Arkadius sütununun restorasyonu ve çevresinin düzenlenmesi

Abstract

Bugün Cerrahpaşa semtinde bulunan Arkadius sütununun yapımına 5. yy basında imparator Arkadius tarafından başlanmış, oğlu II. Theodosius tarafından tamamlanmıştır. î.S. 330'da başkent olan Konstantinopel, sütun inşa edildiği tarihte Roma kültürünün etkisi altındaydı. Roma'nın ikiz şehri olarak düşünülen istanbul'da Roma'ya benzer şekilde spiral kabartma bantlı Theodosius ve Arkadius sütunları inşa edilmiştir. Arkadius sütununun spiral kabartma bantlarında Gainas isyanı ve bu isyanın bastırılması anlatılmıştır. istanbul'un Osmanlıların eline geçtiği sırada ayakta duran sütun geçirdiği yangın ve depremler sonucunda, 18. yy basında oldukça bozulmuş bir durumdaydı. Çökme tehlikesi gösterdiğinden 1715 tarihinde Osmanlılar tarafından taban kısmına kadar yıkılmıştır. Sütunun taban kısmı harap ve bakımsız bir durumda günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Sütunun yakın çevresinde, Osmanlı döneminde inşa edilen külliyeler ve ahşap yapıların oluşturduğu tarihi bir çevre vardır. Bu tarihi doku 1950'lerden bu yana hızla bozulmuş ve niteliksiz bir mimari çevreye dönüşmüştür. Hazırlanan tez çalışmasında sütunun ve çevresinin sorunları saptanarak, çözümler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sütunun ve yakın çevresinin sorunları rölöve çizimleri ve fotoğraflar ile tespit edilmiştir. Restorasyon aşamasında sütunun kalan kısmının gerekli en az müdahale ile olduğu gibi korunması, sütunun çevresinde kalan tarihi yapıların onarılarak iyileştirilmesi önerilmiştir.

Only the base of the monument and the base of the column survives from the original structure. There are eight stone courses. Each course is made of two stone blocks. Stairs and rooms were carved into the stone blocks. Stones were connected with some metal clamps. The base of the monument is 9.28 m high, the base of the column is 0.395 m high and the diameter of the shaft is 3.94 m. Material: The column was made of Proconnessus (Marmara) marble. The quarries of Proconnessus island have been in use since very early times. The deposits spread over an area of 35 km2 on the north side of the island, as a belt streching from E-W dipping to the N. The thickness of the marble belt varies between 150-2000 m. The marbles lie over orthogneiss and schists and are usually intercalated with schists at the lower zones. Thy crystal size of the typical Marmara marble ranges between 300-3000 u. The stone is seldom purely white; generally it contains grey-blue and black graphitic bands about 3-30 mm in thickness. The marble from Marmara was exported both in finished and in quarry state. This fact was established by excavation and ship wreck finds and historical evidence. Its problems: The most important problem related to the column of Arcadius is its environment. The buildings near the column harm it. They effect its architecture negatively. Because of the social and economical factors, people can not unterstand its architecturel and historical importance. Neglect is a serious problem for the column of Arcadius. Part.V. Original situation of the column: Some historical documents particularly Freshfield drawings give information about the original situation of the column. There are also researches by Gurlitt and Kollwitz. Kollwitz compared the measures of the remaining part with Gyllius' measurements. The height of the column was nearly 50 m without the statue. The shaft of the column was 30.2 m high, the capital of the column was 1.66 m high and the base of the statue 5.8 m high. There are some differences and similarities between column of Arcadius and Columns in Rome. The bases of the monuments and the column and the capital are similar. ? XV. Travellers who visited Istanbul wrote their observations about the column. These travellers are Manuel Chrysoloras (1415), Buondelmonti (1422), Gyl lius (1530), Chesneau (1547), H. de Beauvau (1605), Sal Schweigger (1608), Pietro del la Valle (1650), Thomas Smith (1672), Spon (1674), Tavarnier (1675), Gre lot (1680), Ducange (1682) and Cornelio Magni (1685). II. Views of the city: Column of Arcadius is shown on some engravings and illuminations of Constantinople. Most important of them are Buondelmonti 's, Vavassore's, Piri Reis" and Matrakçı Nasuh's drawings. III. Drawings of the column: The oldest drawing belongs to Melchior Lorichs who was in Istanbul from 1557 till 1559. It illustrates the reliefs of the column. The next and most important drawings are in "The Freshfield Album". The album consists of a view of St. Sofia and the Hippodrome, some drawings of the Column of Arcadius and other sketches. E.H. Freshfield' s father acquired this album before 1900. The album is bound in a large sheet of vellum neatly folded at the edges. The album was produced by a German artist who visited Constantinople in 1574. The drawings show the reliefs on three elevations (south, east and west) of the column. In 1610 Sandys drew the column but he did not show the reliefs in detail. We have another important drawing from the 17th century. The illustration which was drawn by an unknown artist was in Roger de Gaignieres' collection. Now it is preserved in Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. It shows the column from the southwest. There are two drawings in Paris which are of uncertain origin. One of them is in the Louvre, the other is in Ecole des Beaux. Pail lets copied some drawings in 1702. At the same time H. Vallet had his son draw copies of the illustrations and 18 of them were published by Menestrier. Although Menestrier affirms that the drawings belonged to the column of Theodosius, the reliefs had similarities to the reliefs of the column of Arcadius. The origin of them must be the drawings which were drawn by an Italian artist in 1560-1570. Less important drawings belong to Ducange, Gre lot, Malers Cassas, Koldwey and Gurlitt..XII. Only the base of the monument and the base of the column survives from the original structure. There are eight stone courses. Each course is made of two stone blocks. Stairs and rooms were carved into the stone blocks. Stones were connected with some metal clamps. The base of the monument is 9.28 m high, the base of the column is 0.395 m high and the diameter of the shaft is 3.94 m. Material: The column was made of Proconnessus (Marmara) marble. The quarries of Proconnessus island have been in use since very early times. The deposits spread over an area of 35 km2 on the north side of the island, as a belt streching from E-W dipping to the N. The thickness of the marble belt varies between 150-2000 m. The marbles lie over orthogneiss and schists and are usually intercalated with schists at the lower zones. Thy crystal size of the typical Marmara marble ranges between 300-3000 u. The stone is seldom purely white; generally it contains grey-blue and black graphitic bands about 3-30 mm in thickness. The marble from Marmara was exported both in finished and in quarry state. This fact was established by excavation and ship wreck finds and historical evidence. Its problems: The most important problem related to the column of Arcadius is its environment. The buildings near the column harm it. They effect its architecture negatively. Because of the social and economical factors, people can not unterstand its architecturel and historical importance. Neglect is a serious problem for the column of Arcadius. Part.V. Original situation of the column: Some historical documents particularly Freshfield drawings give information about the original situation of the column. There are also researches by Gurlitt and Kollwitz. Kollwitz compared the measures of the remaining part with Gyllius' measurements. The height of the column was nearly 50 m without the statue. The shaft of the column was 30.2 m high, the capital of the column was 1.66 m high and the base of the statue 5.8 m high. There are some differences and similarities between column of Arcadius and Columns in Rome. The bases of the monuments and the column and the capital are similar. ? XV. The reliefs of column of Arcadius are watched easily but the reliefs of columns in Rome are not because they aimed documentation. Part. VI. Restoration It was decided to restore the remaining part of the column with minimum intervention. Some suggestions to solve its problems are as follows:. Unseemly additions should be removed. Its surface may be treated with water repellents. Plant growth should be controlled Rehabilitation of the neighborhood: The purpose of this restoration is to create a more habitable environment. For that reason, new cultural functions are given to suitable buildings. For example Bayrampaşa Medrese can be used as a cultural centre. Part. VII. Conclusion For new suggestions: The column will be surrounded by some cafes, a restaurant and a small theatre. The visitors will be able to watch the column easily. Buildings in Haseki Kadın Sokak will be treated in order to establish harmony with the historical buildings in the neighborhood.. XVI. Only the base of the monument and the base of the column survives from the original structure. There are eight stone courses. Each course is made of two stone blocks. Stairs and rooms were carved into the stone blocks. Stones were connected with some metal clamps. The base of the monument is 9.28 m high, the base of the column is 0.395 m high and the diameter of the shaft is 3.94 m. Material: The column was made of Proconnessus (Marmara) marble. The quarries of Proconnessus island have been in use since very early times. The deposits spread over an area of 35 km2 on the north side of the island, as a belt streching from E-W dipping to the N. The thickness of the marble belt varies between 150-2000 m. The marbles lie over orthogneiss and schists and are usually intercalated with schists at the lower zones. Thy crystal size of the typical Marmara marble ranges between 300-3000 u. The stone is seldom purely white; generally it contains grey-blue and black graphitic bands about 3-30 mm in thickness. The marble from Marmara was exported both in finished and in quarry state. This fact was established by excavation and ship wreck finds and historical evidence. Its problems: The most important problem related to the column of Arcadius is its environment. The buildings near the column harm it. They effect its architecture negatively. Because of the social and economical factors, people can not unterstand its architecturel and historical importance. Neglect is a serious problem for the column of Arcadius. Part.V. Original situation of the column: Some historical documents particularly Freshfield drawings give information about the original situation of the column. There are also researches by Gurlitt and Kollwitz. Kollwitz compared the measures of the remaining part with Gyllius' measurements. The height of the column was nearly 50 m without the statue. The shaft of the column was 30.2 m high, the capital of the column was 1.66 m high and the base of the statue 5.8 m high. There are some differences and similarities between column of Arcadius and Columns in Rome. The bases of the monuments and the column and the capital are similar. ? XV. The reliefs of column of Arcadius are watched easily but the reliefs of columns in Rome are not because they aimed documentation. Part. VI. Restoration It was decided to restore the remaining part of the column with minimum intervention. Some suggestions to solve its problems are as follows:. Unseemly additions should be removed. Its surface may be treated with water repellents. Plant growth should be controlled Rehabilitation of the neighborhood: The purpose of this restoration is to create a more habitable environment. For that reason, new cultural functions are given to suitable buildings. For example Bayrampaşa Medrese can be used as a cultural centre. Part. VII. Conclusion For new suggestions: The column will be surrounded by some cafes, a restaurant and a small theatre. The visitors will be able to watch the column easily. Buildings in Haseki Kadın Sokak will be treated in order to establish harmony with the historical buildings in the neighborhood..