İlköğretim Okullarında Planlı Olarak Yapılması Öngörülen Bakım-onarıma Ait Maliyetlerin Belirlenmesi Ve Gerçekleştirilen Bakım-onarım Harcamaları İle Karşılaştırılması

Abstract

Bakım-onarım binaların ilk günkü performanslarının kullanım süreci boyunca korunabilmesini amaçlayan, binanın en önemli faaliyetlerinden birisidir. Bu faaliyetlerin zamanında ve gerektiği biçimde yapılmaması durumunda, binalar zamanından önce yıpranır, eskir ve dolayısıyla kullanıcı beklentilerine yeterince cevap veremez hale gelir. Bu doğrultuda, binaların kullanım süreci boyunca göstermiş oldukları performansta önemli rolü olan bakım-onarım faaliyetlerinin ve bu konuda karşılaşılan sorunların doğru olarak irdelenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu faaliyetler için ayrılması gereken bakım-onarım bütçelerinin büyüklüğü de binalarda bakım-onarımın gerçekleştirilmesi konusunda karşılaşılan önemli problemlerden biridir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada binaların bakım-onarım sorunları konunun maliyet boyutu da ele alınarak değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde konuya giriş yapılarak ele alnan konu genel çerçevesiyle belirlenmektedir. İkinci bölümde ise ' Binalada Oluşan Maliyet Kavramları ' üzerinde durulmaktadır. İlk olarak, maliyet kavramına değinilerek bina maliyeti tanımlaması yapılmakta, ardından ise bina oluşum sürecinin başından itibaren oluşan maliyet kavramları sınıflandırılarak incelenmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde, bakım-onarım sorunlarının kavranmasında önemli bir yeri olan ' Yaşam Dönemi Maliyet Yaklaşımı ' bina endüstrisindeki yeri ve önemi, maliyet kararlarına olumlu etkisi, yaklaşımın uygulanmasında karşılaşılan problemler ve uygulamada izlenmesi gerekli adımlar çerçevesinde açıklanmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde bakım-onarım konusu, konunun maliyet boyutu da ele alınarak incelenmektedir. İlk olarak, bakım-onarım kavramı genel çerçevesiyle tanımlanmakta ve bakım-onarım problemlerinin kaynaklarından bahsedilmektedir. Ardından ise bakım-onarım maliyetleri incelenmekte, bu maliyetlerin büyüklüğü ve kullanım maliyetleri içerisindeki yeri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Beşinci bölümde ise, önceki bölümlerde verilen bilgilerin ışığında ilköğretim okullarından oluşan bir grup binanın kullanım sürecindeki bakım-onarım faaliyetleri planlanmakta ve bu faaliyetlere ait maliyet tahminlerinin yapılmasına çalışılmaktadır. Daha sonra ise, hesaplanan bu maliyet tahminlerinin, binalarda gerçekleşen bakım-onarım harcamaları karşısındaki durumu incelenmektedir. Sonuç bölümünde ise tez sonunda ulaşılan bulgulardan yararlanılarak konuya genel bir yorum getirilmektedir.

The maintenance is one of the principle activities on a building and aims to keep the building's initial performance during the running process. In case that these activities are not realized in time and as required, the buildings are weared earlier than expected, they become old and so they can not satisfy the user's expects. Accordingly, the maintenance activities, being an important fact on the performance that buildings show during the running process and the existing problems about them should be examined correctly. The amount of the budjets reserved to be used for these activities are also one of the biggest problems for realizing the maintenance activities. So, the maintenance problems are valuated hereby with the cost dimension of the subject. The parts of the present study can be summarized as below: Parti. In the first part, initialization to the subject and the general indication about the mentionned subject. Part 2. In the second part, "The Cost Concepts In The Buildings" are studied. In this part, the cost concept is explained with different point of views on it, then "building cost" is defined following these points of view. Later, the costs formed during the life cycle of the buildings as initial costs and running costs are IX classified under main headings and the implicits of the mentionned cost groups are explained shortly. The principle aim of this part is to determine the place of the maintenance costs, studie in the next parts, between the costs being formed during the life cycle of the building. Part 3. In the third part, "Life cycle cost approach", very important to understand the problems, is studied. The life cycle cost is the total of the expenses done in all the areas of the process starting by the determination of the building's need and being terminated at the end of the building's life. Other way, the life cycle cost is the total of initial and running costs. The life cycle cost approch invades a wide place in the study because this approach considers the initial and running costs as a whole and takes note of it while deciding about the buildings. So, thanks to the decisions taken carefully since the beginning of the formation process of the buildings, the buildings' running and maintenance costs can be kept at minimum level. The aim of the life cycle cost approach is to realize buildings with minimum cost and maximum performance. Following the informations above, the life cycle cost approach is explained in this part with its principle characteristics. First, the life cycle concept is appreciated. Then, the effect of the approach on the cost decisions is examined and the place of the life cycle cost in the building industry is discussed. Then, as in order, the pirinciple points as the problems met in the application of the approach, the life cycle cost and the application of the life cycle cost approach according to the proprietor. Part 4. The maintenance subject is examined in the fourth part including its cost dimension. Maintenance is one of the principle components in the life cycle which aim to keep the first day performance of the building. To realize the maintenance of the buildings in determined periods or when it is necessary, provides to keep their present situation and so to let them continue their service. So, the problems met in maintenance matter and their sources have an important influence upon the buildings' performances. The greatness of the maintenance costs which is one of the important reason of the maintenance problems, should also be considered. In this part, the determination, the classification of the maintenance activities and the maintenance problems are explained, the maintenance matter is examined with its general implicit, all of which has important effects on the buildings' running performance. Next, the maintenance costs, their general characteristics, classification, separation according to the different criterias, the problems met while analizing these costs are studied and so the maintenance costs affecting indirectly the buildings' performance are explained in a general way. Last, it is talked about the determination of the mistakes which cause the increase of the maintenance costs and about the precautions to be taken in order to keep these costs in a minimum level. Part 5. Until this part, it is indicated the important of the maintenance activities on the performance that buildings show during the running process and it is dwelled on the determinative quality of the maintenance costs on the buildings performance. In addition, it is said that if the maintenance is not realized, the maintenance costs necessary to solve the maintenance problems would be increased. XI In the present part, fallowing the reasons above, the maintenance activities in the running process of a group of buildings are planned and it is tried to estimate the costs belonging to these activities. Next, the situation between these cost estimations and the maintenance expenses for the buildings is examinated. So as first, an examplary relative to the plannification of the estimated costs of maintenance is formed and it is tried to determine the rate between these costs and the realizing costs placed in first investigation costs. According to the findings, it is observed that the maintenance costs appearing during the running process, the building reaches a cost nearly two times more than the realizing costs of the building. Finally, it is indicated as a necessary, to consider the maintenance activities as important and to search the precautions to be taken to decrease the maintenance costs. Secondly in this part, using the datas relative to the maintenance costs collected from the example building group, the estimated maintenance costs and maintenance expenses realized are compared and the insufficiency about the subject is indicated. The results of this part show that the maintenance expenses for the buildings are insufficient and so the present performance of the recent buildings is so bad. As another finding of this study, it is observed that the principle reason of the unability of realizing the sufficient maintenance is the lack of the money necessary for these activities. In conclusion, the maintenance problems appeared in the buildings are appreciated in whole study within the financial dimension. The maintenance activities, having an important part in the physical performance in the running process of the buildings, should be one of the more important subjects to consider during the buildings' running process. To give the necessary importance since the beginning of the building formation process, to realize the maintenance activities in time and by right persons using the right methods Xll prevent the unnecessary increase of the maintenance costs which is one of the more considerable of maintenance problems and they will help the building to keep its first day performance.