Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP) ve Gaziantep ilişkileri

Abstract

Toplumsal gelişmenin ayrılmaz bir unsuru olan şehirleşme ve planlama birçok dinamiği içinde bulundurduğu gibi çeşitli çalışma alanlarını ve bilim dallarını kapsamaktadır. Bölge planlaması bu çalışma alanları içerisinde en önemli unsurlardan birisidir. Dünya ölçeğinde bakıldığında, basta sanayileşmiş ülkeler olmak üzere bütün dünya ülkeleri, düzenli bir gelişme ve şehirleşme için, bölgesel dengesizlikleri gidermeye çalışmakta ve bunun için özel uygulamalar, planlar yapmaktadırlar. ' örneğin, TVA(ABD), Cassa Per il Mezzogiorno( İtalya ), dünya çapında öneme sahip bölge planlarıdır. Türkiye 'de-baş ta GOU olması ve ülke içi sosyo ekonomik dinamikler nedeniyle- bölgesel dengesizlik çok belirgindir. Dolayısıyla bölge planlaması ve bölgesel kalkınma projeleri Türkiye için ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, başlangıçta DSİ tarafından bir sulama ve ener.i i üretim projesi olarak planlanan ve başlatılan, daha sonra ise bölge dinamikleri de dikkate alınarak bir Çok Kapsamlı Entegre Kalkınma Projesi' ne dönüştürülen GAP ve bölgenin merkezi olan Gazianteple ilişkileri incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. GAP; Bölge' nin bütün yerleşmelerini kapsarken, toplam alanı ülke alanın % 9.5' i( 73,863 km2 ) ve toplam nüfusu ülke nüfusunun % 8,5' 1(4,303,567 kişi) dir. GSYîH" dan aldığı pay % 4 ' tür. GAP Dic le ve Fırat nehirleri üzerinde olmak üzere iki ana bölüm ve on üç alt projeden oluşmaktadır. Gaziantep, GAP çalışmaları öncesinde de bölgenin en büyük yerleşmesi ve merkezi konumundadır. GAP aşamalarında ve sonrasında oluşacak olan dinamikler Gaziantep' in gelişiminde etkili, zaman zaman da bellirleyici olabilecektir. Bu çalışmada, GAP -Gaziantep etkileşimi ve olası değişiklikler için bulgular aranacaktır.

In this study; it is being one of the basic elements in socio-economic development and urbanization of a country; Regional Planning, and necessity and importance of GAP, in which the biggest city, Gaziantep, will be analaysed as a study case. It can partly be summarized why this subject-matter has been choosen. The subject-matter, GAP, is completely a part of Urban and Regional Planning. The importance of regional planning in developing countries. For a certain importance in Turkey Economy it will be able to have. To understand the degree of importance of this project in solving the problems of the region which for the natural resources is the reachest, but for economic and cultural area is the poorest, in circumstances of Turkey. All of the world countries, especially advanced ones, consider the regional planning having big importance and they higly use regional planning for solve their problems. It can be seen many examples similar to GAP when it is observed in the world scale. One of the best examples of these is the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ). The aim of TVA can be explained like that: "It should be charged with the broadest duty of planning for the proper use, conservation, and development of the natural resources of the Tennessee River drainage basin and its adjoining territory for the general social and economic welfare of the nation". (TVA Revised, 1989.) The TVA' s area covers 91,000 square miles with a 1980 population of 7.8 million people population of 7.8 million people. The importance of regional planning in Developing Countries; Developing Countries have so many problems, such as inflation, high birth rate, migration, uncontrolled improvement, etc. To solve these problems, large scale projects plans, regional plans are necessary. Regional planning is intially originated for the necessety to take care of the universal and local that is geographical dimensions of development.( Keleş.) GAP Region!, region ;, although it is the smallest geografical region, it covers 9. 5%( 73, 863km2 ) of Txirkey's total area. The population of the region is 4,303,567(1985), 8.5% of total population and if it is observed tendency hitherto it can easly be seen the gradual increase. The basic economic activity, in the region, is the agricul tural prodtiction, idustry is too limited except the biggest center of the region, Gas iantep. Therefore the service sector is undeveloped, especially inf rastructure. While the GNP of the region was 4.96% in 1965, it went down 4% in 1985. Moreover population increase and labour force transfer are other negative facts. However for the other regions and cities, especially istanbul, GNP has increased. While the share of the istanbul in GNP was 19.62% inl965 it reached to 23.30% in 1986. The share of istanbul is greater and shows gradual increase in time when compared with the population increase. The region has an important ratio in the whole agricultural production of country. Some statistics about region are : For wheat production 9.9%, For barley production 15.3%, For lentil production 41.6%, For cotton production 13.6%, For sesame production 41.6%, For pistachio nut production...92.3%, For pomegranate production 28.3%, For grape production 21.8%. The share of each of these products is greater then the share of the population of the region. The region, at the same time, has vast under graund reseources too. The Southeast Anatolian Project ( GAP ), is the largest, and the most comprehensive development project ever emplemented in Turkey. It evolves around 13 irrigation and energy projects, which will be realised on the Firat{ Euphrates ) and Dicle ( Tigris ) rivers. The total area which will be irrigated by these projects is 1.641.282 ha.. In addition, 7,561 MW of hydroelectric power will be generated by these projects. The hydroelectric power generation capacities of the Firat and Dicle River Basins are 5346 and 2215 MW, the total annual electricity production potential being 18,477 and 7,780 Gwh respectively. It is planned to complete the project by the year 2001. therefore each year 150,000 ha. of land will be brought under irrigation. The largest projects of this irrigation and energy system is the Atatürk Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant(HPP), together with the Şanlıurfa Tunnels. Total investment cost of dam, HPP and the tunnels is approximately US $1.9 billion. The total hydroelectric power capacity of this project is going to be 2400 MWf 8X300) and the total irrigation area, which is composed of five projects, will reach 852,781 Ha. When the Project is completed, there will be some physical changes. Totally an area of 1,633,000 ha. will be perenially irrigated, and this is more then the total irrigated farm lands in the country till now. Therefore the flora will also change. According to GAP Master Plan; public investment needs are parallel to estimated economic development and it is 28,400 billion T.L. for Alternative A; 22,400 billion T.L. for Alternative B; and 20,700 billion T.L. for Alternative C. Public investment efficiency will be at the top level when the Alternative C is applicated. In this alternative the ratio, marginal capital/production is 3.24, and it is 3.71 in Alternative A, and 3,27 in Alternative B. Although the Project is named Comprehensive Integrated Developing Project, most of the works done till this time gives the impression that engineering aspects were more dealed. The Project can be succesfull, but there are lots of problems to be solved. When the Project will be completed agriculture and agro- industry will gain vitality and will be identfying for Turkish agriculture. If the estimated figures of crops increased after GAP irrigation with the figures of 1986; Crop Turkey Production GAP Increase GAPxlOO/T.R. with Cotton 518,000 685,000 132 Best 10,662,346 4,096,895 38 Oil Seeds 2,074,711 1,327,320 64 Rice 165,000 - 141,838 86 Peanut 30,000 66,000 222 Source : DIE, 1988; and DSI, 1986. One of the most important factors of rapid development of our age is specialisation. In this context, specialization in agriculture is quite positive, but the economic standarts of the region should be improved. Also the region should take equal share fpom the GNP. The projets area consists of the jurisdiction of eight provinces of Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Adıyaman, Siirt, Batman, Şırnak. When the provinces are observed, it can be seen the importance of Gaziantep for GAP and for the region. Gaziantep is the biggest and most developed province in the region. Gaziantep has a big role in the project, for instance in industry, in coordinating agricutural production and xraqualified workers and providing other urban services for all the region. The city has also a big role in the Economy of Turkey. First of all, Gaziantep coordinates the relations with meadle east, and with arabic countries. Secondly, the city is a focal point to provide the relations between the other cities of the country and provinces of the region. The role and the importance of Gaziantep will be increased and the city will come under the proces of metropolitanization with this project. Finally; The project is in the world scale but the succes in aplication is closely relaited with the global and local dynamics, however, it must not be understood as completing dams and HPP. It will have a cocidareble effectivity in the country, especially in the region, when it is completed as a comprehensive national- integral development in the real meanning. But the investments, at least, have been made for dams, HPP, and irrigation projects. There is to be Land Reform. The uses of the natural reseources are not ergonomic both socially and economicly and through the urban planning proces. The investments for GAP are relating all Turkish Economy; so the thought of the investments are especially for the region are not true. Gaziantep, as a dynamic city, should be a static city by gradually changing her structure. The priority in transportation must be given to railways.