Taze Ve Ticari Vişne Sularının (prunus Cerasus) Toplam Antosiyanin, Toplam Fenolik Ve Şeker Miktarlarının Tayini Ve Karşılaştırılması
Taze Ve Ticari Vişne Sularının (prunus Cerasus) Toplam Antosiyanin, Toplam Fenolik Ve Şeker Miktarlarının Tayini Ve Karşılaştırılması
Dosyalar
Tarih
2013-07-19
Yazarlar
Kaftanoğlu, Esin
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
Özet
Anadolu, bitki populasyon çeşitliliği açısından dünyanın en önemli bölgelerinden birisidir. Birçok meyve varlığını doğal olarak sürdürmektedir. Bu meyvelerden biri de vişnedir. Türkiye, yıllık 192,705 ton üretimle dünyanın en büyük vişne üreticilerinden biridir. Vişne (Prunus cerasus), gülgiller (Rosaceae) familyasından kiraza benzeyen ve tadı kiraz tadından daha ekşi olan bir meyve türüdür. Anayurdu Anadolu ve Balkanlar olan vişne, 5-7 m kadar boylanabilir; 4 yaşındayken meyve vermeye başlar ve 40-50 yıl yaşar. Türkiye’ de iki önemli vişne ağacı çeşidi yetiştirilmektedir. Bunlardan meyvesi her tür kullanıma elverişli olan Kütahya vişnesi, uzun saplı, iri boyda, ucu hafif sivrice, koyu kırmızı ince kabuklu, çok sulu, ekşi ve kırmızı etli meyveler verir. Macar vişnesi ise, kısa saplı, ince, koyu kırmızı renkli kalınca kabuklu, ekşi ve kırmızı etli meyve vermektedir. Her iki çeşidin ağaçları da, temmuz ayından başlayarak bol ürün verir. Vişnenin kendine özgü kırmızı rengi antosiyanin içeriğiyle bağdaştırılmaktadır. Antosiyaninler, meyve, sebze, çiçekler, yaprak, kök ve diğer bitki depolama organlarında bulunan kendine özgü pembe, kırmızı, mor ve maviye kadar geniş bir aralıktaki renkleri veren, suda çözünebilir nitelikteki doğal renk maddeleridir. Çoğu antosiyaninin rengi ortamın pH değerine bağlı olarak bir indikatör gibi değişim gösterir. Düşük pH değerlerinde mor-kırmızı, daha yüksek pH değerlerinde ise yeşil-mavi bir renk alırlar. Vişnenin rengi de yüksek asitliğe sahip olmasından dolayı antosiyaninlerin kırmızı renk almasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Antosiyaninler, renk verici özelliklerinin yanısıra güçlü antioksidan etkiye sahiptirler. Hücre yaşlanmasını önleyici etkiye sahip oldukları ve serbest radikal oluşumunu önlediklerinden dolayı antikanserojen oldukları düşünülmektedir. Sağlıklı dokuları ve hücreleri koruyarak kanser ve kalp hastalıklarına yakalanma riskini azalttıkları, bunun yanısıra görsel aktiviteyi arttırdıkları da bilinmektedir. Araştırmacılar tarafından vişnede bulunan dört antosiyanin çeşidi; cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside,cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-glucosidedir. Vişne, yapısında bulunan polifenoller, antosiyaninler gibi metabolitler sayesinde yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu bilinen bir meyvedir. Bilindiği gibi antioksidanlar, serbest radikallerin neden olduğu oksidasyonları önleyen, serbest radikalleri yakalama ve stabilize etme yeteneğine sahip maddelerdir. Serbest radikaller, yaşamsal faaliyetler sırasında veya mitokondrial sızıntı, solunum, enzim reaksiyonları, otooksidasyon reaksiyonları gibi endojen kaynaklar ile sigara dumanı, hava kirliliği, UV ışınları ve iyonize radyasyon gibi çeşitli çevresel kaynakların etkisiyle meydana gelebilmektedirler. Günümüzde serbest radikallerin birçok hastalığa neden oldukları bildirilmektedir. Reaktif oksijen türlerinin kalp damar hastalıkları, çeşitli kanser türleri, katarakt, bağışıklık sisteminde zayıflama ve sinir sistemi hastalıklarına yol açtığı, yaşlanmayı hızlandırdığı iddia edilmektedir. Serbest radikallerin neden olduğu bu zararları önlemek için hücrelerde su ve yağda çözünebilen antioksidanlar ve antioksidan savunma sistemleri bulunmaktadır. Bunların varlığı ve etkinliği büyük oranda tüketilen gıdalarla ilişkilidir. Günümüzde gıdalardaki antioksidanların özellikle bitkisel kaynaklıların çeşitli hastalık risklerini azalttığı bilinmektedir. Vişneye rengini veren antosiyaninler ve vişnenin içerdiği fenolik bileşenler, vişnenin antioksidan kaynaklarıdır. Bu çalışmada taze sıkılmış ve ticari meyve sularının toplam fenolik ve antosiyanin aktiviterinin tayini hedeflenmiştir. Toplam fenolik miktarları Folin–Ciocalteu yöntemi ile, toplam antosiyanin miktarları ise pH diferansiyel metodu ile tayin edilmiştir. Meyveler genel olarak fruktoz ve glikoz şekerlerini içerir. Bazı meyvelerin toplam şeker miktarları yüksekken bazılarının şeker miktarları düşüktür. Meyveler arasında önemli bir farklılık fruktoz/glikoz (F/G) oranlarındadır. F/G oranları meyve türüne özeldir. Örneğin bir meyvenin farklı çeşitlerinde toplam şeker miktarı farklı olmasına rağmen aynı cins meyvenin F/G oranı sabittir. Bu oran bazı meyve türlerinde 1 civarı iken bazı meyve türleri yüksek fruktoz içerir ve oran 2.5’u aşabilir. Meyvelerin F/G oranlarının bilinmesi diyabet hastaları ve özellikle fruktoz toleransı düşük kişiler için önemlidir. Ticari meyve suları için geçerli kurallar çerçevesinde meyve suyuna şeker ilavesi olmaması gerekir. Şeker ilaveli meyveli içecekler, etiketlerinde meyve suyu değil nektar olarak adlandırılmalıdır. %100 meyve suyu olarak etiketlendirilen meyve sularının daha ucuz meyve suları ile hilelendirilmesi bu sektörde rastlanan bir problemdir. Meyve sularının F/G içeriği bu hilelendirmeleri de ortaya çıkaracak bir ölçüttür. Kapiler elekroforez yöntemi ile şeker tayini basit ve hızlı bir şekilde yapılabilmektedir. Kapiler elektroforez (CE), bir elektrik alan varlığında, yüklü türlerin göç etmesine dayalı bir analiz tekniği olan elektroforez ile kromotografinin bileşimi olan bir tekniktir. Kapiler elektroforeze has olumlu özellikler; geniş analitik çeşitlilik, yüksek verimli ayırım, yüksek kütle duyarlılığı, son derece düşük örnek hacimleriyle çalışma olanağı, düşük analiz süreleri (genellikle <30 dak ), tampon çözelti ve diğer sarf malzemelerin (kapiler borular vb.) asgari düzeyde kullanımı, ileri tanı sistemleriyle (kütle spektroskopisi gibi) uyumluluk ve temel cihaz kurgusunun basitliği ile sıralanabilir. Sağladığı yüksek ayırımcılık ve seçicilik sayesinde CE, gıda, ilaç, çevre, adli tıp, biyoloji gibi pek çok araştırma alanında başarıyla kullanılmaktadır. CE protein, peptit ve aminoasit dizilimleri, tek hücre analizleri ve DNA dizilim, gen mutasyonu, vb. genetik araştırmalarda da kullanılmaktadır. Son yıllarda CE in gıda alanında çok sayıda uygulamaları görülmekte ve gıda içeriğindeki çok sayıda bileşeninin analizi CE ile yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada taze ve ticari vişne sularının şeker tayini kapiler elektroforez yöntemi ile basit ve hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Şekerler ancak yüksek pH’larda yüklenebildiklerinden ayırma ortamının pH’ ı 12,3 olarak seçilmiştir. Ayırma ortamı olarak sorbik asit tamponu seçilmiş, sorbik asit hem ayırma tamponu hem de kromofor olarak görev yaparak, UV aktif olmayan şekerlerin dolaylı dedeksiyonu sağlanmıştır. Çalışma tamponuna eklenen ve katyonik yüzey aktif bir madde olan, CTAB ile kapiler içindeki elektroosmotik akış ters çevrilerek yüksek pH’ da negatif yüklenmiş olan şekerlerin daha kısa sürede ayrımı sağlanmıştır. Bu yöntemle taze sıkılmış ve ticari meyve sularının fruktoz ve glukoz içerikleri kantitatif olarak tayin edilmiştir.
Anatolian is one of the most important regions of the world with regard to population diversity of plant. A lot of plant naturally exist that the cherry (Prunus cerasus) is one of them. Turkey is one of the major cherry producer with 192,705 tone production yearly. Prunus cerasus (sour cherry, tart cherry or wild cherry) is a species of Prunus in the subgenus Cerasus (cherries), native to much of Europe and southwest Asia. It is closely related to the sweet cherry (Prunus avium), but has a fruit that is more acidic. Its homeland is Anatolian and Balkans, it can grow up to 5-7 cm. It bears fruit when 4-5 years old and it can live 40-50 years. Two important sour tree are grown in Turkey. One of them is Kutahya sour cherry whisch is long-stemmed, juicy, sour and red and it has large size. The other one is Hungarian sour cherry which is short –stalked, dark red coloured thick rind and sour. Two of them bear plenty of fruit starting in July. Sour cherry’s specific red colour is correlated its anthocyanin content. Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple, or blue depending on the pH. They belong to a parent class of molecules called flavonoids synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway; they are odorless and nearly flavorless, contributing to taste as a moderately astringent sensation. Anthocyanins occur in all tissues of higher plants, including leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits. Anthoxanthins are clear, white to yellow counterparts of anthocyanins occurring in plants. Anthocyanins are derivatives of anthocyanidins, which include pendant sugars. Most of anthocyanin’s colour change with the pH of the media like an indicator. Their colour is purple-red at lower pH values, and blue-green at higher pH values. The colour of cherry is red due to the anthocyanins color change with cherry’s high acidity. Anthocyanins have powerful antioxidant effect in addition to coloring feature.It is thought that they have anti-aging effect on cells and they are anticancer due to demonstrate inhibition of free radical formation. It is known that they protect healthy tissues and cells, accordingly they reduce the risk of cancer and hearth diseases. Beside these they increase visual activity. Researchers found four anthocyanin type in sour cherry; cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside,cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. Sour cherry is known as a powerful antioxidant fruit due to its structure that has metabolites such as polyphenols, anthocyanins. As is known, antioxidants are compunds that prevent oxidation caused by free radicals and have the ability to capture and stabilize free radicals. Free radicals are molecules that can act independently due to having unpaired electrons on their atomic orbitals. Free radicals can occur during the vital functions or mitocondrial leakage, with endogen sources like respiration, enzyme reactions or otooxidation reactions and with the effect of environmental sources lika cigarette smoke, air pollution, UV rays and ionizing radiation. When free radicals are not neutralized in the body, they can kill cells by destroying the cell membrane, block the cell function by exterminating the membrane lipids and proteins, effect geneitc material in nucleus by burning core membrane, reduce the effect of immune system by destroying cells in immune system. Nowadays, it is known that free radicals causes varios disesases. It is claimed that reactive oxygen species cause cardiovascular disesases, various cancer types, cataract, weakening in immune system, nervous system diseases and acceralete aging. There are water and fat-soluble antioxidants in cells to prevent this damage of free radicals. Presence and effectiveness of these antioxidants is associated with consumed foods. Nowadays, it is known that the antioxidants, found in foods especially plant-derived, reduce the risk of various disesases. Anthocyanins that coloring sour cherry and phenolic compounds are antioxidant sources of sour cherry. The purpose of this thesis is determination of total phenolics and antioxidant activity of fresh and commercial sour cherry juices. The amount of total phenolics are determined with Folin–Ciocalteu method, the amount of total anthocyanins are determined with pH differantial method. Fruits generally contains fructose and glucose as sugar. Some fruits total sugar content is higher, but some of them is lower. There is an important difference in fruits between the fructose/glucose ratio. F/G ratio is special for every fruit species. For example, the total sugar content of different varieties of same species is different from each other altough F/G ratio of same species of fruit is constant. While this ratio is equal to 1 for some fruits, it can be over 2,5 for some fruits that contain fructose in higher amounts. It is important to know the sugar content of fruits for diabetics and especially people who has low tolerance for fructose. Accordance with the rules applicable to commercial fruit juices should not be adding sugar to fruit juice. Fruit drinks that contain extra sugar should be labeled as nectar not fruit juice. Cheating with adding cheaper fruit juices to the fruit juices which are labelled as %100 fruit juice is a common problem. F/G ratio is a criterian for debunking this tricks. Sugar can be determined easily and fast with capillary electrophoresis method. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), also known as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), can be used to separate ionic species by their charge and frictional forces and hydrodynamic radius. In traditional electrophoresis, electrically charged analytes move in a conductive liquid medium under the influence of an electric field. Capillary electrophoresis unique positive features can be listed as a wide variety of analytical, highly efficient separation, high mass sensitivity, the ability to work at extremely low sample volumes, lower analysis times (typically <30 min), solvent (buffer solution), and other supplies (capillary tube and so on. ) to a minimum the use of advanced diagnostic systems (such as mass spectroscopy), compatibility and simplicity of structure of the device. CE is used succesfully in nutrition, medicine, forensic medicine and biology owing to its high yield and selectivity. CE is also used in genetic researches such as protein, peptide and amino acid sequences, single-cell analysis and DNA sequencing, gene mutation, and so on. Recently, most of food component analysis have been performed with CE. In this study, determination of sugars in fresh and commercial cherry juices were performed by CE as a simple and fast way. Since sugars can only be charged at high pH values, pH of the seperation media was chosen as 12,3. Sorbic acid was chosen as both seperation buffer and chromophoric substance and indirect detection of UV- inactive sugars were achieved. EOF in the capillary was reversed with the addition of a cationic surfactant, CTAB, to the separation buffer and negatively charged sugars at pH 12,3 were separated in 5 min. With this method, fructose and glucose were determined, separated and quantified in sour cherry juices.
Anatolian is one of the most important regions of the world with regard to population diversity of plant. A lot of plant naturally exist that the cherry (Prunus cerasus) is one of them. Turkey is one of the major cherry producer with 192,705 tone production yearly. Prunus cerasus (sour cherry, tart cherry or wild cherry) is a species of Prunus in the subgenus Cerasus (cherries), native to much of Europe and southwest Asia. It is closely related to the sweet cherry (Prunus avium), but has a fruit that is more acidic. Its homeland is Anatolian and Balkans, it can grow up to 5-7 cm. It bears fruit when 4-5 years old and it can live 40-50 years. Two important sour tree are grown in Turkey. One of them is Kutahya sour cherry whisch is long-stemmed, juicy, sour and red and it has large size. The other one is Hungarian sour cherry which is short –stalked, dark red coloured thick rind and sour. Two of them bear plenty of fruit starting in July. Sour cherry’s specific red colour is correlated its anthocyanin content. Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple, or blue depending on the pH. They belong to a parent class of molecules called flavonoids synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway; they are odorless and nearly flavorless, contributing to taste as a moderately astringent sensation. Anthocyanins occur in all tissues of higher plants, including leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits. Anthoxanthins are clear, white to yellow counterparts of anthocyanins occurring in plants. Anthocyanins are derivatives of anthocyanidins, which include pendant sugars. Most of anthocyanin’s colour change with the pH of the media like an indicator. Their colour is purple-red at lower pH values, and blue-green at higher pH values. The colour of cherry is red due to the anthocyanins color change with cherry’s high acidity. Anthocyanins have powerful antioxidant effect in addition to coloring feature.It is thought that they have anti-aging effect on cells and they are anticancer due to demonstrate inhibition of free radical formation. It is known that they protect healthy tissues and cells, accordingly they reduce the risk of cancer and hearth diseases. Beside these they increase visual activity. Researchers found four anthocyanin type in sour cherry; cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside,cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. Sour cherry is known as a powerful antioxidant fruit due to its structure that has metabolites such as polyphenols, anthocyanins. As is known, antioxidants are compunds that prevent oxidation caused by free radicals and have the ability to capture and stabilize free radicals. Free radicals are molecules that can act independently due to having unpaired electrons on their atomic orbitals. Free radicals can occur during the vital functions or mitocondrial leakage, with endogen sources like respiration, enzyme reactions or otooxidation reactions and with the effect of environmental sources lika cigarette smoke, air pollution, UV rays and ionizing radiation. When free radicals are not neutralized in the body, they can kill cells by destroying the cell membrane, block the cell function by exterminating the membrane lipids and proteins, effect geneitc material in nucleus by burning core membrane, reduce the effect of immune system by destroying cells in immune system. Nowadays, it is known that free radicals causes varios disesases. It is claimed that reactive oxygen species cause cardiovascular disesases, various cancer types, cataract, weakening in immune system, nervous system diseases and acceralete aging. There are water and fat-soluble antioxidants in cells to prevent this damage of free radicals. Presence and effectiveness of these antioxidants is associated with consumed foods. Nowadays, it is known that the antioxidants, found in foods especially plant-derived, reduce the risk of various disesases. Anthocyanins that coloring sour cherry and phenolic compounds are antioxidant sources of sour cherry. The purpose of this thesis is determination of total phenolics and antioxidant activity of fresh and commercial sour cherry juices. The amount of total phenolics are determined with Folin–Ciocalteu method, the amount of total anthocyanins are determined with pH differantial method. Fruits generally contains fructose and glucose as sugar. Some fruits total sugar content is higher, but some of them is lower. There is an important difference in fruits between the fructose/glucose ratio. F/G ratio is special for every fruit species. For example, the total sugar content of different varieties of same species is different from each other altough F/G ratio of same species of fruit is constant. While this ratio is equal to 1 for some fruits, it can be over 2,5 for some fruits that contain fructose in higher amounts. It is important to know the sugar content of fruits for diabetics and especially people who has low tolerance for fructose. Accordance with the rules applicable to commercial fruit juices should not be adding sugar to fruit juice. Fruit drinks that contain extra sugar should be labeled as nectar not fruit juice. Cheating with adding cheaper fruit juices to the fruit juices which are labelled as %100 fruit juice is a common problem. F/G ratio is a criterian for debunking this tricks. Sugar can be determined easily and fast with capillary electrophoresis method. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), also known as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), can be used to separate ionic species by their charge and frictional forces and hydrodynamic radius. In traditional electrophoresis, electrically charged analytes move in a conductive liquid medium under the influence of an electric field. Capillary electrophoresis unique positive features can be listed as a wide variety of analytical, highly efficient separation, high mass sensitivity, the ability to work at extremely low sample volumes, lower analysis times (typically <30 min), solvent (buffer solution), and other supplies (capillary tube and so on. ) to a minimum the use of advanced diagnostic systems (such as mass spectroscopy), compatibility and simplicity of structure of the device. CE is used succesfully in nutrition, medicine, forensic medicine and biology owing to its high yield and selectivity. CE is also used in genetic researches such as protein, peptide and amino acid sequences, single-cell analysis and DNA sequencing, gene mutation, and so on. Recently, most of food component analysis have been performed with CE. In this study, determination of sugars in fresh and commercial cherry juices were performed by CE as a simple and fast way. Since sugars can only be charged at high pH values, pH of the seperation media was chosen as 12,3. Sorbic acid was chosen as both seperation buffer and chromophoric substance and indirect detection of UV- inactive sugars were achieved. EOF in the capillary was reversed with the addition of a cationic surfactant, CTAB, to the separation buffer and negatively charged sugars at pH 12,3 were separated in 5 min. With this method, fructose and glucose were determined, separated and quantified in sour cherry juices.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2013
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2013
Anahtar kelimeler
CTAB,
CE,
antosiyanin,
total fenolik,
CTAB,
CE,
anthocyanin,
total phenolics