboratory. These values are indicated collectively in Table I and Table II. N03" value were found considerably higher in some samples, especially the ones taken from the points near Kepsut. It was understood from the studies conducted in this region that the reason for the high N03" value was the wide farmlands and the sewage of Balıkesir city and liquid waste of a tomato sauce plant which are mixing the running water there. The high borax concentration in the samples taken from the neigbourhood of the Etibank Borax Mine constitutes a danger for the farms nearby. Borax is used in many industries today and Bigadiç zone is one of the most important borax reserves in the world. Water is the only substance existing in solid, liquid and gaseous phases under natural temperature and pressure conditions of the earth surface. It is in evidence that the chemical structures of running waters been changed through geologic era, and especially in the recent centuries. VII Tablel. While Ca++, C03= and HC03_ are mostly carried by the running water, the CI" and Na ions are dominant in the ordinary water. The environments where there exist natural water direct quantity and change of the elements which they contain Water chemically decomposes the minerals of the rocks in which it exists. This chemical decomposition may occur in different forms; mainly because of the factors such as oxidation, hydration and exchange of ions. VIII Table 2. Elements exist in natural water in different proportions. Generally, the availability of the elements in the Earth crust is directly proportional to their decomposition in water. Decomposition of the elements in natural water is controlled by various factors, especially by physical, chemical and biological ones. While studying the use and contamination of the Simav brook, it was seen that the brook was used for irrigation of farmlands and determined that the pollutant sources were the numerous factories, slaughterhouses, mines and sewerages established nearby the brook. It is also observed that the farmlands were very large and the dangerous chemical wastes mix with the water of Simav brook due to the treatment with pesticides in agriculture. IX Main pollutants are: - Susurluk sugar plant - Susurluk dairy - Susurluk slaughterhouse - Susurluk oil plant - Farmlands around Kepsut - Balıkesir Akfa sauce plant - Seka paper mill - Etibank borax mines - Şayakçı marble works - Cement factory The sand samples collected during the field studies were also examined the microscope in laboratory. During this examination it was observed that the mineral grains had not been exposed to a considerable mass movement and the mineral content of the sand grains varied by their sizes in samples.